Arsenic in Water,Soil, and Rice Plants in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of Northwestern India

Arsenic (As), which is present in all living tissues, water, and soil, is considered toxic to humans and animals. Because of the presence of arsenic-contaminated sites throughout the world, there is a renewed interest in studying the status of As in water, soil, and plants. Concentrations of As above the permissible limit have been reported in Lower Ganges Plains (West Bengal in India and Bangladesh). The present investigation aimed to examine the concentration of As in water, soil, and rice plants in the Upper/Trans-Ganges Plains covering Punjab in northwestern India. In total, 200 water samples were collected from different locations in Punjab. Corresponding soil, rice grain, and straw samples were collected from the same locations as the water samples had been collected. In addition to deep tube well water (>125 m deep), water samples from shallow hand pumps (<50 m deep) and canals were also collected. The samples were analyzed for total As concentration using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a hydride generating system (AAS-HG). The concentration of As in tube well water samples varied from 5.33 to 17.27 μg As L^–1, with about 40% samples having As concentrations greater than the permissible limit (10 μg As L^–1). None of the hand pump and canal water samples had As concentrations greater than permissible limits. The As concentration of surface soils varied from 1.09 to 2.48 mg As kg^–1. There was no trend in the distribution of As with depth of soil. The concentration of As in rice straw varied from 4.05 to 15.06 μg As kg^–1 and that of grain from 1.48 to 6.87 μg As kg^–1. The concentration of As was lower in edible grain than in inedible straw. There was a positive and significant correlation between As concentration in tube well water and As concentration in surface soils. The buildup of As in soils was directly related to the As concentration of tube well waters. There was a significant correlation between As in water and As in plants. However, a nonsignificant correlation existed between As in soil and As in plants. This indicates that plants absorbed more As from irrigation water than that from soil. This also suggests that irrigation with such waters over a longer period of time may have detrimental effects on soil and on plants, animals, and humans. There is thus a need to continuously monitor the As concentration in undergroundwater.     

不同材料膜覆盖对土壤水分和花生产量的影响

为揭示可降解膜覆盖的保水增产效应,开展了旱棚微区控水条件下花生不同材料膜覆盖试验。结果表明:液态生物降解膜与聚乙烯膜覆盖后,0-30cm土层苗期贮水量分别较对照增加64%和91%,花针期降低蒸发19%和16%,保水性能较好。粉剂降解膜与纤维黑色纸膜在花针期的水分散失较多,与对照差异不显著。液态生物降解膜、聚乙烯膜与对照相比,生物产量分别提高22.5%和25.3%,经济产量提高40.6%和39.1%,水分利用效率提高45.1%和37.8%,增产效果显著。     

不同土壤水分下侧柏苗木光合特性和水分利用效率的研究

在黄土半干旱区,采用人工控制土壤水分的方法,使用Li-6400便携式光合作用测定系统,对侧柏苗木净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度及其相应的环境因子进行了测定。结果表明:不同土壤水分状况下侧柏苗木光合速率日变化曲线呈“双峰”型,均有不同程度的“午休”现象,且上午的光合速率明显高于下午;气孔导度受水分和光热胁迫的影响,日变化曲线呈凹型;胞间CO2浓度受空气CO2浓度和气孔导度的双重影响,呈现出早晚高,正午低的日变化进程;水分利用效最高值出现在上午较早的时分,且上午的水分利用效率明显高于下午;随着土壤水分的增加,净光合速率和蒸腾速率升高,而水分利用效率降低。根据Farquhar和Sharkey的观点,造成净光合速率下降的原因既有气孔限制又有非气孔限制因素,上午净光合速率下降的主要是由气孔限制因素造成的,午间和下午光合速率的降低则主要归因于叶肉细胞羧化效率的降低。     

