黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被减蚀、减流效应研究

对半干旱黄土丘陵沟壑区不同植被类型径流、侵蚀效应进行长期观测.研究结果表明:不同植被产流和侵蚀次数效应为:坡耕地＞牧草地＞乔木林地＞天然草地＞灌木林地;不同植被类型之间径流量和侵蚀量差异较大,其大小次序为:坡耕地＞牧草地＞乔木林地＞天然草地＞灌木林地;灌木林地的减流率和减沙率均在较高的水平,具有良好的水土保持效应;天然草地由于其独特的功能,水土保持效应较好;乔木林地和人工草地除了乔木林地减蚀效应较好外,减流效应较差;坡耕地的累积径流量及侵蚀量最大,而累积减沙率和减流率最低,水土保持效应最差.     

滇中高原区主要森林类型枯枝落叶层对降雨的截留功能

枯枝落叶层是森林植被对降雨再分配的第２作用层，也是对土壤发育具有重要影响的层次。在实测本区主要森林类型枯枝落叶量及其持水能力的基础上，采用１００ｍ２最大截留能力、１００ｇ枯枝落叶最大持水能力及最大持水率等指标对不同森林类型枯枝落叶量、组成及其发育情况进行了综合评价。     

施肥对典型红壤区桉树人工林土壤理化性质的影响

桉树人工林短轮伐期经营对地力消耗严重,特别是在亚热带的红壤区极易造成水土流失。科学施肥能较好地改善桉树林的土壤养分状况,有利于土壤中养分的释放。通过不同的施肥试验,结果表明,各施肥处理土壤养分含量均高于对照组(CK),表明施肥能有效提高土壤肥力,其中以A2B1处理为最优。各样地土壤有机质、氨态氮、速效磷、速效钾含量总体上均随土层深度的增加而下降,且不同土层间均存在显著差异。相关性分析表明,各土壤理化指标间存在复杂的耦合关系。     

干旱区降雨梯度对沙冬青根-茎-叶生态化学计量特征的影响

目的 水分是限制干旱区植物生长与生存的重要因素,为探明降水变化对荒漠植物化学计量特征的影响, 以及C、N、P和K元素在植物各器官中的分配规律。 方法 以国家二级重点保护的珍稀濒危植物且是荒漠区唯一常绿阔叶灌木沙冬青为研究对象,分析沿自然降雨梯度下,沙冬青根-茎-叶的元素含量及其化学计量比的变化特征,了解其生长的适应机制和生存策略。 结果 沙冬青各器官C含量表现为叶＞茎＞根,而N、P、K营养元素含量均表现为叶＞根＞茎,N、P、K三大营养元素在叶片中的富集,可以提高沙冬青光合速率,为植物的生长与繁殖提供充分的物质保障,反映了资源分配模式和植物生长策略。沿自然降雨梯度,沙冬青的根、茎、叶之间主要表现为协同关系且存在着同时投资的生态策略,N和P含量在各器官中均随着降雨量的增加呈上升趋势,而K均呈下降趋势,沙冬青通过提高各器官K含量和降低N、P含量来应对干旱胁迫的环境。器官间的养分协同性远高于器官内部,各器官中的N:P在不同降雨梯度间相对比较稳定,说明沙冬青以保守的养分利用方式抵消元素含量随环境的变化,且N:P比值均大于16则生长主要受P限制。 结论 各器官N、P、K 化学计量特征沿降雨梯度具有相同趋势,但在不同器官间呈现显著差异,而化学计量的灵活性是实现植物自我调节的重要方式,有助于植物在不同环境条件影响下维持自身正常的生命活动。     

采样尺度对北京山区典型流域森林土壤养分空间变异的影响——以密云潮关西沟流域为例

不同覆被条件下土壤质量演变规律的研究是持续利用森林土壤资源的基础(Nael et al．,2004).由于山地地表起伏不定且植被在空间分布上表现出不同的格局,导致了森林土壤巨大的空间变异性,并给森林土壤研究造成了巨大的障碍.     

