Effect of Growth Regulators on the Productivity of Some Major Oilseed Crops

A number of field experiments were conducted at the Viswavidyalaya Research Farm during 1984–85 to 1986–87 to study the effects of five growth regulators viz. Miraculan (a triacontanol based growth stimulant), Nutron (1-triacontanol growth stimulant), Planofix ( α -napthylacetic acid), Paras or Mixtalol (Higher alcoholic carbon compounds) and N-triacontanol on productivity of five different major oilseed crops viz. rapeseed ( Brassica campestris L. var. yellow sarson), mustard ( Brassica juncea L. Czern and Coss), sesame ( Sesamum indicum L.), linseed ( Linum usitatissimum L.) and safflower ( Carthemus tinctorius L.). Results showed the positive influence of growth regulators on the productivity of crops (10–40 % increase in yield); however the influence was not consistent over the years. N-triacontanol when tried on mustard only improved the grain yield significantly, more so when applied with paras or planofix, sesame was most influenced by spraying planofix and paras. Nutron favourably influenced safflower and linseed. The test weight of grains followed by the number of pods/plant were influenced most by the application of growth regulators. Inconsistency in results over the years, however, need further investigations on the timing of spraying.     

测墒补灌条件下高产小麦品种水分利用特性及干物质积累和分配

2007-2009年连续2个小麦生长季,利用测墒补灌技术,设置0~140 cm土壤相对含水量低(拔节期65%, 开花期55%~60%)、中(拔节期75%, 开花期65%~70%)、高(拔节期75%, 开花期75%) 3个处理,比较了14个小麦生产品种的水分利用特性及干物质积累和分配的差异。以小麦籽粒产量和水分利用率为指标的聚类分析,将14个小麦品种分为3组,分别是超高产高水分利用率组(I组)、超高产中水分利用率组(II组)和高产低水分利用率组(III组)。比较各组代表品种的耗水量、耗水模系数及日耗水量,播种至拔节期山农15 (I组)显著低于济麦22 (II组)和烟农21 (III组),拔节至开花期山农15显著高于济麦22和烟农21,开花至成熟期品种间无显著差异。在中水分条件下,山农15的土壤贮水消耗量及其占总耗水量的比例显著高于济麦22和烟农21,而在低和高水分条件下,3个品种无显著差异。在中、高水分条件下,山农15开花期的干物质积累量显著高于济麦22和烟农21,成熟期与济麦22无显著差异,但显著高于烟农21;营养器官开花前贮藏同化物向籽粒的转运量和转运率及对籽粒的贡献率均显著高于济麦22和烟农21;3品种的经济系数以山农15最大,济麦22次之,烟农21最小。     

灌溉制度对不同基因型燕麦籽粒植酸、蛋白质和矿质元素含量的影响

在防雨池栽条件下,研究了不同灌水时期、灌水次数和灌水量对两个不同类型燕麦品种内农大莜1号（Avena nuda L.）和白燕7号（A. sativa L.）籽粒产量及营养品质性状的影响。结果表明,内农大莜1号籽粒粗蛋白、总磷、钙、镁、锌、铁（P<0.01）和钾含量（P<0.05）高于白燕7号。不同灌水制度对植酸、总磷、蛋白质、钙、镁、钾、锌、铁和铜含量有显著影响,全生育期灌水3次（底墒+拔节水+抽穗水）,灌水量1 800 m3 hm^-2;或灌水4次（底墒+分蘖水+拔节水+抽穗水）,灌水量2 400 m3 hm^-2有利于燕麦籽粒产量和大多数品质性状的提高。大多数品质性状存在显著的品种×灌水互作效应。不同营养品质性状随灌水量变化规律不一致,并存在基因型差异。     