丹江口库区不同降雨类型下典型植被措施的水土保持效应

为了进一步研究丹江口库区不同降雨类型下植被措施控制土壤侵蚀的效果,以丹江口库区典型生态修复小流域为研究对象,采用坡面径流小区观测法,基于长期野外原位监测的降雨和径流泥沙数据,以裸地为对照,研究不同降雨类型下典型植被恢复措施[柏树林(Cupressus funebris, CF)、枇杷林(Eriobotrya japonica, EJ)和紫花苜蓿草地(Medicago sativa, MS)]对坡面产流产沙和土壤侵蚀的影响,分析植被措施的水土保持效应对降雨类型的响应特征。结果表明：(1)中历时、中雨量、小雨强降雨(雨型Ⅲ)是研究区常见的降雨类型,短历时、小雨量、大雨强降雨(雨型Ⅰ)和长历时、大雨量、中雨强降雨(雨型Ⅱ)发生的频率相对较低,但雨型Ⅰ所导致的土壤侵蚀最为严重,占总侵蚀量的46.79%以上,降雨量和最大30 min雨强(I₃₀)是控制该区域土壤侵蚀的关键降雨因子。(2)植被措施均具有显著的水土保持效应,减流减沙效益依次为紫花苜蓿草地>柏树林>枇杷林。相比于裸地,紫花苜蓿草地径流系数减少54.07%,含沙量减少50.80%,土壤侵蚀量减少65.4...     

不同土壤含水量下3种盆栽灌木耗水特性研究

采用盆栽称重法分别对3种城市常见绿化灌木单株的耗水规律进行了研究,并对其在4种不同土壤含水量条件下的耗水特性及与环境因子的关系进行了分析。研究结果表明,4种不同土壤含水量条件下,3种灌木的耗水量日动态呈单峰型变化。在相同环境条件下,各灌木的单株耗水量大小为:金叶女贞>冬青>紫叶小檗。随着土壤含水量的降低,3种灌木的耗水量依次减少,35%～15%田间持水量的土壤含水量对3种灌木耗水量具有显著的影响(p<0.01),这说明了该土壤含水量对3种灌木的水分消耗产生了胁迫。通过相关分析,认为影响3种灌木耗水量的主导环境因子是大气温度和光照强度。以环境因子作自变量,以灌木耗水量为因变量,经过逐步回归,建立了多元线性模型。所选回归方程拟合效果良好。利用逐步回归分析建立的优化模型可利用气象参数预测植物的耗水量。     

桑粮间作田条桑根系分布格局及其对土壤水分、养分的影响

条桑在河北省东部平原沙地和丘陵梯田广泛种植,与农作物间作是其主要栽培模式。2006年在河北省迁安市进行了桑粮间作田条桑根系断面积、根量、根系直径分布特征及其对土壤水分、养分影响的研究。结果表明：根系分布主要集中在20～40 cm土层内,此范围内的根系重量占总根量的60%～80%。根系以直径小于3 mm的细根居多,占总根量的30%～40%,大于7 mm的粗根数量很少,占总根数的5%～15%。平原沙地条桑根系主要分布在距桑丛中心100 cm范围内,桑丛外缘100 cm处的根量仅为总根量的6.52%,水平延伸幅度较窄,根系垂直分布明显;丘陵梯田条桑根系水平延伸可达桑丛外250 cm处,只有少量根系垂直深入岩石中,水平分布趋势明显。条桑根量、根系直径、根系断面积分布依立地条件及土层深度的不同而异。桑丛中心外1 m处深层土壤含水量增加,桑丛附近2.5 m内没有存在严重的土壤水分亏缺。平原沙地和丘陵梯田桑丛附近条桑富集土壤养分作用明显。     

