Regional-scale modelling of the spatial distribution of surface and subsurface textural classes in alluvial soils using Markov chain geostatistics

Soil texture is directly associated with other soil physical and chemical properties and can affect crop yield, erodibility and water and pollutant movement. Thus, maps of soil textural class are valuable for agricultural management. Conventional spatial statistical methods do not capture the complex large-scale spatial patterns of multi-class variables. Markov chain geostatistics (MCG) was recently proposed as a new approach for the conditional simulation of categorical variables. In this study, we apply an MCG algorithm to simulate the spatial distribution of textural classes of alluvial soils at five different depths in a 15-km² area on the North China Plain. Soil texture was divided into five classes – sand, sandy loam, light loam, medium loam and clay. Optimal prediction maps, simulated maps and occurrence probability maps for each depth were generated from sample data. Simulated results delineated the distribution of the five soil textural classes at the five depths and quantified related spatial uncertainties caused by limited sample size (total of 139 points). These results are not only useful for understanding the spatial distribution of soil texture in alluvial soils, but also provide valuable quantitative information for precision agriculture, soil management and studies on environmental processes affected by surface and subsurface soil textures.     

真空冷冻干燥果胶-纤维素-小分子糖气凝胶质构研究

为探究不同小分子糖对真空冷冻干燥(FD)果蔬质构的影响,并寻找蔗糖的替代品,本试验通过建立FD果蔬天然网络结构模拟体系——果胶-纤维素气凝胶体系,并在该多孔骨架结构上搭载11种小分子糖,考察了不同小分子糖对FD气凝胶的微观结构、质构、吸湿性和玻璃化转变温度(T_g)等品质的影响。结果表明,添加果糖、水苏糖、麦芽糖醇样品的硬度显著高于添加蔗糖样品,而添加海藻糖和低聚异麦芽糖样品的硬度显著低于添加蔗糖样品;所有样品中,仅果糖样品的脆度显著高于蔗糖样品;低聚果糖样品的外观、质构以及吸湿性品质均与蔗糖样品相近,且T_g较高。因此,在FD果蔬工业生产中,低聚果糖是极具发展前景的一种蔗糖取代糖。本研究结果证实了小分子糖是果胶-纤维素气凝胶形成硬度和脆度的物质基础,可为FD果蔬生产过程中小分子糖的选择提供理论依据。     

土壤质地三角图的规范制作及自动查询

通过分析国内涉及土壤质地三角图的主要参考资料及存在的问题,本文提出了制作规范的土壤质地三角图的基本要求,并新绘制了中文版美国农部制土壤质地三角图。针对人工方式查询土壤质地容易出错以及大批量样品查询效率较低等问题,建立了一种在Excel中通过自定义函数实现土壤质地快速自动的查询方法。     

Prediction of soil saturated water content using evolutionary polynomial regression (EPR)

The measurement of saturated water content (SWC) is necessary in the estimation of soil water retention and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curves. In several studies, pedotransfer functions (PTFs) were developed to predict SWC. Among them, evolutionary polynomial regression (EPR) is one that can operate on large quantities of data in order to capture nonlinear and complex interactions between the variables of the system. In this study, the evolutionary data-mining technique was used to derive new PTFs and different methods were evaluated, such as the soil porosity method, Rosetta method, and others, for the estimation of SWC. For this purpose, 270 soil samples (3:1 ratio for development and validation) from three data sets were used. Among 190 PTFs provided by EPR, one equation with the highest accuracy and the least number of inputs was selected. The EPR predictions were compared with the experimental results as well as the PTFs proposed in previous studies. Comparison of the statistical indicators showed that the ‘proposed PTF’ and ‘porosity method’ are the best and worst methods for the prediction of SWC, respectively. Also, good predictions were achieved from the proposed approaches by the groups of Scheinost, Vereecken, and Williams.     

Identifying potential management zones in a layered soil using several sources of ancillary information

Variation in soil texture has a profound effect on soil management, especially in texturally complex soils such as the polder soils of Belgium. The conventional point sampling approach requires high sampling intensity to take into account such spatial variation. In this study we investigated the use of two ancillary variables for the detailed mapping of soil texture and subsequent delineation of potential management zones for site‐specific management. In an 11.5 ha arable field in the polder area, the apparent electrical conductivity (EC_a) was measured with an EM38DD electromagnetic induction instrument. The geometric mean values of the EC_a measured in both vertical and horizontal orientations strongly correlated with the more heterogeneous subsoil clay content (r = 0.83), but the correlation was weaker with the homogenous topsoil clay content (r = 0.40). The gravimetric water content at wilting point (θg_{(?1.5 MPa)}) correlated very well (r = 0.96) with the topsoil clay content. Thus maps of topsoil and subsoil clay contents were obtained from 63 clay analyses supplemented with 117θg_{(?1.5 MPa)} and 4048EC_a measurements, respectively, using standardized ordinary cokriging. Three potential management zones were identified based on the spatial variation of both top and subsoil clay contents. The influence of subsoil textural variation on crop behaviour was illustrated by an aerial image, confirming the reliability of the results from the small number of primary samples.     

