寄生台湾春兰的短体线虫种类鉴定

厦门国际邮轮港口岸检疫部门在检验1批来自台湾的春兰（Cymbidium goeringii）花苗时,发现部分花苗根部腐烂。经分离检验和组织染色,从中发现1个形态特征一致的寄生线虫种群。该线虫经进一步形态学观察和测量,鉴定为最短尾短体线虫（Pratylenchus brachyurus）。此种线虫寄主范围广、危害大,是我国对外公布的检疫性有害生物。春兰是最短尾短体线虫新纪录寄主。     

福建省香蕉根结线虫病调查与病原鉴定

2008~2013年,在福建省漳州市进行香蕉根结线虫病害的分布和危害性调查,结果表明：香蕉根结线虫病发生普遍,田间香蕉的株发病率达79.3％,苗圃香蕉假植苗株发病率达94.8％,带病香蕉苗成为香蕉根结线虫病的重要侵染源。香蕉根结线虫病的病原种类鉴定结果为南方根结线虫（Meloidogyne incognita）、爪哇根结线虫（M. javanica）和花生根结线虫（M. arenaria）,南方根结线虫为优势种,且存在根结线虫的混合种群。     

海南岛香蕉根结线虫病原的鉴定与防治

对从海南岛各香蕉产区采集的香蕉根结线虫样本进行鉴定及防治试验,结果表明:均为南方根结线虫[Meloidogyne incognita(Koforid and White,1919)Chitwood,1949]。在巴西、泰蕉、8818、龙选、红蕉和粉蕉6个香蕉品种中,巴西品种最感病,粉蕉最抗病。质量分数3%米乐尔(0.5g/株)、质量分数1.8%爱福丁(1.25×10-2mL/株)防治香蕉根结线虫效果在90%以上,可有效地防治控制香蕉苗期根结线虫的危害。      

黑龙江省马铃薯种薯田植物寄生线虫种类的调查

植物寄生线虫是导致马铃薯减产和影响马铃薯品质的原因之一,但目前黑龙江省尚未开展相关研究。自2012年以来,在黑龙江省共调查了14个县（市）的马铃薯种薯田,采集土壤样品107份,初步鉴定出植物寄生线虫8个属,其中针属线虫（Paratylenchus sp.）和螺旋属线虫（Helicotylenchus sp.）为黑龙江省马铃薯种薯田植物寄生线虫的优势种群,并分析了其地理分布特点。在黑龙江省发现短体属线虫,其属于重要农业生产的植物寄生虫。     

苏皖鲁豫麦田小麦孢囊线虫调查以及rDNA ITS序列特征分析

为给小麦孢囊线虫综合治理提供一定的理论依据,通过对苏皖鲁豫接壤地区30块田的调查和分析,探讨了这些地区麦田小麦孢囊线虫的发生情况及线虫群体之间亲缘关系。结果表明,采集的30份样品中都能检测到孢囊线虫,孢囊密度为每100g土壤1～80个。进一步对30个小麦孢囊线虫群体的rDNA-ITS区PCR扩增、测序,对其序列进行比较分析发现,30个分离物的核苷酸序列同源性为97.1%～100%,与已报道的中国菌株（AY148382,EU106175）、澳大利亚菌株（AY148395）和俄罗斯菌株（AY148351）群体的进化关系最为接近,且位于进化树的同一个分枝,都属于禾谷孢囊线虫Avenae组。     

地稔根际根腐线虫的形态和分子鉴定

2013—2016 年,广东和广西植物线虫种类调查期间,从地稔（Melastoma dodecandnun)根部和根际土壤中分离到一种根腐线虫。经形态学观察、rDNA （LSU D2D3 和 ITS） 序列分析和系统发育分析,将其鉴定为最短尾短体线虫（Pratylenchus brachyurus）。最短尾短体线虫是全球最重要的 11 种根腐线虫之一。地稔是最短尾短体线虫的新寄主。地稔根际线虫类群调查与鉴定,可为地稔线虫病害的发生与控制提供数据基础。     

穿刺巴斯德芽菌PPh01菌株鉴定及其对根结线虫的寄生性测定

从海南定安胡椒根部根结线虫体上分离到一株细菌PPh01,其形态特征与穿刺巴斯德芽菌相似。16S rDNA序列分析结果表明：该菌株与穿刺巴斯德芽菌的同源性达到99.3％,在发育树上聚为同一分支,亲缘关系最近,鉴定该菌株为穿刺巴斯德芽菌（Pasteuria penetrans）。寄生性试验结果表明：该菌株对南方根结线虫、爪哇根结线虫、花生根结线虫的2龄幼虫均具有寄生性和侵染能力。     