喷灌条件下耕作方式对土壤水分均匀性与冬小麦水分利用效率的影响

为研究喷灌均匀系数对土壤水分、作物产量及水分利用效率的影响,进一步探讨喷灌条件下适宜耕作措施,于2018—2019年冬小麦生长季进行试验,试验设置旋耕(RT)、深松(ST)、深翻耕(CT)3种耕作处理,在每个处理选取18 m×18 m区域将其划分为9个6 m×6 m的小区作为试验区。结果表明:在3种耕作方式下历次喷灌均匀系数均值在63.91%~76.83%,而表层土壤含水量均匀系数均值依然可以达到84.20%~89.83%,较前者高14.48%~31.75%;冬小麦产量均匀系数较历次灌溉均匀系数均值高出9.99%~23.79%,比累计灌溉均匀系数低2.11%~7.85%,与表层土壤含水量均匀系数均值相差0.82%~6.04%。与RT相比,ST和CT处理产量分别提高9.38%,13.22%,水分利用效率分别增加10.61%,12.88%。即相较于历次灌溉均匀系数,冬小麦产量均匀系数受累计灌溉均匀系数与表层土壤含水量均匀系数均值影响更大,且ST、CT为该灌溉条件下适宜的耕作方式。     

汶川地震区新生水土流失对土壤养分的影响

采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究汶川地震区新生水土流失对不同恢复类型样地土壤养分的影响。结果表明:(1)地表裸露、自然恢复和人工种植类型样地pH高于对照样地,各种恢复类型间土壤有机质含量差异显著。(2)土壤全氮含量在人工种植、对照样地处于丰富状态,在地表裸露、自然恢复样地处于贫瘠状态,铵态氮含量在对照样地最高,硝态氮在新生水土流失作用下流失严重。(3)土壤全磷含量在地表裸露和自然恢复样地低于人工种植和对照样地,通过降雨-地表径流、渗漏淋失等途径流失,速效钾含量均处于缺乏状态。(4)土壤全钾含量在对照样地最大,自然恢复样地最小,各种恢复类型样地速效钾含量基本处于缺乏水平,人工种植样地由于培肥的作用速效钾含量得到提升。     

麦秸还田下水氮管理对稻田土壤养分、酶活性及碳库的短期影响

为揭示麦秸还田下,稻麦轮作区水氮耦合关系,通过大田试验,研究了麦秸还田条件下,不同的水分管理(淹水灌溉、浅湿调控灌溉、常规灌溉)和氮肥量(180、225、270 kg·hm~(-2))对稻田土壤养分、土壤酶活性及土壤碳库的短期影响。结果表明,在相同水分管理下,随着施氮量的增加,稻田土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾、易氧化有机碳含量、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性以及水稻产量均呈先升高后降低趋势。与常规灌溉相比,当施氮量为180 kg·hm~(-2)时,浅湿调控灌溉可以显著提高稻田土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量,淹水灌溉显著降低了土壤易氧化、水溶性有机碳含量和蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性;当施氮量为225kg·hm~(-2)和270kg·hm~(-2)时,浅湿调控灌溉可以显著提高土壤全氮含量和水稻产量,淹水灌溉显著降低了水溶性有机碳、过氧化氢酶活性。因此,在麦秸还田条件下,与其他处理相比,浅湿调控灌溉和施氮量为225 kg·hm~(-2)的处理在短期内对提高土壤养分含量、增加土壤酶活性、碳库含量和水稻产量具有显著优势。本研究为该地区制定合理、高效的水肥管理措施提供了科学依据。     

黄土塬区高底墒条件下养分差别对冬小麦产量的影响

为研究底墒与施肥组合处理对冬小麦产量的影响,在黄土塬区王东沟小流域塬面农田开展田间试验。3个底墒水平土壤含水量比较高,其2 m土层相对含水量分别为72%,82%,94%;试验年份冬小麦生育期降水301 mm,超过多年平均值的39%。试验结果表明:不施肥时,产量因底墒不同差别较大,且底墒过高会造成产量与收获指数的下降,而施肥后冬小麦产量均显著提升,但底墒不同所致产量的差别减小;施肥可显著增加冬小麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、株高,提高水分利用效率与降水利用效率,耗水量虽有增加,但产量提高的程度更大;在试验年份的降水条件下,高底墒会造成土壤水分的深层渗漏,下渗深度可超过5 m。     

