高关灌区中稻田间水利用系数试验研究

【目的】测算分析高关灌区灌溉水利用系数,提高水资源优化配置和实现最严格水资源管理决策。【方法】以高关灌区中稻试验田为样本,采用平均法、实测法、对比实测法分别测算了高关灌区中稻田间水利用系数。【结果】3种方法测算所得系数分别为0.903、0.941和0.921,相差不大,误差在5%以内,其中,实测法所得系数最大,平均法所得系数最小。高关灌区中稻田间水利用系数随灌水定额增大而减小,呈负相关关系;对比实测法与实测法相比,认为田面渗漏是稻田的有效耗水,田埂渗漏则是稻田的无效耗水,避免了中间测定造成的累积误差,适用于稻作区田间水利用系数的测定。【结论】对比实测法测算的高关灌区中稻田间水利用系数为0.921是合理的。     

稻田回归水模拟及其评价

以V ens im为工具,建立了稻田田间及中等尺度水量转化的系统动力学模型;通过漳河灌区团林试区实测资料检验,证实了模型的适用性及其精度。将模型用于田间及中等尺度回归水的模拟,探讨了回归水评价指标随田间及中等尺度的变化规律,对影响稻田回归水变化的因素进行了敏感性分析。结果表明:地表回归水量随田埂有效高度的增加线性减少;田埂回归水量随田块长度的增加线性增加,随田埂宽度的增加而明显减少;田埂回归水和田间回归水均随水力传导度的增加而增加;地下回归水随坡度的变陡而增大;地表回归水、田间回归水及田埂回归水均随旱作比例的增加而减少。田块狭长组合方式的回归水重复利用系数比宽窄组合方式大。回归水评价指标计算表明,灌溉降雨回归系数比灌溉回归系数能更好的反映田间出流及回归水的利用;中等尺度的灌溉回归系数和灌溉降雨回归系数分别是田间尺度的1倍左右;中等尺度上的重复利用系数不大,说明可以提供给下游使用的回归水量大;干旱年份的回归水重复利用系数比平水年的大。     

基于DRAINMOD模型的不同灌排模式稻田水氮运移模拟

[目的]研究不同灌排模式稻田水氮动态变化,为南方稻作区节水减排提供科学依据.[方法]基于实测的田间灌排水量及氮素变化数据,采用Morris方法检测DRAINMOD模型水氮运移相关参数的灵敏度,并利用DRAINMOD模型对传统灌排模式和控制灌排模式下稻田水氮动态进行模拟.[结果]20～40 cm 土层侧向饱和导水率对稻田...     

新疆东部中型灌区田间水利用系数的测算

为了对新疆东部中型灌区田间水利用系数进行测算,首先进行田间水利用系数进行测算,然后对田间测定结果汇总计算得出中型灌区田间水利用系数。结果表明:田间水利用系数随时间变化呈"反S型"趋势,在7月上旬至7月下旬时间段内有明显降低;土壤质地、灌溉方式的不同会造成田间水利用系数的差异;对田间测定结果汇总计算得出新疆东部中型灌区田间水利用系数为0.852。为灌区田间水利用系数的测算提供了较好的方法,同时也为灌区农业高效节水提供了技术依据。     

第四次全国渠道防渗科技经验交流会议论文选摘(二)

渠道渗漏量计算和实测方法金永堂邓湘汉(水利水电科学研究院)本文对各种类型的渠道(如长期输水、周期性工作、临时渠道、非均质水平土层渠道、各向异性土壤渠道以及具有防渗渠道等)的渗漏量计算方法进行了汇兑和分析,指出其优点和应用条件。此外,并对现有的各种实测渠道渗漏方法(如断面流量测渗法、静水测渗法、沉箱测渗法、同心环测渗法以及护面下收集渗漏法等)进行了分析比较和误差计算,同时对计算和实测渠道渗漏量也有一定的参考意义。     

