河南省玉米施肥效应对基础地力的响应

[目的]整理2005 2013年在河南省布置的885个玉米“3414”田间试验,分析不同地力水平下玉米施肥后的增产效果、经济效益及氮、磷、钾肥利用效率,明确不同地力水平下河南省玉米施肥效应,为科学施肥提供理论依据。[方法]选取其中5个处理CK(N0P0K0)、N(N0P2K2)、P(N2P0K2)、K(N2P2K0)和NPK(N2P2K2)的试验结果。按CK处理产量将供试885个试验地土壤基础地力划分为<4 t/hm^2、4~6 t/hm^2、6~8t/hm^2、>8 t/hm^2四个水平,收集了玉米施用氮、磷、钾肥的增产量、增产率、产值、施肥成本、施肥利润和产投比,计算了各施肥处理的农学效率、偏生产力、肥料贡献率、地力贡献率。[结果]四个地力水平的试验地样本量分别占总样本的15.35%、49.42%、29.42%、5.81%。NPK处理的增产量在四个地力水平下依次为3.04、2.49、1.88和1.12 t/hm^2,且各地力水平间差异显著。增产率表现出和增产量一样的变化趋势,且下降趋势更明显。基础地力产量<4 t/hm^2时,NPK处理的增产率平均达93.23%,而基础地力产量>8 t/hm^2仅为14.44%。在施肥经济效益方面,各施肥处理的产值、施肥利润及产投比均随地力水平的提高而升高,各地力水平间差异显著。其中NPK处理的产值、施肥利润及产投比在地力产量<4 t/hm^2时分别为10238元/hm^2、8862元/hm^2和5.75,在基础地力产量>8 t/hm^2时分别为15407元/hm^2、13736元/hm^2和8.05。河南省土壤地力对玉米产量的贡献率平均为69.99%,各地力水平下的地力贡献率随地力水平的提高而显著提高,四个地力水平的地力贡献率平均依次为53.24%、67.68%、78.80%和86.63%。土壤氮素、磷素、钾素地力贡献率平均分别为78.32%(40.72%~100%)、88.47%(70.40%~100%)、90.02%(78.27%~99.31%),总体以钾地力贡献率最大,磷地力贡献率次之,氮地力贡献率最小。从地力水平变化的角度来看,氮素、磷素、钾素地力贡献率均随地力水平的提高而逐渐增高,其中各地力水平下土壤氮素的地力贡献率分别为65.08%(<4 t/hm^2)、77.04%(4~6 t/hm^2)、85.32%(6~8 t/hm^2)、90.47%(>8 t/hm^2)。不同地力水平下各施肥处理的偏生产力随地力水平的提高而显著升高,农学效率和肥料贡献率总体随地力水平的提高而下降,说明提高基础地力可降低玉米产量对外源肥料的依赖性。[结论]提高土壤基础地力能够促进玉米增产、增收,降低玉米对外源肥料的依赖。河南省玉米生产中应重视土壤培肥,并根据不同地力水平合理施肥以保证玉米高产稳产、提高养分利用效率、节本增收。     

长期不同施肥下潮土养分生产力及其可持续性演变

在小麦—玉米一年两熟耕作制度下,通过河北雄县壤质土13年长期定位不同施肥养分耗竭试验,探讨土壤自身养分生产力的表达方式。结果表明,土壤N、P、K、Zn、Mn、B元素对于小麦的支撑产量分别为2 553、3 918、5 668、6 571、6 871和7 353 kg hm-2,对玉米的支撑产量分别为2 280、4 576、6 875、8 788、9 465和9 188 kg hm-2。六种养分的土壤自身循环平衡能力在小麦上依次为N相似文献   

Partnering crops with root-associated microbes for soil health and agricultural sustainability

<正>Increasing global demand for food presents a significant challenge to maintaining soil health and sustainable production of agricultural crops. As plant root-associated microbial fitness is greatly impacted by community growth, development, and nutrient acquisition, the cultivation of functional assembly of root-associated microbes may provide solutions for achieving food security while maintaining healthy soils. Here, we propose a four-part strategy to promote soil health and agricultu...     

