高效液相色谱法测定芦笋中多菌灵和吡虫啉残留

建立了一种同时测定芦笋中多菌灵和吡虫啉农药残留的高效液相色谱法。以丙酮超声波提取,石油醚去除脂类杂质,再用二氯甲烷萃取分离,浓缩后测定。用甲醇-水(40∶60,体积比)为流动相,配备Discovery ODS-C18柱、紫外检测器的高效液相色谱(HPLC)仪对待测组份进行了分离和测定。实验证明,芦笋样品中多菌灵和吡虫啉添加回收率分别在81.0%~99.6%和79.3%~100.2%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD,n＝3)分别小于13.4%和8.0%,多菌灵和吡虫啉在样品中的最低检出浓度为0.05 mg/kg。     

高效液相色谱法测定水稻中丙硫多菌灵的残留检测方法及消解动态研究

建立了高效液相色谱法测定水稻上丙硫多菌灵的残留方法,土壤样品采用甲醇提取,植株、糙米和稻壳采用丙酮-水（1∶1,V/V）提取,先液-液分配净化,再经层析柱净化,在Kromasil ODS-1 C18（4.6mm×250mm,5μm）反相柱上以甲醇-水为流动相,流速为1.0 mL/min得到有效分离,于245nm波长下外标法定量。丙硫多菌灵在0.189~18.9μg/mL的质量浓度范围内呈良好线性,相关系数r=0.999 0。检出限（S/N=3）为2.1×10-9g,定量下限（S/N=10）为0.02mg/kg。样品的添加回收率为72.2~104.5%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为3.1~11.1%。该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、精密度好等优点,可有效适用于丙硫多菌灵在水稻上的残留检测。     

高效液相色谱法测定元参、黄芩和杭白菊中的 多菌灵残留

建立了一种测定元参、黄芩和杭白菊3种中药材中多菌灵残留的反相高效液相色谱分析方法(R-HPLC)。样品用丙酮提取,柱层析(弗罗里硅土-中性氧化铝=7∶ 4,质量比)和液液分配净化,以甲醇-水(体积比60∶ 40)为流动相,在波长281 nm下对待测组份进行检测,外标法定量。结果表明,多菌灵在3种中药材中的添加回收率分别为元参:69.08% ~88.31%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.35% ~4.67%;黄芩:71.39% ~88.40%,RSD为3.73% ~8.62%;杭白菊:73.33% ~97.31%,RSD为2.83% ~9.44%;均符合农药残留分析的要求。该杀菌剂在0.05~10 mg/L之间具有良好的线性关系,r=0.999 7,仪器的最小检出量(按S/N=3计)分别为0.3、0.5和0.3 ng,方法的最低检测浓度分别为0.01、0.05和0.01 mg/kg。该方法简单易行,净化效果较好,适合各种中药材中多菌灵残留的检测。     

12%多菌灵·甲基立枯磷油基种衣剂的高效液相色谱分析

本方法采用高效液相色谱法分析12%多菌灵·甲基立枯磷油基种衣剂,改变了分别使用GC法分析甲基立枯磷、HPLC法或化学法分析多菌灵的传统方法。在ODS-2柱上,以甲醇 水 氨水=80 20 0.2(V/V/V)作为流动相,用可调波长紫外检测器波长为230nm测定12%多菌灵·甲基立枯磷油基种衣剂中多菌灵和甲基立枯磷的含量,其中甲基立枯磷线性相关系数0.9997,变异系数1.32%;多菌灵线性相关系数0.9988,变异系数0.87%。     

超高效液相色谱法检测甘薯中多菌灵的残留方法研究

建立了一种超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)测定甘薯基质中多菌灵的快速分析方法。甘薯中的多菌灵经乙酸乙酯溶液匀浆提取、加入PSA净化,采用甲醇、水的混合溶液进行梯度洗脱用UPLC-PDA进行检测。结果表明:多菌灵的质量浓度范围为0.01~1.0mg/kg时,峰面积与质量浓度具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为1.000 0,仪器的最小检出量为0.67ng,最低检测浓度为3.3×10-2mg/kg,多菌灵的平均回收率为95.99%~105.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.47%~2.94%。该方法操作简单、快速、定量准确,可有效适用于甘薯基质中多菌灵含量的快速准确测定。     

