Veterinary administration in the Rhineland--yesterday and today

The public veterinary administration was founded in July 1817 by the "Supreme Act" and developed from the public medical administration during the first half of the 19th century to finally an adequate position in 1913. In the beginning prior objectives were animal disease campaigns and participation in animal breeding activities. Towards the end of the last century the public veterinary administration also dealt with hygiene control concerning food of animal origin and meat hygiene. Further fields of activities followed, for example the control of the disposal of animal carcases, trade with animal drugs, vaccines and feedstuff, protection of animals and poultry meat hygiene. It was of special importance to the medium level of the public veterinary administration when in 1981 a chemist engaged in the supervision of food for human consumption was employed by the "Regierungspr?sident" Cologne. It was then possible to lump together both control in the complete field of supervision of food for human consumption and public veterinary administration.     

新时代我国特大城市群乳制品安全监管风险及有效治理体系优化

特大型城市群既是乳制品生产消费的主体,也是乳制品安全监管风险的主要区域。在乳制品原料生产领域存在重安全、轻质量风险,在深加工和流通环节存在过度加工、仓储、运输卫生等风险,在监管措施领域存在政府职能发挥不足、社会监管参与不足等问题,实现乳制品安全风险化解和对乳制品生产监管的有效治理,需要强化原料生产各环节监管,为原料质量建设提供保障,在深加工和流通等领域,需要健全、完善质量评价和质量追溯等监管体系建设,在监管措施建设领域需要实现政府监管的精准化、规范化,并为引导社会共享共治创造条件。     

动物源性饲料产品的安全卫生及其监督管理的有关问题

论述了动物源性饲料产品的种类、特点以及常用的动物源性饲料产品所存在的安全卫生问题,对动物源性饲料产品安全卫生监督管理的有关问题进行了讨论,对严格控制和审批动物源性饲料产品生产企业的设立、生产管理及对制定动物源性饲料产品标准的安全卫生指标应注意的问题提出了建议。     

新形势下动物卫生监督工作如何在食品安全工作中发挥作用

概述了动物卫生监督工作在食品卫生安全中的作用与意义,并根据自身工作中的经验分析了目前基层动物卫生监督工作在保障食品安全中所面临的困难,同时提出了相应的发展对策。     

动物卫生监督行政证据与刑事司法证据的衔接

《最高人民法院、最高人民检察院关于办理危害食品安全刑事案件适用法律若干问题的解释》为动物卫生监督执法打击危害食品卫生安全刑事案件奠定了良好基础。但是在实践操作中,动物卫生监督行政证据能否与刑事司法证据进行转化,以及在转化过程中应该遵循哪些规则？仍有许多值得探讨的地方。本文梳理了当前动物卫生监督行政证据与刑事司法证据衔接存在的主要问题,并从收集主体、证据转化规则上进行了粗略的探讨。     

The effect of nutrition and technology on fertility in cows and the health of calves

The fertility of cows and health of calves are influenced by a number of factors, including the technological systems and quality of nutrition. The effect of nutrition was studied in two selected herds with different technological systems during 1986 to 1987. The feed rations were found to be non-standard, the nutrient ratios were not balanced, and the animals suffered from different stages of metabolic disorders. These disorders were worse in the H. large-capacity barn, equipped with modern technology, in comparison with the S. barn with traditional technology. The better reproduction data recorded in the S. barn, using the traditional technology, are ascribed to better organization of work, better feeding, and better care of the animals. The production of viable calves is the most vulnerable point in the reproduction process. Great reserves were found to exist in both the herds studied. The shortcomings suggest that knowledge of the factors and the causes of losses during the year seasons is a prerequisite for tracing the aetiology and taking effective measures, which in turn will influence the weaning. If fertility is to remain high, fertility disorders must be treated in time. As the analyses show, uterus diseases are diagnosed most frequently under farm conditions; their occurrence is associated with the hygiene of parturition and generally with hygiene in the barn. The set of recommendations to improve the reproduction process in the two herds influenced the economy of the farms.     

浅谈动物性食品卫生安全存在的问题及解决措施

近几年来相继出现“瘦肉精”、“红心鸭蛋”、“三聚氰胺”等动物性食品卫生安全事件,严重威胁人们的身体健康和生命安全,给社会造成较大的负面影响。动物食品卫生安全问题越来越引起国家高度重视和社会高度关注,作者从事动物防疫、检疫、监督及动物食品卫生安全执法十多年,从工作中总结出目前动物性食品卫生安全存在的问题,并就其原因进行了分析,提出了解决问题的措施。     

《动物性食品卫生学》实验课教学改革探索

《动物性食品卫生学》是动物医学专业的重要专业课之一.本文主要从实验课的教学内容改革、教学方法改革和课程考核方式改革等方面入手,提出了实验课改革的措施.通过这些改革措施的实施,旨在培养能够从事动物性食品卫生安全检验检疫工作和卫生监督管理工作的创新型高级科技人才.     