Tillage and agricultural sustainability

Agricultural sustainability implies an increasing trend in per capita productivity to meet the present needs without jeopardizing the future potential. Soil tillage, soil surface management to alleviate soil-related constraints to crop production, is a basic and an important input with short- and long-term effects on sustainability. An important effect of soil tillage on sustainability is through its impact on the environment e.g. soil degradation, water quality, emission of greenhouse gases from soil-related processes, etc. The need to attain agricultural sustainability is particularly urgent in several tropical eco-regions and soils of low-carrying capacity in the tropics.

Soil tillage influences atricultural sustainability through its effects on soil processes, soil properties, and crop growth. However, there is no one blueprint of a universally applicable sustainable tillage system. Appropriate tillage systems are soil- and crop-specific and their adaptation is governed by both biophysical and socio-economic factors. In addition to increasing crop yields, tillage methods must also facilitate soil and water conservation, improve root system development, maintain a favorable level of soil organic matter content, and reverse degradative in the soil's life-support processes.

Important components or sub-systems of conservation-effective tillage systems include mulch farming, no-till or reduced tillage systems, use of cover crops and planted fallows, agroforestry, raised beds or ridge-tillage, and soil inversion or deep plowing. The ecological limits for the applicability of these components or sub-systems differ widely. The efforts of a multi-disciplinary team (comprising soil scientists, agricultural engineers, agronomists, economists and social scientists) are needed to develop site-specific tillage methods to achieve both short- and long-term goals of agricultural sustainability.     

Modelling of soil nutrient budgets: an assessment of agricultural sustainability in Nepal

Abstract. Sustaining soil fertility under agricultural intensification and expansion onto marginal lands is a significant challenge in the Nepalese Middle Mountains. In a detailed watershed study it was shown that the overall soil fertility is poor, forest soils display the poorest conditions as a result of biomass removal, and sustaining agriculture is questionable due to the transformation from traditional to multiple cropping systems. Parent material is a significant factor influencing low phosphorus status while insufficient inputs create deficiencies in total carbon, nitrogen and bases. A nutrient budget model was developed to assess inputs, redistribution and losses relative to soil fertility. Yield, input and management data obtained from farm interviews, and soil analysis data were used in the calculation of nutrient budgets. Results from modelling indicate declining soil fertility under rainfed agriculture, forest and rangelands, and marginal conditions under irrigated agriculture subject to intensive cultivation. Nutrient deficits were relatively low for irrigated rice-wheat systems, which benefit from nutrient inputs via sediments and irrigation waters, but the introduction of triple cropping showed greater deficits. Nutrient balances were most critical under rainfed maize production where 94% of the farms were in deficit. Current shortages of organic matter make elimination of nutrient deficits problematic but improvement of composting, biological N-fixation and fertilizer efficiency and reducing erosion were found to be potential options.     

Sediment delivery and nutrient export as indicators of soil sustainability in an Iowa agricultural watershed

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Soil erosion is an ongoing global agricultural crisis. Quantifying and tracking soil erosion and sediment export from agricultural watersheds is a key component for...     

农业生产力与农业生产系统结构关系的讨论

Following a thorough review of “field, farmer and village” problem, and of agricultural productivity succession trend, agricultural systems structures are grouped into five components, viz: farmers, farmlands, agro-materials, agro-production technology and agro-society management. The ordinal superposition of the five components could change into more advanced production modes which enhances succession of agro-system productivity and evaluation criteria and methods. This paper advances research and development modes of regional agro-systems, and societal needs for innovative agro-systems in North China. Such socio-agricultural innovations should be driven by supply and demand to optimize agricultural productivity in the region.     

农业生态系统生产力优化方法综述

农业生态系统是复杂的人工生态系统，提高其生产力是农业生产的主要目标。阐述了农业生态系统生产力的内涵、外延及优化方法，指出利用生物工程技术，科学调整农业结构，改善施肥模式，合理增加有机能和无机能的投入，可有效提高农业生态系统生产力。协调系统的内部关系，加大科技投入，在有效保护生态环境的同时，努力提高农业生态系统生产力，大力发展秣农业是未来中国农业发展的必然趋势。     

Quantifying the interactions of land management practices and agricultural productivity using a soil quality index