灌区输水渠道渗漏损失测算与分析

以宁夏引黄灌区汉延渠所辖支渠网输水流量渗漏损失长期实测资料为背景，对渠道渗漏损失、渠道水利用系数及评估方法进行了探讨。给出了灌区支渠网输水利用系数的总体估算方法，并提出了支渠合理长度的确定方法。     

土壤墒情监测技术在灌溉水利用系数测算中的应用

土壤水分的精准获取对农田灌溉水有效利用系数测算至关重要。为进一步检测土壤墒情自动监测传感器的准确性,进行野外田间对比观测实验,采用烘干法与传感器测量数据对照,以检验设备的野外测量精度是否满足农田灌溉水有效利用系数测算的要求。结果表明:土壤墒情自动监测传感器相对误差均小于±10%,满足土壤自动监测和农田灌溉水有效利用系数测算的要求。调研北京市怀柔地区水资源及农业灌溉情况,选取了全区灌区内47个站点为测算样点,采用首尾测算法对被测区域内的农田灌溉水有效利用系数测算,结果分别为0.76和0.68。野外田间观测实验和实际的田间监测应用表明:选取的传感器设备对实际的野外田间应用适应性好、精度优于国标,且安装维护都十分简单方便。     

复式断面渠道渠系水利用系数测算方法研究

【目的】研究采用复式断面渠道的灌区渠系水利用系数更精确地测算方法。【方法】采用动水测定法测定了渠道各断面水力要素,之后通过修订后的戴维斯-威尔逊公式和考斯加科夫渠道渗漏经验公式求得研究区域复式断面渠道渠系水利用系数,对比分析了各渠道水损失以及渠系水损失量。【结果】动水测定法更适合不断流复式断面渠道水力要素的测算;采用标准梯形断面渠道衬砌的方式渠道损失最小;考斯加科夫渠道渗漏经验公式求得灌区渠系水利用系数为0.75,而戴维斯-威尔逊公式求得灌区渠系水利用系数为0.82,更加接近实际值0.86,精确度提高了9.5%。【结论】由于占地、开挖等影响因素,灌区渠系衬砌后多形成复式断面渠道,灌区渠道衬砌优先采用标准梯形断面衬砌方式。对于这类渠系工程,动水测定方法明显优于典型渠道测量方法,戴维斯-威尔逊公式也更适用于复式断面渠道的渠系水利用系数的测定。     

介绍一种测定水稻需水量的好方法——坑田结合法

<正> 水稻需水量系由植株蒸腾量、棵间蒸发量与稻田渗漏量三个部分所组成。前两者之和又简称腾发量。一般,用水量平衡原理测定水稻需水量,有田测、坑测、筒测三种方法。目前坑测和筒测又可称为器测,如用蒸渗器,水力蒸发器等进行测定。我国从五十年代开始,大多数灌溉试验站至今都沿用筒测法。即选择适当大小的有代表性的田块作为筒测区,在测区内安装一定口径的镀锌铁皮制成的有底和无底测筒。     

稻田养殖鱼、虾、蟹、鳝、鳖

稻田养殖是农民致富的一条好路子,现将稻田养殖鱼、虾、蟹、鳝、鳖技术要点介绍,供参考。(1)稻田选择与整理。选择通风透气,水源充足、水质良好、无污无毒、排灌方便、土壤保水性能好的田块作为养殖稻田。面积650～1300m2(约1～2亩)为一单元,最好连片开发。对选择的稻田,在移栽前要进行整田。具体方法:在田中开挖“田”或“日”字形水沟,水沟规格为沟宽1.5-2.5m,深0.8-1.5m,开挖面积占稻田面积的20%-30%,挖出的泥土用于加固田埂,田埂加高夯实到30-50cm。仅养殖鱼或虾只须在进排水口设置防逃网栅,养蟹、养鳝、养鳖还须在稻田四周增设用塑料薄…     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。