绿色保湿增肥块的土壤保湿效果研究

为了减少土壤水分蒸发和增加土壤养分含量,通过盆装试验,研究了绿色保湿增肥块的保湿效果。绿色保湿增肥块由有机秸秆与保水剂黏合压制而成,吸水后会迅速膨胀分解,在土壤中形成透气层,为植物根的生长提供有利的条件。试验结果表明:绿色保湿增肥块能够有效地减少土壤水分的蒸发,平均蒸发量处理Ⅰ为35.82 g/2d,处理Ⅱ为33.79 g/2d,分别比对照的37.59 g/2d减小了4.94%和11.25%;与对照相比,试验结束时处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ的土壤含水量分别提高了14.24%和30.63%。本试验中温度和空气湿度是影响土壤水分蒸发的主要因素,最大蒸发量为145 g/2d,最小蒸发量为0,变化较大。     

覆盖方式对玉米农田土壤水分、作物产量及水分利用效率的影响

为了加深对地面覆盖措施保墒增产机理的认识,通过大田试验,对黄土高原南部旱塬区秸秆和地膜两种覆盖方式下玉米农田土壤水分动态、作物产量形成和水分利用效率进行了分析。结果表明:在试验年份,与不覆盖相比,秸秆覆盖后玉米生育期内土壤储水量提高了5.2%～8.4%(P<0.05),籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别降低了7.8%和3.5%;而地膜覆盖下土壤储水量的差异不显著,但显著提高了产量构成指标,其籽粒产量和水分利用效率分别较对照提高了14.1%和10.6%(P<0.05),显示后者抑制土表蒸发所增加的土壤水分更多地、更有效地被作物根系吸收利用了。从产量形成和水分利用效率角度分析,本地区旱作玉米农田使用地膜覆盖有较好的保墒增产效果。     

Nutrient Uptake,Water Relations,and Yield Performance lf Different Wheat Cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) under Salinity Stress

A pot experiment was conducted in the wire house of Department of Crop Physiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad to evaluate the effect of salinity stress on water relations, nutrient uptake and yield of six local spring wheat cultivars. The seeds were sown in plastic pots (25 × 15 cm) and experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three repeats. De-ionized water was used as control treatment while salinity stress was imposed by irrigating plants with sodium chloride (NaCl) solution of 10 mM at tillering, stem elongation, anthesis, and grain development stages. Results of the study demonstrated that salinity stress decreased water potential by 32%, osmotic potential by 12%, and relative water contents by 20% as compared to control treatment. The nitrogen (N) uptake was decreased by 36% under salinity stress, while phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) uptake were decreased by 56% and 42%, respectively. The yield of wheat plants was also significantly reduced under salinity stress. It reduced grain yield by 25% and grain weight by 7%. The response of different cultivars was also different to salinity stress as cultivars ‘Lasani-08’ and ‘FSD-08’ were found to be more tolerant as compared to other cultivars.     

水土保持措施对径流泥沙及养分流失的影响

以北京市门头沟区龙凤岭水土保持科技示范园为研究对象,对2005—2009年汛期(5—11月)径流小区的径流量、侵蚀产沙量及养分流失量进行了分析。结果是:同为10 m坡长的径流小区,其径流量和养分流失量从大到小依次为裸地、坡耕地和石坎梯田,产沙量最大的是裸地,其次是石坎梯田,最小的是坡耕地;与裸地小区相比,10 m坡长的水土保持措施小区可减少全氮流失量50.5%~91.4%、减少全磷流失量31.8%~75.8%;20 m坡长裸地径流小区的径流量、泥沙量和养分流失量均明显大于鱼鳞坑,鱼鳞坑小区可减少径流量68.4%~83.0%、减少产沙量71.1%~82.7%、减少全氮流失量64.4%~74.9%、减少全磷流失量40.6%~87.3%。说明水土保持措施具有良好的保持水土和减少养分流失的作用。     

Long-Term Effect of Lime,Mycorrhiza, and Inorganic and Organic Sources on Soil Fertility,Yield, and Proximate Composition of Sweet Potato in Alfisols of Eastern India