It is desirable to develop an objective Soil Quality Index (SQI) to guide sustainable agronomic intensification, thereby promoting socio‐economic well‐being. This study pioneers the use of Ward's cluster and principal component regression methods to evaluate soil homogeneity and construct a SQI (expressed as %). Field data were acquired from five different sites within Ohio, USA, that were under no‐till (NT), conventional till (CT) management and natural vegetation (NV) land use. Soil pH, carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, nitrate and soil organic carbon (SOC) concentrations were identified as primary drivers of soil quality. Based on Ward's cluster method, the soil properties of croplands were not significantly different from those under NV land use. However, SQI ranked surface soils under CT management as higher in quality than NV and NT managed soils, respectively. The coefficient of determination (R²) between SQI and corn (Zea mays L.) and soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yields was 0.7 and 0.9, respectively, implying this SQI effectively relates soil properties, a function of anthropogenic land management practices, with crop yields. In future, time series analyses will be used to assess SQI versus crop yield dynamics, with key socio‐economic and climate variables.     

Long-term productivity growth and sustainability of Greek irrigated agriculture

The present study examines the long-term productivity growth and sustainability of Greek irrigated agriculture. A log linear trend model was used to measure long-term productivity growth, and the total factor productivity (TFP) approach measures the sustainability of the irrigated production system. A time series database of inputs and outputs data were used for the production period of 1961?–?2001 (41 years) which revealed that there is an increasing trend in the irrigated area of the country. The annual growth rate of the irrigated area is 2.6% during this time period. The long-term trends in yields of crops grown in irrigated agriculture are positive. Fertilizer use rate per ha sharply increases during this period. The productivity of irrigated Greek agriculture also increases over the time period as a result of the introduction of High Yielding Variety (HYV), seed, fertilizer and water technology. The measurement of TFP indices indicates that the long-term trend in productivity growth of irrigated Greek agricultural system is positive. The result implies that the irrigated Greek agricultural production system has long-term sustainability. The result also indicates that fertilizer, fixed capital, rainfall and temperature are positively contributing to the mean production of Greek irrigated agriculture. On the other hand, pesticide, labour and fixed capital reduces variability of irrigated agriculture. To this end, long-term agricultural sustainability depends on patterns of input use.     

A decision support framework for identifying soil constraints to the agricultural productivity of tropical upland soils

Sustainable agricultural systems are based on managing soils according to their capabilities and constraints. To facilitate the identification of constraints and appropriate management strategies for upland soils, a decision support framework ‘Soil Constraints and Management Package’ (SCAMP) has been developed. Basic soil data (both field and laboratory) are entered into an Access database and are processed to output reports that identify soil constraints to productivity and that tabulate appropriate management strategies. Where spatially referenced soil data are available, maps of constraints can be readily produced in a Geographic Information System. To demonstrate the ability of SCAMP to identify soil constraints at plot scale, it was applied to soil data sets from the two major soil types (Ferralsols and Acrisols) of Gia Lai Province, Vietnam. Phosphorus (P) fixation, aluminium toxicity and low cation exchange capacity (CEC) were identified as common constraints to productivity on Ferralsols, and low plant available water capacity, compaction and low K status as common constraints to productivity on Acrisols. Field experiments were undertaken on a Ferralsol and an Acrisol to assess management strategies for minimizing these constraints in the presence of adequate N, P and K. Maize (Zea mays) yields from the Ferralsol were increased by applying a plant amendment (Tithonia diversifolia) (selected to increase soil pH and decrease P fixation) and high activity clay (selected to increase CEC). Water‐soluble P fertiliser recovery was increased in this high P‐fixing soil by placing the fertiliser in a sub‐surface band. For the Acrisol, maize was grown in mounded rows and yields were maximized by applying a super‐absorbent material (selected to increase soil water holding capacity) or a high activity clay (selected to increase the low CEC of this soil). To demonstrate the usefulness of SCAMP on a catchment/regional scale, spatially referenced soil survey data of the Herbert River catchment, Queensland, Australia, were used to produce a map identifying areas of low pH, high acidification hazard and low CEC. These applications demonstrate the usefulness of SCAMP for linking soil data to management strategies for sustainable productivity at both plot and catchment scale.     