中压电场处理下苹果流变及质地特性的关联规律

为了明确中压电场处理对苹果流变及质地特性之间关联的影响,该研究检测了中压电场不同电场强度(15～90 V/cm）和温度（30～70 ℃）处理后苹果的蠕变特性、动态黏弹性及全质构TPA（texture profile analysis）质地特性。结果表明：与相同温度下的水浴处理相比,中压电场处理能使苹果实现快速软化,硬度、脆度和咀嚼性随着电场强度及温度的升高线性下降;随着电场处理温度及电场强度的增大,苹果黏弹性均下降,且弹性损失大于黏性损失,但其力学性质仍以弹性特征为主;初始弹性模量E₀、损耗模量G”、延迟时间T₁可以作为流变特性的指标来分析其与质地特性的关系;硬度、脆度及咀嚼性与黏弹性因子呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,回复性、内聚性与黏弹性无显著相关关系。45 V/cm及以下场强处理条件下电场的影响随温度的变化不大;而大于45 V/cm场强时,即使作用时间较短,也能够在较低温度下对苹果质地及黏弹性造成较大影响,硬度降低,内聚性无显著性差异,表明短时间的较高场强处理适合罐头等深加工产品的预处理。研究结果可为中压电场预处理果蔬工艺条件改进提供理论支撑。     

区域农田土壤质地剖面的随机模拟模型

冲积土壤剖面的质地层次分层是该类土壤的重要特性,对农田水分转化和溶质运移具有重要影响。本文论据已取得的研究结果,采用Ｍａｒｋｏｖ链理论提出了区域冲积土壤质地层次的随机模拟模型－ＭＣ模型和ＭＣ－ＬＮ模型,采用蒙特卡罗方法模拟了研究区的土壤质地剖面,并与实测结果进行了对比。     

凹凸棒石环境矿物材料的制备及应用

机械力改性、物理改性和化学改性是凹凸棒石环境矿物材料制备的3种主要改性方法.机械力改性法和物理改性法工艺简单,化学改性法效率高且在实际生产中应用较多,但仅仅依靠一种改性作用目前尚难以满足环境应用领域对凹凸棒石矿物物理性能和化学性能的要求.因此,深入系统地研究凹凸棒石环境矿物的基本性能,揭示环境矿物的净化机理,提出进一步提高环境矿物净化性能的改性工艺,将有利于进一步扩大其应用领域.     

基于铅稳定同位素的多金属复合污染土壤源解析新思路——以西南地区某矿区农田为例

本文以我国西南某矿区典型多金属复合污染农田土壤为例,基于铅(Pb)稳定同位素分析,结合矿物学分析,对土壤Pb来源进行定量解析,并针对其他重金属来源进行外推。同位素源解析结果表明,人为源对于土壤重金属的贡献率高达61%～89%,矿渣浸沥与矿区道路扬尘为主要的污染途径。矿物学分析能够辅助印证Pb稳定同位素分析结果,在一定程度上克服由于污染源信号重叠造成的源解析困难。通过相关分析,可以将Pb同位素源解析的结果合理外推,在一定程度上解释其他重金属元素的来源。本文提出的源解析新思路能够高效、准确地解析多金属复合污染土壤中重金属元素的来源,尤其适用于我国土壤多金属复合污染集中连片存在、成因复杂的现状,具有很强的现实意义。     

稳定剂对蛋白液鸡蛋干质构特性的影响

为了探究稳定剂对蛋白液鸡蛋干质构特性的影响,以蛋白液为主要原料制作鸡蛋干,分析不同加水量、NaCl添加量以及不同种类稳定剂及添加量对鸡蛋干感官评分、硬度、胶着性、咀嚼性、弹性、粘聚性、回复性等参数的影响。结果表明,鸡蛋干的感官评分和质构参数随着水、NaCl的添加量变化而发生明显改变,在加水量12%、加盐量1.5%的条件下,鸡蛋干的品质相对较好。与不添加稳定剂的对照组(CK)相比,单独添加复合磷酸盐、谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TG酶)、瓜尔豆胶、结冷胶的试验组的鸡蛋干感官评分均提高,质构同样得到不同程度的改善。上述稳定剂的各自最佳添加量分别为:复合磷酸盐0.20%、TG酶0.25%、瓜尔豆胶0.25%、结冷胶0.10%。本研究结果为改进蛋白液鸡蛋干的加工配方,有效提升蛋白液鸡蛋干的感官品质和质构特性提供了一定的技术指导。     

