鱼类循环水养殖中的水质参数自动控制

鱼类循环水养殖是一种工业化的养殖方式,其主要特征是养殖水体的循环利用,这一过程要对养殖水体进行处理,对水质参数进行监测与控制,要涉及物理、化学、生物及控制理论等许多学科的理论与技术。本文列出了循环水养殖水体中影响鱼类生长的各种因子并总结了前人的研究成果,进而提出了一些水质参数的控制方式。其中着重分析了溶解氧、pH值和氨氮的监测与控制方式,为进一步实验研究奠定基础。     

TiO2紫外复合消毒机在零污水排放的工厂化养殖系统中杀菌效果研究

在零污水排放的封闭式循环系统中养殖大菱鲆及虹鳟,采用新型TiO2紫外复合消毒机对养殖用水(海水和淡水)中的总菌、弧菌及大肠杆菌的杀灭效果进行试验,并与目前普遍使用的紫外消毒机进行比较.试验结果表明,(1)当通过消毒机的流速低于1.2 t/h时,紫外复合消毒机与紫外消毒机两者对细菌的杀灭率无显著差异(P＞0.05);流速为3～4.2 t/h时,紫外复合消毒机杀菌(总菌及海水中大肠杆菌)效率显著高于紫外消毒机(P＜0.05).(2)2种紫外消毒机对淡水和海水中的总菌和弧菌杀灭率差异不显著.     

冷水性鱼类循环水养殖系统设计及养殖虹鳟试验研究

本文论述了冷水性鱼类循环水养殖工艺、设施与装备系统的设计研究,该研究进行了虹鳟鱼养殖试验,突破了养殖水体氨氮低温处理技术关键,形成了低温微生物驯化处理和臭氧催化氧化处理新方法,建立了节约水资源、减少污染的封闭循环式养殖系统集成技术。试验表明,在空气增氧的条件下,冷水性鱼类循环水养殖,养殖密度达到38kg/m3,各项水质指标符合鱼类正常生长要求。     

工厂化内循环海水鱼类养殖水质净化技术

工厂化内循环养殖模式的主要优势是既不向外界排放、不污染环境,又不受外界水质污染的影响。其主要技术关键是水质净化,包括原水处理,滤除悬浮物,泡沫分离,微生物净化,以液态氧向养殖水体中补充溶解氧,利用紫外线、臭氧消毒灭菌,每1 h完成1个循环量,每平方米可获鱼产量30 kg以上。     

南美白对虾海水池塘精养技术

养殖面积140．40亩，经150天养殖，获得总产155610kg，平均产量1108．88kg／亩的收成。结果表明：锅底形的池塘结构，不设进排水闸，用大口径PVC管进、排养殖用水，配足增氧机，定期对养殖水体进行消毒和定期投放有益微生物制剂，及时使用必要药物防治虾病是南美白对虾海水池塘精养的主要技术措施。     

The Intensive Culture of the Penaeid Shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone in a Recirculating Raceway System

Recirculating raceway systems were examined for their potential as a method for the intensive culture of the marine shrimp Penaeus vannamei Boone. The systems consisted of fiberglass raceways 38 m³ (13.7 m ± 2.4 m ± 1.16 m) and 28 m³ (13.7 m ± 2.4 m ± 0.85 m) each equipped with a vertical screen biofilter, foam fractionators and an ultraviolet ozone generator. All of the systems were enclosed in a commercial greenhouse. Four preliminary growout experiments and two growout experiments with stocking densities of 970 shrimp/m³ and 2,132 shrimp/m³ were completed.
Temperature, pH and salinity remained constant throughout the experiments. Unionized ammonia levels remained below 0.2 mg/L. Nitrite levels ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 mg/L. The 2,132/m² stocking density resulted in 48% survival, food conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.8 and an average size of 10.8 g. The 970/m³ stocking density resulted in 82% survival, FCR of 2, and an average size of 14 g. Production was 11.4 kg/m³ (114 tons/ha) and 11.0 kg/m³ (110 tons/ha) for the high and low stocking densities, respectively.     