我国大豆胞囊线虫生防真菌研究现状

大豆胞囊线虫病(Heterodera glycines,SCN)在我国分布较广,危害较大,对该病的防治主要通过应用化学药剂,但化学药剂对人、畜不安全,对环境污染重[1]。目前,我国对大豆胞囊线虫生防真菌已有了大量的研究,本文综述了我国大豆胞囊线虫生防真菌的主要研究种类和数量、捕食性真菌和机会真菌的作用机制及生防制剂的田间应用、防效等情况。     

马铃薯金线虫检疫问题

<正> 马铃薯金线虫的学名为马铃薯胞囊线虫(Globodera rostochiensis),它是一种极为重要的马铃薯检疫性病原线虫,是一种毁灭性寄生物,扩散决,分布广。目前在我国尚未发现,为了预防该病原线虫传入我国,很有必要加强国际检疫,这是一项极为重要的     

福州市五爪金龙（Ipomoea cairica）的主要病虫害种类

首次对福州市外来入侵植物五爪金龙（Ipomoea cairica）的病虫害种类进行了较为系统调查,结果发现昆虫有甘薯褐龟甲（Leccoptera quadrimaculata）、甘薯小绿龟甲（Cassida circumdata）2种;病害为炭疽病,鉴定为胶胞炭疽菌（Colletotrichumgloeosporioides）,室内接种表明其致病力较弱。从根部土壤分离到双宫螺旋线虫（Helicotylenchus dihystera）、燕麦滑刃线虫（Aphelenchus avenae）、螺旋线虫（Helicotylenchussp.）、滑刃线虫（Aphelenchoidessp.）、丝尾垫刃线虫（Filenchussp.）等5种病原线虫。冻害在福州地区可发生,但不会造成植株死亡。以上表明五爪金龙的自然天敌种类很少,是造成福州地区五爪金龙为害严重的原因之一。     

Status of weeds as reservoirs of plant parasitic nematodes in banana fields in Martinique

During a survey of the nematodes associated with weeds in banana fields in Martinique, 41 weed species in 37 genera from 20 plant families were collected to extract nematodes from the roots. Results of this survey showed that 24 weed species were hosts of Radopholus similis, 23 were hosts of Helicotylenchus spp., 13 were hosts of Pratylenchus spp., 13 were hosts of Hoplolaimus seinhorsti, 29 were hosts of Meloidogyne spp. and 24 were hosts of Rotylenchulus reniformis. The presence of the burrowing nematode was more consistently found within three families, the Euphorbiaceae, Poaceae and Solanaceae. In some weed species such as Caladium bicolor, Commelina diffusa, Echinochloa colona and Phenax sonneratii, the levels of nematodes recovered were similar to, or greater than the numbers recovered from Musa roots. These results clearly show that certain weeds can be significant reservoirs of plant parasitic nematodes including R. similis in banana fields. This information is crucial in devising appropriate nematode control measures for use with rotation crops or fallow before re-planting banana fields with nematode free planting material.     

Assessment of nematicidal properties and phytochemical screening of neem seed formulations using Radopholus similis, parasitic nematode of plantain in Cameroon

Phytoparasitic nematodes of banana and plantain make one of the major constraints to sustainable banana and plantain production. The burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis, common in Cameroon is of particular importance where most smallholder farmers are unaware of this “hidden enemy”. In intensive plantain plantations, nematicides are often used as a primary means of control. Despite their efficacy, chemical pesticides are harmful to the environment and human health. The objective of this study was to assess the nematicidal properties of four neem seed formulations (raw neem seed powder (NSP); organic, watery and essential oil extracts) and to determine the phytochemical properties of these extracts. Alkaloids, saponins, triterpens and steroids were found in all three extracts, tannins in the organic and essential oils extracts and phenols only in the essential oils extract. Using five different concentrations of each of the three extracts as well as NSP, the nematicidal properties of all four formulations was confirmed. The NSP killed 100% of all nematodes at the lowest concentration tested, 10 μg ml⁻¹, after 48 h. The in vivo test using two plantain varieties, Essong and Big Ebanga showed that all neem seed formulations increased plant growth and reduced nematode populations significantly when compared with the control. Since NSP seems to perform as well or even better than the extracts, it could provide farmers with a simple, low cost alternative for the control of banana and plantain nematodes.     