红壤区生态公益林不同类型林分降雨及产流与产沙量研究

通过对湘中丘陵红壤区不同类型林分的定位观测,对林地不同年份因降雨量差异而产生的径流量、泥沙含量的差异进行对比分析.结果表明:降雨量较大的2010年林地的径流量、泥沙含量、径流系数均大于相对干旱的2009年;径流量、泥沙含量的大小与大雨量降雨的次数和降雨量密切相关.     

Characteristics of runoff and sediment generation of forest vegetation on a hill slope by use of artificial rainfall apparatus

We studied the impact of forest vegetation on soil erosion,surface runoff, and sediment generation by using field simulated rainfall apparatus. We measured runoff and sediment generation of five 4.5 × 2.1m runoff plots (a bare soil as a control; two Pinus tabulaeformis forestplots and two Platycladus orientalis forest with row spacing of 1 m × 1m and 1.5 m × 1.5 m, respectively) in Beijing Jiu Feng National ForestPark under three rainfall intensities (0.42, 0.83, 1.26 mm per minute).Forest vegetation significantly reduced soil erosion and sediment yield.Mean total runoff volume in the four tree stand plots was 93% of that inthe control plot, demonstrating the limited effectiveness of forest vegetation in runoff control. With increasing rainfall intensity, runoff reductionin forest plots declined from 28.32% to 2.1%. Similar trends in runoff coefficient and the relationship between runoff volume and rainfall duration was observed. Mean total sediment yield and mean sediment yield reduction rate under different treatments was 55.05% and 43.17% of those in the bare soil control plot, respectively. Rainfall intensity playedan important role in runoff and sediment generation processes, and had agreater impact on runoff than on soil erosion and sediment generation.When considering several factors in runoff and sediment transport processes, the P. tabulae form plot with row spacing at 1 × 1 m had a greater effect on soil and water conservation than did other forested plots.     

人工降雨条件下不同坡度红壤坡面迳流泥沙变化特征研究

在人工模拟降雨强度为1.44 mm/min的条件下,研究了不同坡度(β)红壤近似裸地坡面迳流、泥沙的变化特征,研究结果表明:①地表迳流量随坡度的增大而迅速增加。②当β≤23°时,土壤侵蚀量随坡度的增大而迅速增加;当25°≤β≤40°时,土壤侵蚀量随坡度变化较小。③坡面土壤侵蚀的临界坡度则介于23°~25°之间。④坡度与侵蚀量关系可用函数表示为:S=199.1×L1.65×tan1.4β(0°≤β≤23°)。     

典型黑土区水土保持林土壤结构性特征的对比研究(英文)

以典型黑土区水曲柳林、落叶松林、樟子松林、云杉林及撂荒地为对象,通过对土壤容重、非毛管孔隙/毛管孔隙(NCP/CP)、广义土壤结构指数(GSSI)的测定、计算与对比分析,研究了不同类型人工水土保持林对土壤结构性特征的影响。结果表明:在所研究的0-30cm土层范围内,水曲柳林和落叶松林在降低土壤容重方面略好于樟子松林和云杉林,降低幅度为8.04%-1 1.01%,落叶松林与云杉林和樟子松林之间差异均达显著水平(p0.05),而水曲柳林仅与云杉林差异显著(p0.05);林地土壤的平均NCP/CP值均显著高于撂荒地(p0.05),增加幅度范围为59.75%～128.82%,土壤透气性、透水性能力提高,并以落叶松林提高幅度最大;各林地的平均GSSI值均显著高于撂荒地(p0.05),增加幅度范围为2.98%-4.36%,说明林分可以有效改善土壤结构,使其能够更加接近旱地土壤理想结构,以水曲柳林和云杉林改良效果相对较强,但实现趋近理想土壤结构的途径、即相态的变化方式有所不同。研究结果可为科学评价典型黑土区植被恢复对土壤质量的影响和深入系统研究水土保持林构建提供理论依据。图3表2参17。     

Effect of forest vegetation on runoff and sediment production in sloping lands of Loess area