基于分等成果的农用地综合生产能力

分析了农用地综合生产能力的内涵,阐述了农用地综合生产能力和生产潜力的理论体系,对不同层次的生产能力和生产潜力的核算方法进行了探讨。以东北地区为例,测算了区域农用地的生产能力和生产潜力,揭示其空间分布规律,并划定生产潜力区,为实现区域的耕地保护和粮食安全战略提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

Improving productivity and nutrients uptake of wheat plants using Moringa oleifera leaf extract in sandy soil

A field experiment was conducted on a sandy soil at Salhia El-Gdida, Al Sharqia government, Egypt, to study the effect of Moringa leaf extract on yield and nutrient uptake of wheat plants (Triticum aestivum cv.). Foliar spraying of Moringa leaf extract was done at 40, 70, and 90 days after planting at a rate of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%. Treatments of Moringa extract significantly increased straw and grain yield, biological yield, 1000 grain weight, yield efficiency, protein content, and nutrient uptake as compared to untreated plants in the both seasons. The highest values of straw and grain yield, quality yield, and nutrient uptake by plants were obtained with 4% of Moringa extract, while the lowest values were obtained with untreated plants. Also, the highest percentage increase in grain yield of 71% and 88% was recorded from the treatment 4% of Moringa extract in first and second seasons, respectively.     

提高农业机械化水平促进农业可持续发展

在中国农业现代化建设中,影响农业资源可持续发展的主要因素是土、种、肥、药、水。精准耕整技术、精准播种技术、精准施肥技术、精准施药技术和精准灌溉技术是提高农业资源利用率的几项关键技术。提高农业机械化水平,是促进农业资源可持续发展的重要途径之一。该文介绍了提高农业资源利用率的机械化精准作业关键技术与机具。为了进一步发挥农业机械化在提高农业资源利用率、促进农业可持续发展中的作用,该文建议:进一步加强农机农艺融合,加强相关基础理论研究;进一步加强相关关键技术的研究;进一步加强相关机械与装备制造的自主创新能力;进一步加强推广应用。     

Enhancing crop productivity for recarbonizing soil

Plants capture atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) for carbon (C) assimilation through photosynthesis, with the photosynthates stored as plant biomass (above- and below-ground plant parts). The C stored as living biomass is a short-term C sequestration strategy, whereas soil organic carbon (SOC) is a long-term C sequestration strategy. In this regard, plant roots are the primary route of C entry into the SOC pool. Through establishing a recalcitrant SOC pool, long-term sequestration can potentially offset the C losses caused by soil degradation in industrial and pre-industrial eras. Over the next 50–100 years, implementing effective agricultural practices could sequester 80–130 GT (10⁹) C as SOC. Carbon, as the primary elemental component of soil organic matter, plays a significant role in shaping the soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties, ultimately influencing soil biomass productivity. By enhancing crop productivity and biomass production, farmers can increase C sequestration, creating a positive feedback loop that contributes to overall C sequestration. Carbon sequestration has numerous co-benefits, including climate change mitigation, ecosystem health, food security, and farm profitability. Adopting conservation agriculture and site-specific practices and developing crop and pasture genotypes with high yields and C sequestration potential should significantly improve crop productivity and C sequestration simultaneously. This opinion article delves into the nexus between photosynthesis and soil C sequestration, highlighting its significance in enhancing farm productivity while mitigating climate change.     

Tillage effects on soil degradation, soil resilience, soil quality, and sustainability

Soil degradation, decrease in soil's actual and potential productivity owing to land misuse, is a major threat to agricultural sustainability and environmental quality. The problem is particularly severe in the tropics and sub-tropics as a result of high demographic pressure, shortage of prime agricultural land, harsh environments, and resource poor farmers who presumably cannot afford science based recommended inputs. Tillage methods and soil surface management affect sustainable use of soil resources through their influence on soil stability, soil resilience, and soil quality. Soil stability refers to the susceptibility of soil to change under natural or anthropogenic perturbations. In comparison, soil resilience refers to soil's ability to restore its life support processes after being stressed. The term soil quality refers to the soil's capacity to perform its three principal functions e.g. economic productivity, environment regulation, and aesthetic and cultural values. There is a need to develop precise objective and quantitative indices of assessing these attributes of the soil. These indices can only be developed from the data obtained from well designed and properly implemented long-term soil management experiments conducted on major soils in principal ecoregions.     