不同灌溉处理对小麦蛋白组分和面团流变学特性的影响

为阐明不同灌溉处理对强筋和弱筋小麦品质的影响,以藁城8901（强筋）和山农1391（弱筋）品种为材料,设3个灌溉处理,于花后7~35 d分别测定其籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、以及粉质仪和拉伸仪参数。结果表明,对于籽粒清蛋白和球蛋白,随灌溉量的增加,藁城8901和山农1391的含量均提高;适量灌溉（浇起身水和孕穗水各75 mm）能提高强筋品种籽粒醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白含量,降低弱筋品种的含量。藁城8901籽粒谷蛋白、GMP含量、HMW-GS含量、面粉沉淀值、粉质仪参数和拉伸仪参数显著高于山农1391。灌溉能显著提高藁城8901面粉沉淀值、粉质仪参数和拉伸仪参数,山农1391面团流变学特性对灌溉的反应较迟钝,这与不同灌溉处理对不同品种籽粒醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、GMP和HMW-GS含量的影响密切相关。     

不同密氮模式下高产玉米品种籽粒产量与氮素利用特性研究

为给玉米高产高效栽培提供科学依据,在大田试验条件下,选用郑单958和先玉335为材料,在每个品种下设置2个种植密度(6.75,8.25万株/hm~2)和4个施氮水平(0,180,240,300 kg/hm~2),研究了种植密度和施氮水平下2个高产玉米品种籽粒产量和氮素吸收利用特性。结果表明:在相同密度水平下,2个玉米品种籽粒产量、氮素积累量和蛋白质产量均随施氮量增加总体呈现增加趋势,氮素利用效率则降低;在相同施氮水平下,2个玉米品种籽粒产量、氮素积累量和蛋白质产量均随密度的增加总体呈现增加趋势,氮素利用效率则降低。在不同密氮组合下,先玉335的籽粒产量、氮素积累量、蛋白质产量及氮素利用效率均高于郑单958。本研究条件下,2个玉米品种在密度为8.25万株/hm~2,施氮量为240 kg/hm~2组合下,均可以同步协调实现籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和氮素利用效率的协调统一。     

基于TOPSIS黄淮海平原井灌区冬小麦调亏灌溉的多目标优化

为探寻黄淮海平原井灌区冬小麦适宜的调亏灌溉控制指标,通过3季（2015-2017年）不同灌水下限与灌水定额（30、60、90、120和180mm）2因素组合试验,研究调亏灌溉对冬小麦产量及作物水分利用效率的影响。灌水下限分别为：轻旱（LD）,冬小麦苗期至返青期、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆成熟期田间持水量分别为田间持水量（field capacity,FC）的50%、55%、60%和50%;中旱（MD）,冬小麦苗期至返青期、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆成熟期田间持水量分别为田间持水量的40%、50%、55%和45%。研究结果表明,随灌水定额的增加,产量呈先增加后下降趋势,水分利用效率呈下降趋势。90mm灌水定额下,随灌水下限的增加,冬小麦产量呈增加趋势。基于CRITIC赋权的TOPSIS法构建冬小麦综合效益多目标优化模型获得的结果与产量和作物水分利用效率分析法获得的结论具有一致性,均表明LD60处理最优。综合考虑,为实现本地区冬小麦稳产与水资源高效利用的双重目标,冬小麦适宜采用轻旱胁迫下灌水定额为60mm的调亏灌溉控制指标。本结论可为黄淮海平原井灌区冬小麦的管理提供科学依据。     

不同农田管理措施旱地玉米土壤水分特征分析

试验研究了不同农田管理措施下旱地玉米的土壤水分特征。结果表明,秸秆整秆全覆盖、微孔地膜覆盖较秸秆粉碎还田和常规种植能提高土壤水分,增加降水的入渗深度,减少土壤耗水量,其顺序为秸秆整秆全覆盖>微孔地膜覆盖>秸秆粉碎还田>常规种植。受基础土壤水分不同和降雨较少的影响,玉米生育前期不同农田管理措施土壤水分差异不大,8月份充足的降水后,各措施充分显示了其蓄水保墒的作用,其中,9月份秸秆整秆全覆盖0~120 cm土壤贮水量为248.2 mm,较常规种植增加32.1 mm;降水入渗深度为120 cm,较常规种植增加25 cm。     