工业化养鱼的进展

概述了国内外工业化养鱼的现状：指出该项产业科技含量大，是新兴的知识型产业，开展工业化养鱼有利于对渔业资源的保护及对水域环境的治理；通过对我国工业化养鱼简短的历史回顾，分析讨论了发展中的制约因素，以及今后的工作方向。     

海水养殖鱼类病害防治技术

众所周知 ,生活在天然海域中的鱼类 ,由于环境条件优越 ,密度小、饵料鲜活 ,发生疾病并导致大量死亡的情况非常罕见。但在人工养殖条件下 ,特别是在集约化养殖条件下 ,由于生活环境、鱼体密度、饵料质量等因素都与天然情况差异很大。因此 ,各种疾病也就时常发生 ,并已成为制约养殖生产发展的重要因素。现就海水养殖鱼类病害的防治技术作一简介。1　海水养殖鱼类病害的主要种类1 .1　病毒性疾病目前 ,国内外已报道近 60种来自不同鱼类的病毒或类病毒 ,但多数发现于淡水鱼类 ,海水鱼类仅有 1 0多种。然而 ,其潜在危险却很大 ,从近几年的发病情…     

海水循环水养殖系统工程优化设计

设计并建设了海水循环水养殖系统工程,研发出水处理设施与设备,包括:综合生物滤池、全自动微滤机、蛋白质分离器、渠道式紫外线消毒器、管道溶氧器、多点在线自动水质监测系统等,并进行养殖生产。主要水质指标达到:COD<3.5 mg/L,TN<0.5 mg/L,DO>8 mg/L,总大肠菌群<3500个/L。养殖鲆鲽鱼类平均单产30 kg/m2,高产池35 kg/m2。     

循环水养殖中水动力特性对鱼类影响的研究进展

水产养殖业在我国拥有重要的地位。在过去50多年间,以中国为代表的水产养殖业的发展速度已超过全球人口增速,全球已经有39个国家和地区的水产养殖产量超过了捕捞产量,中国则以水产养殖产量占渔业总产量的73%位列第一[1-2]。随着经济的发展和养殖规模的不断提升,养殖业出现了生产方式落后、效率低下、养殖环境污染、水域生态破坏、病害频发等一系列亟待解决的问题[3-4]。     

Effects of Biofilter/Culture Tank Volume Ratios on Productivity of a Recirculating Fish/Vegetable Co-Culture System

Abstract

The effects of four biofilter volume (BFV)/culture tank volume ratios (0.67/1, 1.00/1, 1.50/1, and 2.25/1) on biofilter function were examined in a recirculating fish/vegetable production system in a greenhouse. Sand beds served as biofilters, as substrate for vegetable growth, and as location for decomposition of waste solids. No fertilizer was used. Three experiments were conducted over the course of one year. In Experiment 1, as the BF V/tank volume ratio increased, total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite concentrations decreased (9.0 to 3.6 mg/L and 0.39 to 0.20 mg/L, respectively), and biomass increase over the culture period and oxygen levels increased significantly (13.34 to 16.03 kg/m³ and 6.03 to 6.47 mg/L, respectively). pH was maintained at 5.8-6.2 without the addition of lime. Yield per plant of the tomato variety ‘Laura’ tended to decrease (3.4 to 2.3 kg/plant), and yield per plot increased (13.6 to 31.6 kg/plant) with increasing BFV/tank ratio. In Experiment 2, the system was operated for 42 days without plants. pH dropped rapidly to near 4.0. Cucumbers were then planted, and weekly additions of lime and CaO were made. Significantly less CaO was required to achieve target pH in systems with the largest BFV/tank ratios. pH levels conducive to good plant growth were only slowly stabilized, and cucumber yields were erratic. TAN and nitrite levels were not measured, but fish grew well (5.2 to 7.2 kg/m³ with increasing BFV/tank ratio). By Experiment 3, with the tomato variety ‘Kewalo,’ TAN and nitrite concentrations decreased from 0.96 to 0.48 mg/L and from 0.06 to 0.02 mg/L, respectively, with increasing BFV/tank ratio, and in the latter part of the experiment, pH was stabilized at 6.3-6.5 without lime. Yield/plant decreased from 5.0 to 2.4 kg/plant and yield per plot increased from 19.9 to 33.1 kg/plot with increasing BFV/tank ratio. Daily water exchanges averaged 2.8%. Nutrient concentrations of the irrigation water after a year's operation were low overall. Although plants showed no deficiency or toxicity symptoms, K⁺ was found to be low and Zn⁺⁺ high relative to other ions. No clogging was observed in the sand beds. Carbon measurements ± SEM of the sand medium at the wastewater inlet of the smallest and largest BFV/tank ratio systems were 0.23 ±0.03%, and 0.15 ±0.01%, respectively. Nitrogen was below detectable levels (<0.04%). The enhanced biofil-ter/culture tank ratios used here resulted in a functionally well balanced fish/vegetable co-culture system. While needing refinement, this design represents a step towards a highly productive, low-tech system with efficient use of water, chemical, and labor resources.     