According to fixed-position data for 1985–2003 from nine runoff plots of Caijiachuan watershed which lies in Jixian County of Shanxi Province in Loess area, this paper studied the relationship between vegetation and runoff and sediment production in sloping lands in detail, which helps to provide scientific basis for vegetation re-construction and studies on environmental transformation of water and sediment in watersheds of Loess area. Although, many study results testify that forest vegetation has an important function in soil and water conservation and cutting runoff, the effect of vegetation on runoff and sediment transmission is complicated, and this needs to be studied in depth. The results of the paper showed the following. Firstly, the natural secondary forest performs better function of soil and water conservation than artificial Robinia pseudoacacia forest, and runoff and sediment produced in the former in individual rainfall were 65%–82% and 23%–92% of those produced in the latter. At the same time, better correlative relationship between runoff and sediment production and rainfall and rainfall intensity were testified by multiple regression, but the correlation decreased gradually with the increase of canopy density of forest. Secondly, the difference of runoff and sediment production in several land use types was very distinct, and the amount of runoff and sediment produced from Ostryopsis davidiana forest and natural secondary forest were the least, and runoff and sediment produced from in artificial Robinia pseudoacacia forest and Pinus tabulaeformis forest were 5-fold as much as those from O. davidiana forest. Besides, runoff and sediment produced in mixed planting of apple trees and crops were 16.14-fold and 2.96-fold than those of O. davidiana forest, respectively, but the amount decreased obviously after high-standard soil preparation in the case of the former. Thirdly, based on gray cognate analyses of factors affecting runoff and sediment production in sloping land, the factors of stand canopy density and herb and litter biomass were the most significant ones, whose gray incidence degree exceeded 0.6. Therefore, mixed forest with multi-layer stand structure and shrub forest should be developed in vegetation re-construction of Loess area, which will help to increase coverage and litter thickness in order to cut down the runoff and sediment dramatically in sloping land. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005, 16(9): 1,613–1,617 [译自: 应用生态学报, 2005, 16(9): 1,613–1,617]     

Influence of three plant species with different morphologies on water runoff and soil loss in a dry-warm river valley, SW China

Understanding of the effects of isolated plants with different morphologies on water runoff and soil loss is important for vegetation restoration in arid environments. We selected three representative species (Artemisia gmelinii; Ajania potaninii; Pulicaria chrysantha) of the dry-warm river valley of the upper reach of Minjiang River, SW China to examine these effects. Twenty-five runoff events were recorded using runoff plots at micro scale (<40 cm × 40 cm) on a south facing slope from July through October 2006. A. potaninii had sparse canopy, the smallest leaf area (0.49 ± 0.25 cm²) and specific leaf area (67.8 ± 16.5 cm²/g), and the highest leaf relative water content (27.1 ± 4.4%). It is the most resistant to drought stress. A. gmelinii was the shortest, and had relatively small leaf area (0.55 ± 0.50 cm²) and the densest canopy. P. chrysantha had the greatest leaf area (1.41 ± 0.49 cm²) and most extended canopy (4450 ± 1646 cm²). Dead branches and leaves of A. gmelinii and P. chrysantha commonly fall and collect on the soil surface. Thus they had greater improvements on soil porosity and soil water content, and higher effectiveness in controlling soil loss. However, A. gmelinii had more stable effectiveness in controlling runoff as compared with P. chrysantha. The characteristics such as relatively small leaf area but low height and dense canopy might be one criterion for selecting species to improve soil properties and controlling runoff and soil loss. Differences in soil environments, and runoff and soil loss production capacity for micro-surfaces regulates water and materials redistribution, which emphasizes the importance in designing vegetation restoration pattern.     

优材更替生态公益林水土保持效益研究

以湖南省洞口县月溪国有林场生态公益林为研究对象,对其成熟林优材更替前后水土保持效益进行了研究.结果表明:1#更替模式(新造杉木纯林)和2#更替模式(新造杉木+樟树混交林)的地表径流量、泥沙流失量都比3#更替模式(CK,未砍伐杉木过熟林)大2～3倍;前者实施了挖穴造林,破坏了地表土壤结构,但水土流失系数没有超出允许浸蚀量...     