Assessing the sustainability of agricultural land in Botswana and Sierra Leone

Land degradation processes, such as soil erosion, which threaten the sustainability of agricultural production have been studied for many years. While research progresses on the processes, little advance has been ade on translating results into terms which can be used directly in the design of appropriate and economically justified forms of soil conservation and land husbandry. Research by the authors has shown how soil erosion affects the potential of land to produce crops. Simple models have been developed which provide a first approximation of the impact of soil erosion on future production, to be used as a baseline against which the benefits of soil conservation can be compared. The concepts of soil life and residual suitability have been developed as a measure of the sustainability of the production system considered. In this paper a simple experimental technique to derive the future production and the residual suitability of land is proposed. The method is based on the principle of sequential testing and uses a simple graphical technique to translate information on production and erosion into a crop production forecast. The soil life or residual suitability of land is derived from the minimum allowable crop production which depends on socio-economic criteria. In case the minimum allowable production level cannot be reliably estimated, the concept of production ‘half-life’ is introduced as a relative measure of sustainability. The method and its applications are illustrated using examples from Botswana and Sierra Leone.     

Long-term climate change impacts on agricultural productivity in eastern China

Increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations are expected to induce significant climate change over the next century and beyond, but the impacts on society remain highly uncertain. This work examines potential climate change impacts on the productivity of five major crops in eastern China: canola, corn, potato, rice, and winter wheat. In addition to determining domain-wide trends, the objective is to identify vulnerable and emergent regions under future climate conditions, defined as having a greater than 10% decrease and increase in productivity, respectively. Data from the ICTP RegCM3 regional climate model for baseline (1961–1990) and future (2071–2100) periods under A2 scenario conditions are used as input for the EPIC agro-ecosystem simulation model in the domain [30°N, 108°E] to [42°N, 123°E]. Simulations are performed with and without the enhanced CO₂-fertilization effect. Results indicate that aggregate potential productivity (i.e. if the crop is grown everywhere) increases 6.5% for rice, 8.3% for canola, 18.6% for corn, 22.9% for potato, and 24.9% for winter wheat, although with significant spatial variability for each crop. However, without the enhanced CO₂-fertilization effect, potential productivity declines in all cases ranging from 2.5 to 12%. Interannual yield variability remains constant or declines in all cases except rice. Climate variables are found to be more significant drivers of simulated yield changes than changes in soil properties, except in the case of potato production in the northwest where the effects of wind erosion are more significant. Overall, in the future period corn and winter wheat benefit significantly in the North China Plain, rice remains dominant in the southeast and emerges in the northeast, potato and corn yields become viable in the northwest, and potato yields suffer in the southwest with no other crop emerging as a clear beneficiary from among those simulated in this study.     

农业系统可持续度的随机模拟方法与实证分析

从系统学角度,对农业可持续发展的持续度的确定问题进行了定量化分析。首先利用功效函数评价和时间序列的随机模拟分析等方法,建立了农业可持续发展系统的持续度理论计算模型与模拟预测模型;在此基础上,对浙江省农业系统可持续性的定量化确定及模拟预测问题进行了实证分析。研究结果表明,文中提出的计算模型能比较好的适应农业系统随机不确定性等基本特征,实证研究结论也为浙江省进一步实施农业可持续发展战略提供有益的决策参考。     

全球气候趋暖灾害骤增与农业持续生产力维护

根据1880～1997年全球大气温度的记录,进行了每10年平均气温的计算,可将这近120年来全球气温明显划分为3个时期,即气温偏低期(1880～1919年,至少40年),过渡期(气温变化起伏较小,1920～1979年,约60年)和升温期(1980～1997年).再参照有关小冰期(1450年或1490年开始至1850年或1880年止,约400年)的文献资料[6],可知小冰期气温比1880～1919年时期更低,因此推想气温偏低期持续了约450年,即近450年全球大气温度的变化大体上是一个单向渐变过程.20世纪厄尔尼诺的出现,也可划分为3个明显不同时期:从1900年有记录开始至1940年为厄尔尼诺偶见期,在此时期全球气候尚未变暖;1940～1980年为厄尔尼诺中等发生期,全球气候出现微弱或中等程度的升温;1980～1998年为厄尔尼诺频繁出现期,此时全球气候明显升温,由此表明近100年来厄尔尼诺出现的情况类似上述全球大气升温的单向渐变过程.研究中考虑到海洋的热惯性,提出应关注温室效应和厄尔尼诺叠加效应的新观点,认为今后几十年或更长时间内厄尔尼诺仍将频繁出现,全球气温将保持偏暖状态.与此伴生的是洪涝、干旱、生物灾害等各类自然灾害的加剧频繁出现,对此应高度重视并采取必要措施,做好防灾减灾工作,维护农业持续生产力及其发展.