海水观赏鱼家用型水族箱养殖技术

文章对水族箱的设置、海水观赏鱼品种的选择、水质指标的控制、饵料投喂及病害防治等进行了分析与探讨,为家用型水族箱饲养海水观赏鱼提供技术支持.     

南美白对虾海水池塘精养试验

2003年4—11月在浙江省舟山市定海区长白乡实施了《南美白对虾海水池塘精养技术》项目，池塘总面积9．36hm^2，经过150d的饲养，收获成虾155610kg，平均产量1662．5kg／1000m^2。试验结果表明：选用锅底形池塘，不建进、排水闸，进、排水采用大口径PVC管，配足增氧机，定期消毒养虾水体，并投放有益细菌制剂，及时使用必要药物防治虾病，是南美白对虾海水池塘精养获得成功的关键。     

封闭式循环海水系统大菱鲆高密度养殖研究

在封闭式循环海水养殖系统中进行了300d的养殖研究，在平均日换水量小于5％的条件下，大菱鲆平均体重由初始的10．4g，增至847g，平均日增重率为0．65％。成活率达到95．7％。养殖密度达到48．8kg／m^3，大菱鲆的生长情况良好，平均饵料系数为0．81，养成的商品鱼各项指标符合无公害大菱鲆的安全指标要求。研究结果表明，该系统适合高密度养殖大菱鲆，且是健康养殖模式，符合无公害水产品要求。     

我国海水鱼类网箱养殖现状及其发展前景

海水鱼的网箱养殖是一种新兴的养殖方式，发展的同时尚存在许多问题。本文从网箱种类，网箱养殖的地理分布及养殖品种，网箱养殖的有关技术三个方面综述了我国海水鱼类的网箱养殖现状，并且指出制约海水鱼网箱养殖发展的因素及其发展前景。     

乌鳢精养塘日常管理要点

从水质管理、科学投饲、疾病防治3个方面阐述了乌鳢池塘精养中应注意的问题，“六定两勤”是科学投喂的关键，水质调控与疾病防治是养殖成功的保证。     

基因工程在海水鱼类养殖中的应用前景

综述了鱼类基因转移的研究现状、研究方向及在海水鱼养殖中的应用前景，着重介绍了利用生长激素基因、生长激素释放因子基因、抗冻蛋白基因、金属硫蛋白基因、珠蛋白基因以及其它基因的转移培育海水鱼新产品的可能性。     

地方种类在我国海水鱼养殖中的地位

地方种类是我国海水鱼养殖的主要品种来源。本文列举了我国目前养殖的主要海水鱼种类及其苗种来源,阐述了驯养野生的地方种类的优势所在及其在养殖开发中存在的问题与对策。     

Intensive Rotifer Production in a Pilot‐scale Continuous Culture Recirculating System Using Nonviable Microalgae and an Ammonia Neutralizer

A study was conducted to test the performance of a high‐density (>3000 individuals/mL) continuous recirculating system for rotifers (B. rotundiformis) fed nonviable Nannochloropsis oculata and using sodium hydroxymethanesulfonate to neutralize ammonia. Three different microalgae feed rates (g of N. oculata [68 × 10⁹ cells/mL] per million rotifers/d) were tested in successive trials. In Trial 1 (feed rate = 1.5), during a 30‐d period, rotifers were harvested daily to 3000 individuals/mL, for an average yield of 178 million/d. Feed efficiency (million rotifers/g/d) was 0.33. In Trial 2 (feed rate = 1.1), during a 32‐d period, an average of 106 million rotifers were harvested daily, and feed efficiency was 0.26. In Trial 3 (feed rate = 1.3), during a 30‐d period, an average of 107 million rotifers was harvested daily, and feed efficiency was 0.23. An economic analysis based on a feed rate of 1.5 showed that production cost was 40% lower than the traditional batch culture method (US$ 0.29 vs. 0.46 per million rotifers/d). The continuous culture system tested reliably produced large quantities of rotifers on a daily basis without the use of a biofilter and with a lower production cost than a batch culture system.     

海水活鱼运输装置自动监控系统的设计

以AT89C51单片机为核心设计了一套适用于活鱼运输装置的自动监控系统，本文描述该系统的工作原理和系统的软硬件设计，实验结果表明，该系统设计方案合理，应用于活鱼运输具有较高的性价比，且结构简单、性能可靠、实用性强等特点。