禽流感病毒分子生物学研究进展

禽流感 ( Avian Influenza,AI)是严重危害畜牧业和人类健康的一种传染性疾病 ,该病以引起禽类的呼吸系统以及全身性败血症为特征。多年来在世界上许多国家和地区都发生过此病 ,危害严重 ,经济损失巨大。世界各国都非常重视 ,对其进行了大量研究工作。现在从基因组、毒力及其变异、病毒蛋白、基因疫苗等角度对禽流感病毒的分子生物学研究进行综述。     

Requirements for the education, continuing education and additional education in the area of veterinary environmental hygiene]

In view of the future of our profession it is required urgently to improve the education, continue studies and special training in the field of veterinarian environmental hygiene energetically. At this the both subjects "Animal hygiene" and "Foodstuffs hygiene" combined with the epidemiology are the central nucleus. To make plain the veterinarian engagement in this field it is proposed to introduce, a lecture in ecology and to designate the subject "Animal hygiene" in future as "Environment and animal hygiene".     

Meat inspection education in Finnish veterinary curriculum

This article describes the Finnish meat-inspection curriculum and presents an expert-panel evaluation of meat-inspection education. The work tasks of the meat-inspection veterinarian are challenging and include classical meat inspection, meat hygiene, hygiene control, and animal disease and welfare. The meat-inspection veterinarian is not only an inspector, which by itself is very demanding, but also an expert or "consultant" on food safety. The significant role of the meat-inspection veterinarian in society puts high demands on meat-inspection education, which should provide veterinary students with sufficient tools to perform meat inspection and hygiene control in slaughterhouses, cutting premises, and further processing plants. To be of high quality, such education must be evaluated from time to time. An expert panel evaluated Finnish undergraduate meat-inspection education and found that it provides veterinary students with good knowledge of meat inspection. The structure of the curriculum, with theoretical studies followed by four weeks of practice in a slaughterhouse, was considered vital for learning and for creating interest in meat inspection. The evaluation also revealed that certain subjects should receive greater emphasis and some new subjects should be introduced. Hygiene-control tasks, in particular, have increased and should receive more emphasis in education. Personnel management and interaction skills should be introduced into the curriculum as these skills influence all the duties of the meat-inspection veterinarian. This article outlines the subjects to be included in the modern, high-quality meat-inspection curriculum recommended by the expert panel.     

论大学生思想政治教育保障机制的构建

新时期,大学生思想政治教育的复杂性和艰巨性,对保障机制提出了更高的要求。文中结合当前高校思想政治教育保障机制的现状,提出不断加强高校思想政治教育的制度保障、投入保障、组织保障、理论保障和评估督查保障,构建系统的大学生思想政治教育保障机制．从而为大学蛙：思想政治教育工作的开展提供强有力的支撑。     

对我国加入WTO后兽医卫生管理工作的探讨

加入WTO是我国经历风雨15年而实现的跨世纪工程，实现了中国经济珉接轨。江主席指出：“作为一个国际组织没有中国这样世界上最大的发展中国家的加入，世界贸易组织是不完整的，中国将根据权利和义务均衡的原则加入世贸组织。”本文从历史的角度介绍了我国与WTO的渊源关系；从专业角度分析了WTO对于我国兽医卫生管理工作的影响；从发展的角度探讨了我国兽医卫生管理工作的发展趋势。     

Microbiological investigation of fresh and refrigerated partially cooked meat products

Semi-finished meat products were demonstrated to be heavily contaminated with microbes already at the moment of production. The main source of microorganisms was meat surface. Psychrotolerant organisms represented the main factors involved in the rise of organoleptical signs of decay. For the evaluation of the level of hygiene and sanitation, quality of the raw materials used and conditions of storage, the maximal limit values were proposed for 10 species or groups of the microorganisms under study. Pathogenic microorganisms were not detected by the multiplication method in any of the samples.     