A field experiment was conducted for five kharif seasons (2006–2011) in an Alfisol to study the effect of integrated use of lime, mycorrhiza, and inorganic and organics on soil fertility, yield, and proximate composition of sweet potato. Application of graded doses of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) significantly increased the mean tuber yield of sweet potato by 44, 106, and 130 percent over control. Green manuring along with ½ NPK showed greater yield response over that of ½ NPK. The greatest mean tuber yield was recorded due to integrated application of lime, farmyard manure (FYM), NPK, and MgSO₄ (13.69 t ha^?1) over the other treatments. Inoculation of mycorrhiza combined with lime, FYM, and NPK showed a significant yield response of 10 percent over FYM + NPK. Conjunctive use of lime, inorganics, and organics not only produces sustainable crop yields but also improve soil fertility, nutrient-use efficiency, and apparent nutrient recovery in comparison to NPK and organic manures.     

天然降雨条件下不同水土保持措施红壤坡地养分流失特征

在江西省水土保持科学研究所科技园坡度为12°的红壤坡地上,设置3种水土保持措施径流小区,与对照进行比较,首次对该区域天然降雨情况下的养分流失特征进行了初步研究,结果表明:产流过程中全N流失最多,全P较少;在产流前期养分流失浓度变化较大,后期则趋于稳定;与对照相比,3种水土保持措施均能明显地减少养分流失,其中前埂后沟梯壁种植百喜草的水平梯田果园效果最好;在大雨强条件下,试验小区养分流失以泥沙携带为主。     

谷子不同栽培模式对土壤水温环境及水分利用效率的影响

通过大田试验研究了山西中部地区谷子不同栽培模式(覆膜穴播、精量条播、传统穴播)对土壤水温环境、谷子叶片及群体水分利用率的影响。结果表明:覆膜穴播处理与不覆膜的精量条播和传统穴播处理相比,全生育期土壤平均含水量分别增加1.59%和1.84%,土壤平均积温增加182.3℃,为谷子生长提供了良好的土壤环境条件。覆膜穴播与2个不覆膜处理相比,显著提高了谷子各生育阶段的叶片水平水分利用效率(WUEl)和群体水平水分利用效率(WUEc),促进了谷子的生长发育,产量显著增加。精量条播处理与传统穴播处理相比,在部分生育期的WUEl、群体WUEc、部分生长指标及产量上有着更好的表现。不同栽培模式之间的水分利用差异,WUEl提高的主要原因是净光合速率的显著增加,而WUEc提高的主要原因则是产量的显著增加。综合试验研究结果,可以确定覆膜穴播是山西中部地区谷子最适宜的高产高效栽培模式,而在不使用地膜覆盖的条件下,则应当优先选择精量条播栽培模式。     

Identification of Minimum Data Set Under Balanced Fertilization for Sustainable Rice Production and Maintaining Soil Quality in Alluvial Soils of Eastern India