不同地区禾谷孢囊线虫对不同类型杀线剂的敏感性

为明确不同地区禾谷孢囊线虫对不同类型杀线剂的敏感性,采用浸渍法分别测定了灭线磷、噻唑膦、涕灭威、丁硫克百威、阿维菌素及甲维盐六种药剂对河南清丰、河北保定、安徽颍上、山东泰安和青岛五个地区的禾谷孢囊线虫二龄幼虫的室内毒力。结果表明,六种杀线剂对五个地区线虫的毒力表现为:甲维盐>阿维菌素>灭线磷>涕灭威>噻唑膦>丁硫克百威。灭线磷、噻唑膦、涕灭威和丁硫克百威对各地区线虫的LC50值都在582.7mg.L-1以上,不同地区线虫对同一药剂的敏感性存在一定差异,但相对毒力指数均在1.31以下;阿维菌素对各地区线虫的LC50值为26.0～66.3mg.L-1,甲维盐对各地区线虫的LC50值为20.1～35.3mg.L-1,不同地区线虫对这两种药剂的敏感性存在较大差异,相对毒力指数最高达2.55。     

水稻根结线虫病的病原鉴定及其侵染源的研究

 在福建省政和县稻田发现大面积的严重水稻根结线虫病,沟渠内禾本科杂草油芒(Eccoilopus sp.)也遭受根结线虫（Meloidogyne   sp.）的严重侵染。这两种寄主的根结线虫形态特征与拟禾本科根结线虫(Meloidogyne graminicola,Golden and Birchfield,1965)原始描述相符;对根结线虫的rDNA ITS区、28S rDNA D2/D3区进行了扩增、克隆与测序,其序列与GenBank中拟禾本科根结线虫的相似性达99%以上,据此将水稻和油芒上的根结线虫鉴定为拟禾本科根结线虫。通过交叉接种试验和田间调查,证实油芒是水稻根结线虫的重要寄主,为田间水稻根结线虫病的重要侵染源。      

藤本豆根结线虫病的病原鉴定及其侵染特性的研究

在福建省发现豆科新品种多年生藤本豆（Lablab sp.）发生严重的根结线虫病,根部可产生巨大根结,根结内组织内可埋生数以百计的雌虫,卵囊产于根结内。通过形态特征及rDNA-ITS区序列扩增比对,藤本豆根结线虫鉴定为南方根结线虫（Meloidogyne incognita）。多年生藤本豆受根结线虫为害为首次记述, 也是南方根结线虫新寄主。接种实验结果表明,2龄幼虫主要侵染藤本豆根尖,也可侵染根其他部位,雌虫与卵囊埋生于根结内,卵可直接孵化并在根内直接侵染发育,根结大小发展快,根结坚硬,表面组织不易腐解,雄虫只能在后期根结腐败组织处发现。在环境温度（24~36 ℃）,生活史最短为24 d。田间重要杂草空心莲子草（Alternanthera philoxeroides）根结线虫病发生普遍,形态特征鉴定为南方根结线虫,田间调查及交叉接种实验表明其可能为田间藤本豆根结线虫病的主要侵染来源。     

Boiling water treatment: A simple,rapid and effective technique for nematode and banana weevil management in banana and plantain (Musa spp.) planting material

We studied the effect of treating banana and plantain (Musa spp.) suckers using boiling water for the generation of healthy planting material. Small, medium and large-sized suckers of two East African highland bananas (cvs. Mbwazirume, Kibuzi, AAA-EA) and one of plantain (cv. Agbagba, AAB) were dipped in boiling water for 10, 20 or 30 s after root removal and corm (sucker) paring. Treatments were compared with a conventional farmer method (control), which was not pared or treated with boiling water, and also with pared only. At three months after treatment, germination, plant height and girth of plants were similar within sucker size and between treatments for each cultivar. Root health was improved by boiling water treatment for all cultivars compared to untreated controls. Boiling water treatment of suckers reduced combined nematode densities of Helicotylenchus multicinctus, Radopholus similis and Meloidogyne spp. to 0.7% of farmer controls. Boiling water-treated suckers had less banana weevil damage than controls. Treatment of pared suckers for at least 20 s and up to 30 s was highly efficient for disinfesting banana and plantain planting material. This modification of the hot water treatment is a practical adaptation, suitable for smallholder growers to improve the quality of banana and plantain planting material in smallholder farms.     