Effects of forest vegetation on runoff and sediment transport of watershed in Loess area, west China

This paper aims to study the effects of vegetation on runoff and sediment transport at the watershed scale, and to provide a theoretical basis for afforestation in the Loess area, in the nested Caijiachuan watershed, Jixian County, Shanxi Province of west China. Forest watersheds and farmland watersheds with similar terrain features were selected through cluster analysis to study their runoff and sediment transport characteristics. Results showed that compared with farmland watersheds, runoff generation time in forest watersheds was delayed remarkably, and peak flow was reduced greatly, which indicates that vegetation played an important role in holding and absorbing rainfall. Besides, with the increase of forest coverage, the runoff amount, runoff depth and runoff coefficient decreased during the rainy seasons. The runoff depth and runoff coefficient of farmland watersheds in the rainy season were 5–20-fold as much as that of forest watersheds, and runoff and sediment yield of watersheds with low forest coverage were 2.7–2.9-fold and 3–6-fold as great as those with high coverage during rainstorms, and low forest coverage had larger variation in sediment hydrograph. For the complexity and scale dependence of the influence of forest vegetation on runoff, forest hydrological functions based on regional scale or watershed scale were worthy of further studies. __________ Translated from Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2006, 4(3): 48–53 [译自: 中国水土保持科学]     

Runoff and sediment concentration of different parts of a road in Hyrcanian forests

Road prisms, such as cutslopes, fillslopes and road surfaces, can be important contributors of sediment to streams in forested watersheds. In this study rainfall simulations were carried out on cutslopes, fillslopes, road surfaces and forest grounds in hardwood forests of Lolet and Lat Talar, Iran. Water at intensity of 32.4 mm·h 1 was sprayed from a nozzle onto a square area of 0.48 m 2 . Runoff was collected by water gauge every 4 min and then runoff and sediment parameters were measured in each plot. Results indicated that on road surfaces, the runoff coefficient was 63.28%. On the cutslopes and fillslopes, the runoff coefficients were 35.14% and 10.23%, respectively. On the forest ground as a control, the runoff coefficient was 5.90%. Runoff volume was 2.73 mL·s-1 on the road surfaces and 1.52 mL·s-1 on cutslopes. On fillslopes the runoff volume was 0.44 mL·s-1 and on the forest ground 0.25 mL·s-1 . The greatest rate of soil loss was found on the cutslope (280.79 g·m-2·h-1). The total soil loss from the cutslopes was two times higher than that from the road surfaces and six times higher than that from the fillslopes. We conclude that cutslopes can be considered the main source of sediments in our study sites, but the function of road surface as a source of runoff generation is more important.     

Effects of changes in land use and land cover on sediment discharge of runoff in a typical watershed in the hill and gully loess region of northwest China

Land use plays a much more important role than other factors, such as climate, soil properties, topographic features, vegetation coverage, human activities and others, in affecting soil erosion and sediment discharge. In order to understand the effects of changes in land use on sediment discharge and to provide a theoretical basis for land use planning, management and ecological restoration, we used the controlled Qiaozidong watershed and the uncontrolled Qiaozixi watershed in the third sub-region of the Loess Plateau as examples and analyzed the effects of land use and land cover on the discharge of sediments. The results show that the impact of land use and land cover on the annual amount of sediment discharge is significant. Compared with the uncontrolled watershed during similar periods, the amount of sediment discharged from the controlled watershed was reduced by 44%, 75% and 86%, respectively, in wet, normal and dry years. In the controlled watershed, compared with the period from 1986 to 1994, the amount of sediments discharged was less during the period from 1995 to 2004. The impact of land use and land cover on sediment discharge demonstrated characteristics of seasonal fluctuation. The effects of sediment reduction in the controlled watershed were greater than those in the uncontrolled watershed in May and September. In the controlled watershed, the reduction effect coincided with the distribution of rainfall. The amount of discharged flood sediments is closely correlated with rainfall, rainfall intensity in a 60 min period and the volume of flood. The rainstorm-runoff process and the rainstorm-sediment discharge process demonstrate that land cover has a strong regulatory and control function in the flood process and sediment discharge in rainstorms. For the controlled watershed, given the same precipitation frequency distribution, the average amount of sediment discharged during the land use period from 1995 to 2004 was less than that during the earlier land use period from 1986 to 1994 under every recurrent period. __________ Translated from Journal of Beijing Forestry University, 2007, 29(6): 115–122 [译自: 北京林业大学学报]