The scarcity of non-renewable fertilizers resources and the consequences of climate change can dramatically influence the food security of future generation. Introduction of high yielding varieties, intensive cropping sequence and increasing demand of food grains day-by-day, application of recommended dose of fertilizers could not fulfill our targets due to outdated fertilizers recommendations are yet in practice. It not only alters soil quality, nutrient balance, microbial and enzymatic ecology but also affected productivity and sustainability of rice in Gangetic alluvial soils of India. The effect of fertilizers application based on “fertilizing the soil versus fertilizing the crop” which insure real balance between the applied and available soil nutrient is urgently needed. Hence, the present study was conducted during three consecutive crop seasons (2010, 2011, and 2012) to assess the effect of imbalance and balance fertilization based on initial soil test values and targeted yields, and to determine the effect of farmyard manure (FYM) when superimposed with balanced fertilizers on identification of minimum data set for the development soil quality, nutrient acquisition, and grain yield of rice. The six fertilizer treatments were laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were: T₁-control (no fertilization), T₂-farmyard manure @ 5 t ha^?1, T₃-farmers practice (60:30:30 kg N:P₂O₅:K₂O ha^?1), T₄-precise application of mineral fertilizers based on initial soil test values (77:24:46 kg N:P₂O₅:K₂O ha^?1) for targeted grain yield of 4.0 t ha^?1, T₅-precise application of mineral fertilizers based on initial soil test values (74:23:43 kg N:P₂O₅:K₂O ha^?1) plus FYM (5 t ha^?1) for targeted grain yield of 4.0 t ha^?1 and T₆-precise application of mineral fertilizers based on initial soil test values (135:34:65 kg N:P₂O₅:K₂O ha^?1) for targeted rice grain yield of 5.0 t ha^?1. Result revealed that the targeted rice grain yield of 4.0 and 5.0 t ha^?1 was achieved in T₄ and T₆ treatments with 1.59% (4.06 t ha^?1) and –3.40% (4.83 t ha^?1) deviations, respectively. T₄, T_5, and T₆ significantly increased crop growth, nutrient uptake, available P (P_a) and K (K_a) and augmented rice grain yield by 10.6, 20.2 and 31.6%, respectively, over T₃. Microbial biomass carbon, soil respiration and enzymatic activity were enhanced significantly in T₅ as compared to T₆. Highest soil quality index was found in T₅ (0.95) followed by T₆ (0.90) and, lowest was in T₁ (0.63). The contribution of minimum data set (MDS) toward the SQI was in the descending order of ALP (30.6%) > SOC (21.5%) > K_a (11.3%) > PSM (9.68%) > N_a (8.51%). Overall, rice yield and soil quality was improved by using balance fertilization based on fertilizing the crop Vs fertilizing the soil in alluvial soils of India.     

不同土壤容重条件下水分亏缺对作物生长和水分利用的影响

为探究不同土壤容重和不同程度水分亏缺条件下冬小麦-夏玉米生长指标及产量的变化。采用桶栽土培法,分别设置3种土壤容重(1.2,1.4,1.6 g/cm^3)和3个土壤水分控制下限(低水分50%田间持水量、中水分60%田间持水量和高水分70%田间持水量),研究不同土壤容重和水分亏缺对冬小麦—夏玉米根系、生长指标、耗水量、产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明:随水分亏缺程度的加剧,冬小麦和夏玉米生长指标、生物量、耗水量和产量均呈降低趋势。随土壤容重增加,冬小麦生物量和产量呈先升高再降低的趋势,冬小麦耗水量和水分利用效率呈降低趋势;而夏玉米产量、耗水量和水分利用效率均呈降低趋势。试验中,1.4,1.2 g/cm^3分别为冬小麦和夏玉米生长的最适土壤容重。土壤容重与水分处理互作对夏玉米株高、耗水量和水分利用效率有极显著影响,而对冬小麦和夏玉米生物量及产量无显著影响。研究结果可为黄淮海地区作物绿色增产增效及水土资源高效利用提供理论参考。     

喀斯特地区不同茎形态植物的水土保持和养分截留效果研究

在坡度为30°的坡地建立12个径流小区,试验设计4个处理,分析了3种不同茎形态植物的水土保持和养分截留效果,并在此基础上进一步探讨水土保持和养分截留之间的定量关系。结果表明:薜荔,马蔺和常青藤的覆盖度分别为53.1%,62.8%和60.0%。薜荔,马蔺和常青藤具有一定的水土保持效果,不同植物的保水固土效应存在显著性差异。薜荔,马蔺和常青藤对TP,DP,TN,NO₃^--N,NH₄⁺-N和K有一定的截留作用。薜荔对TP,DP,TN,NO₃^--N,NH₄⁺-N和K的截留效果分别为0.58,0.64,0.54,0.86,0.64,0.54;马蔺对TP,DP,TN,NO₃^--N,NH₄⁺-N和K的截留效果分别为0.76,0.64,0.68,0.78,0.53,0.56;常青藤对TP,DP,TN,NO₃^--N,NH₄⁺-N和K的截留效果分别为0.72,0.75,0.61,0.83,0.45,0.58。水土保持与养分截留效果之间呈现极显著性相关（Pearson相关性系数 > 0.698^**）,表明水土保持是养分截留的有效途径。