Screening of endophytic bacteria and evaluation of selected isolates for suppression of burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis Thorne) using three varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.)

Radopholus similis is a serious threat to black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) cultivation being the main causal organism of slow decline disease. Because of its migratory nature most fungal and bacterial antagonists are ineffective in suppressing R. similis. The presence of a number of endophytic bacteria in black pepper tissues has been proved in earlier studies. This study was undertaken to evaluate the bacteria isolated from black pepper for suppressing R. similis. In vitro and in vivo screenings were used initially to identify the efficient strains of endophytic bacteria that suppress R. similis. Seventy four isolates of endophytic bacteria obtained from black pepper were screened against R. similis by various bioassays. Results of the in vitro experiments were inconclusive and did not match the rest of the studies. However, six isolates were short-listed based on the preliminary in vivo screening and further tested in an evaluation trial using three varieties of black pepper. Irrespective of the varieties, significantly higher nematode suppression was observed with one isolate (TC 10) followed by another (BP 17). These isolates were identified to the species level by sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that these isolates shared 99% identity with Bacillus megaterium and Curtobacterium luteum, respectively. More studies are required to understand their mode of action as well as the dose–response relationship with nematodes.     

Model analysis of a straw mulch system for continuous wheat in an arid climate

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in some dryland regions is severely limited by the cereal cyst nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.). Conventional fallow management during a wet period has been shown to allow hatching of the cysts during the fallow season and thereby sanitize the soil for the subsequent wheat crop. Recently a straw mulch (SM) management has been introduced into a long-term experiment in the Negev region of Israel. This management ameliorated the nematode damage and allowed continuous wheat production. Only three seasons of successful experimentation exist with the SM system so questions remain about its performance over seasons with differing weather conditions. A simple, mechanistic, wheat model was extended to simulate wheat development and growth when the crop is grown on nematode-infested soils. Incorporating statements describing inhibition of rooting depth as a result of nematode activity resulted in good agreement between simulations and 16 seasons of yield observations on continuous wheat. The effect of SM was simulated simply by decreasing soil evaporation and this resulted in higher levels of soil water and decreased nematode inhibition of rooting. Good agreement was obtained between the three seasons of experimental data and simulations of the SM system, with predicted grain yield within 10% of observations. Over 16 seasons, simulations of the SM system indicated substantial grain yield increases over continuous wheat in all but the highest-yielding season. Simulations in 14 seasons with conventional fallow management revealed that annual yields of SM were equivalent to biennial yields of the fallow system, resulting in a predicted doubling of wheat production for this dryland region of the Negev.     

Morphology and morphometrics of Heterodera filipjevi (Madzhidov, 1981) Steller, 1984 from Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, Iran

During 2007 and 2008, soil samples of wheat and barley fields of the cold regions of the Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province were surveyed for cereal cyst nematode. In 65% of samples cysts were seen. Morphological and morphometrics of cysts, cone top structure and second stage juveniles of the isolated populations were studied. Detailed taxonomic studies revealed the existence of H. filipjevi. This is the first report of the species in the province.     

Brassicacea-based management strategies as an alternative to combat nematode pests: A synopsis

Nematode pests parasitise and cause substantial crop yield and quality losses to a wide range of crops worldwide. To minimize such damage, the exploitation and development of alternative nematode control strategies are becoming increasingly important, particularly as a result of global efforts to conserve the ozone layer as well as our soil and water substrates. Inclusion of Brassicaceae crops in cropping systems is one such alternative and has been demonstrated in most cases to be effective in managing the top-three rated economically important nematode pests, viz. root-knot (Meloidogyne), cyst (Heterodera and Globodera) and lesion (Pratylenchus) nematodes as well as others. In the past nematode pests were and still are generally managed successfully by the use of synthetically-derived nematicides, which are progressively being removed from world markets. However, fragmented and limited information about the use of Brassicaceae crops as a nematode management tool exists in various countries. The need thus arose to summarize, compare and discuss the vast amount of information that has been generated on this topic in a concise article. This paper therefore represents a comprehensive, practical and critical review of the use and effect(s) of Brassicaceae-based management strategies and the biofumigation and cover-crop/rotation characteristics of Brassicaceae in reducing nematode-pest population levels in global cropping systems.