农药中间体环氧化合物的液相色谱分析

本文叙述了采用以甲醇 水(80 20)为流动相,用C18柱和紫外检测器分离测定2-(4-氯苯基乙基)-2-叔丁基-环氧乙烷的反相高效液相色谱法。结果表明,该方法的标准偏差为0.1417;变异系数为0.1463%;平均回收率为99.70%;线性相关系数为0.9992。     

蔬菜、水果中的吡虫啉、多菌灵和5种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留测定

应用快速溶剂萃取技术(ASE)-固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC/MS/MS)建立苹果、梨、橙子、橘子、草莓等水果和菜花、蘑菇、芦笋、豆角、黄瓜等蔬菜中吡虫啉、多菌灵、5种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的新分析方法。样品由甲醇提取,固相萃取MCX柱净化,质谱检测器检测。实验证明,在所选的水果和蔬菜中吡虫啉、多菌灵回收在78.0%～104.0%,相对标准偏差在3.2%～7.6%;5种氨基甲酸酯类农药回收在82.0%～108.0%,相对标准偏差在5.4%～9.8%。吡虫啉、多菌灵和5种氨基甲酸酯类农药样品中的最低检出浓度为分别为2.0、5.0μg/kg。     

10％多·三环悬浮种衣剂的高效液相色谱分析

本文叙述的是采用反相高效液相色谱法即以甲醇+水+氨水为流动相,C8柱和紫外检测器同柱分离测定多菌灵和三环唑,结果表明三环唑和多菌灵的标准偏差分别为0.19和0.087,变异系数分别为0.87%和0.54%,平均回收率分别为99.6%和100.8%,线性关系分别为0.9994和0.9992。     

基质固相分散-高效液相色谱法测定玉米中 7种苯氧羧酸类除草剂的残留

采用基质固相分散-高效液相色谱法(MSPD-HPLC)测定了7种苯氧羧酸类除草剂在玉米中的残留。玉米样品与基质固相分散介质C18化学键合硅胶(ODS)一起研匀得到基质固相分散体系,将其填入事前装有弗罗里硅土的净化柱中,以环己烷洗去油脂等杂质,再用乙酸乙酯洗脱得到分析液;在反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)柱上,分析液经ODS柱以甲醇-水(体积比65∶ 35)为流动相洗脱,用紫外检测器检测,以外标法定量。在0.1和1.0 mg/kg添加水平下,7种苯氧羧酸类除草剂在玉米中的添加回收率为80% ~110%,相对标准偏差RSD为3.6% ~10.3%,检出限在7.9 ~12.6 μ g/kg之间。     

QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析甘蓝和土壤中的鱼藤酮

采用QuEChERS-液相色谱-串联质谱法(QuEChERS and LC-MS/MS)建立了鱼藤酮在甘蓝及土壤中的残留检测方法。样品前处理采用以乙腈作提取剂、PSA(primary sec-ondary amine,N-丙基乙二胺)为分散净化剂的QuEChERS方法,利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)在多反应离子检测模式下进行检测。在甘蓝和土壤中的添加水平为0.002-0.1mg/kg条件下,鱼藤酮在甘蓝中的添加回收率为78.36%～88.16%(相对标准偏差为6.05%～13.38%),在土壤中的添加回收率为77.94%～89.50%(相对标准偏差为4.70%～12.35%)。鱼藤酮在甘蓝和土壤中的最低检测浓度为0.002mg/kg,最小检出量为1.0×10-11g。该方法样品前处理简单、快速,准确度、精密度和灵敏度均符合农药残留检测要求,适用于甘蓝和土壤中鱼藤酮残留的检测。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Diagnostics,genetic diversity and pathogenic variation of ascochyta blight of cool season food and feed legumes

Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However, where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas. Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.