豌豆粉添加对米粉品质特性的影响

为了提高米粉的营养价值,本研究将不同粒径的豌豆粉添加到米粉中,分析不同粒径及添加量(0％、7.5％、15％、30％)对大米粉粉质特性及米粉蒸煮、质构和感官特性的影响.结果 表明,添加豌豆粉可以增加米粉中蛋白质的含量,添加30％豌豆粉后米粉的蛋白质含量为原米粉的1.73倍.豌豆粉的添加降低了米粉的峰值黏度、最终黏度和回生...     

亚麻籽胶在低脂午餐肉中的应用

为研究亚麻籽胶在低脂午餐肉中的应用,采用全质构分析、感官鉴评、扫描电子显微镜、动态流变学等方法,研究了添加单一亚麻籽胶和添加亚麻籽胶与卡拉胶的复配胶对低脂午餐肉的质构的影响。结果表明,添加单一亚麻籽胶的午餐肉的持油持水性较好,但在质构方面,比添加复配胶CK(卡拉胶与魔芋胶以1∶1复配)的对照样品差。亚麻籽胶与卡拉胶按1∶1(w/w) 复配加入午餐肉中,其效果明显优于添加单一亚麻籽胶的样品,显著提高了午餐肉的品质,质构也与添加复配胶CK的对照样品接近,因此可将亚麻籽胶与卡拉胶以1∶1复配添加于低脂午餐肉中。     

小麦生物量及产量与无人机图像特征参数的相关性研究

为了明确无人机图像信息与小麦生物量、产量之间的相关性,该文利用无人机航拍获取田间小麦主要生育时期的RGB图像,通过影像处理获取小麦颜色指数和纹理特征参数值,并通过田间取样获取同时期小麦生物量和最终产量,分析不同颜色指数和纹理特征参数与小麦生物量和产量的关系。结果表明：利用无人机图像可提取归一化差分指数（NDI）、超绿植被指数（ExG）、可见光大气阻抗植被指数（VARI）、超红植被指数（ExR）、绿叶植被指数（GLI）、绿红差值指数（ExGR）、改良绿红植被指数（MGRVI）、红绿蓝植被指数（RGBVI）共8个颜色指数和能量（ASM）、对比度（CON）、相关度（COR）、熵（ENT）共4个纹理特征参数。各颜色指数在小麦拔节期、孕穗期与生物量和产量都有较好的相关性。拔节期所有颜色指数与生物量的相关性均达到极显著水平,其中ExGR与生物量的相关性最高,相关系数r达到0.911,孕穗期除RGBVI未达到显著相关外,其余均达到显著或极显著相关,其中MGRVI相关性最高,相关系数r为0.817。各颜色指数与产量的相关性趋势同生物量一致。越冬前期和开花期各颜色指数与生物量及产量的相关性较拔节期和孕穗期略有下降。而各纹理特征参数中,只有越冬前期的ASM和ENT、拔节期的CON和COR以及孕穗期的CON与生物量的相关性达到显著或极显著水平,其中COR相关性最高（负相关）,相关系数r为-0.574。拔节期的CON和COR、孕穗期的CON、COR和ENT与产量的相关性达到显著或极显著水平,其中拔节期COR相关性最高（负相关）,相关系数r为-0.530。将颜色指数与纹理特征参数相结合后,其与小麦生物量及产量的相关性均有提高,其中生物量相关性在4个时期分别提高0.27%、0.11%、8.81%和2.65%,产量相关性在4个时期分别提高7.05%、0.72%、0.58%和0.12%。因此,将无人机图像颜色指数与纹理特征参数结合可以提高小麦生物量和产量的估测精度。     

应用Markov链理论定量描述区域冲积土壤质地层次的垂向变化特征

冲积土壤剖面质地层次的垂向变化是一个十分复杂的问题,长期以来都是定性描述而无法定量化,但土壤剖面的质地层次组合特点对土壤水分转化和溶质运移等具有重要影响,对其定量地描述和研究是进一步准确定量区域农田水转化和溶质运移的基础。马尔可夫链理论是用来描述随时间（空间）变化的一个离散状态序列的状态转移特性的,本文就其引入来研究冲积土壤剖面质地层次的垂向变化规律。研究结果表明,区域冲积土壤剖面质地层次的垂向变