基因芯片技术及其在病原微生物检测和研究中的应用

基因芯片技术是20世纪90年代发展起来的一项重要的生物技术,具有快速、高效、高通量等优点,可广泛应用于疾病的诊断和治疗、药物基因组图谱、药物筛选、中药物种鉴定、农作物的品种选育、司法鉴定、食品卫生监督、环境监测、国防等许多研究领域.基因芯片技术作为一种高新技术,在病原微生物检测、病毒分型和流行病学调查、致病机制研究、耐药性监测、细菌功能基因组学与细胞微生物学研究以及环境微生物学研究等方面的应用越来越多,并有巨大的应用前景.论文就基因芯片技术的原理、分类、主要技术流程以及在病原微生物检测和研究中的应用进行了阐述.     

《家畜环境卫生学》的课程建设

《家畜环境卫生学》作为一门必修课,是动物科学专业、动物医学专业的专业基础课。一门课程的课程建设目标就是将其建设成为精品课程,这就要求《家畜环境卫生学》在课程建设过程中应按精品课程的要求,紧紧围绕师资队伍、教学内容、教学方法与手段、教材、教学管理等方面进行完善,最终实现教学内容科学、教学方法与手段合理,教材先进,教学管理高效,师资队伍高素质的建设目标。     

Clostridia in carcasses and fresh meat--a literature review]

Clostridia are of large clinical importance as well as in the field of food hygiene, where they are responsible for spoilage but they also have a certain significance as food poisoning organisms. Information on the ecology of Clostridia in samples of deep muscle tissue of slaughtered animals is insufficient. This article is intended to increase the knowledge on the occurrence of different Clostridia species in slaughtered animals. The main emphasis is put on the significance of clostridia in meat hygiene. The theoretical basis of the so called original content of microorganisms (intrinsic bacteria), the factors and pathways of Clostridia spreading in muscles and organs are demonstrated.     

The World Health Organization's Clean Hands Save Lives: A concept applicable to equine medicine as Clean Hands Save Horses

Even before the discovery of germs, the practice of hand hygiene had revealed itself as a crucial element in the fight against infectious diseases. In fact, supported by the historical discoveries and more recent evidence based data, the World Health Organization considers hand hygiene as the pillar of infection control, particularly when related to nosocomial infections. Therefore, the World Health Organization has a strong focus on “Clean Hands Save Lives” campaigns, a principle that is easily translatable into “Clean Hands Save Horses”. Considering the recognised importance given to skin health and integrity as the first principle of good hand hygiene, using decontamination methods and products that are the least harmful to the skin is mandatory. This is why the currently accepted presurgical hand preparation methods do not involve aggressive brushing and disinfecting soaps anymore. Rather, hands should be washed with a neutral pH friendly soap first before a hydroalcoholic solution is applied. Although the principles and benefits of proper hand hygiene have been recognised in the healthcare world, one of the major drawbacks remains the lack of compliance with established protocols. To increase compliance, equine clinics should work on improving product accessibility, enhancing staff and client education as well as helping each other to remember to actually do it. This article reviews historical and current facts on hand hygiene and relates it to equine practice. Clean equine care is safer equine care: it's all in your hands!     

Children's farms in The Netherlands: hygiene and zoonotic pathogens

In 2004 the Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (VWA) investigated the hygiene and hygiene facilities on 125 children's farms. In general, both the level of hygiene and the availability of hygiene facilities were good. A previous investigation, carried out in 2002, had highlighted a number of points for improvement, such as the need to improve hand-washing facilities. While the situation was better in 2004, it still did not meet the standard laid down by the VWA. The VWA aspires to achieve 100% implementation of the requirement that children's farms have a Code for Hygiene and an information board. Investigation of faecal samples collected in 2002 showed the presence of STEC O157 on 13 (10.2%) of the visited farms, Salmonella spp. on 19 (14.5%) and Campylobacter spp. on 74 (56.6%). These results show that there is a real risk of becoming infected with a zoonotic pathogen when visiting a children's farm. This emphasizes the importance of strict adherence to hygiene measures by workers and visitors on children's farms in The Netherlands.     

Systems approaches to beef cattle production systems using modeling and simulation

Systems approach techniques have been applied to modeling production systems for beef cattle from the relatively micro‐level of tissues and organs to the macro‐level of farms and geographical regions. This paper reviews the various types of beef cattle production models already in operation in order to analyze beef cattle production systems and their components. It may be theoretically possible to construct system models which describe such complex production systems and can be generally used in various genetic, nutritional, management and economic situations as well as in training, extension and educational programs. Moreover, the systems approach can assist in the organization of information and identification of knowledge gaps and thereby open an avenue to multi‐disciplinary research projects.