松嫩平原土壤湿度时序变化特征

黑龙江境内松嫩平原土壤湿度是制约粮食作物生产的主要因素,在全球气候变化大背景下,研究该区域土壤湿度的时序变化对了解土湿演变过程十分必要。选取松嫩平原16个具有代表性的农业气象观测站,1980—2010年共30年的时间序列,固定地段逐旬平均土壤湿度等观测资料,采用M-K趋势检验及突变分析法,分析了本区域作物生长季内（5—9月）表层(0~30 cm)平均土壤湿度的时序特征。结果表明：松嫩平原5个地区土壤湿度年际变化各地区存在较好的一致性,为减小趋势,但看不明显。20世纪80年代松嫩平原大部地区多为土壤湿润阶段,土壤湿度较大,处于偏湿或正常状态,偶有个别市县出现土壤偏干现象,频率较小。20世纪90年代土壤湿度明显下降,土壤逐步由湿润状态向干化态势发展,从20世纪90年代中期开始,土壤多为正常或偏干状态,出现偏干的频率增加,土壤出现变干趋势。基于M-K法分析得出,土壤湿度的趋势变化除南部不明显外,其余各区均表现为明显的下降趋势,且趋势性达到显著性水平。显著的突变年份各不相同：东部地区土壤湿度突变时间为2002年;中部为1991年;北部为1991年;西部为1997年。发生明显突变性演变的地区基本都是从20世纪90年代开始,与年际变化图相比,除南部存在差异外,其余各部分表现基本一致。     

Yield and Agronomic Characters of Tropical Maize (Zea mays L.) Cultivars under Different Irrigation Regimes

Drought spells are unpredictable under tropical conditions and can occur at every growth stage of the maize plants. Little is known about the reactions of tropical maize cultivars to water shortage. A set of Thai cultivars was examined in the field during the dry season. Three stress situations were imposed: prolonged stress throughout the growing season, pre- and post-anthesis stress. Pre-anthesis water stress delayed flowering and especially the data of silking. Thus, the anthesis-silking interval was wider. Prolonged water stress decreased grain yield mainly due to a low number of kernels and/or thousand kernel weight (TKW). Post-anthesis stress mainly reduced TKW grain set per ear. Relief from pre-anthesis stress increased grain yield by a grater number of kernels and higher TKW as compared to prolonged stress. Genotypic differences were high for the anthesis-silking interval following pre-anthesis stress. Low yielding, early but generally drought-stable cultivars existed as well as cultivars which were generally high yielding even under water stress because of a good residual yield. Some cultivars were resistant to pre-anthesis stress but not to post-anthesis stress and vice versa. It can be concluded that ample genotypic variability exists for adaptation to varying situations of pre-and post-anthesis stress within tropical maize cultivars.     

黄淮海平原旱作条件耐旱苜蓿品种筛选的试验研究

黄淮海平原是中国重要农区,农业生产在中国占有举足轻重的地位。在当前的农业结构调整中,苜蓿已经全面引入该区农业系统中,具有广阔的发展空间。但该区人均水资源占有量及亩均水资源占有量分别是全国的16%和18%,水资源严重不足问题在该区将长期存在。筛选适应该区旱作条件下的苜蓿新品种无疑具有重要意义。通过引进国内外10个苜蓿品种,完全旱作条件下开展3年的品种比较试验,结果表明,在旱作条件下产量较高的苜蓿品种分别是RS、中苜一号、BG-1和R-1,3年干草平均产量分别为6761.4kg/hm2、5991.8kg/hm2、6103.6kg/hm2和5980.2kg/hm2,分别比对照敖汉苜蓿增产55.5%、37.8%、40.3%和37.5%。     

Protection Performance of the Various Structures with Cylindrical Shells under Plane Impact Loadings

Aiming at the design for distribution layer in defense works, attenuation mechanism and evolution law of stress waves in distribution layer with cylindrical shells were focused on. It was found that dispersion and diffraction effect of stress waves were occurred in the concrete medium on the basis of theoretical analysis and numerical simulations, which significantly weakened the strength of stress waves behind the shells. The position、interlayer spacing and the arrangement forms of the shells had great influence on the protection performance of the structures. The results show: in the structures with single-layer cylindrical shells, the smaller the space between the shells and the protected area is, the better the protection performance is; in the structure with two-layer cylindrical shells, the smaller the interlayer spacing is, the better the protection performance is, and the protection performance of the stagger structure is better than that of the aligned structure.     

不同灌溉方式对芝麻冠层结构及群体质量的影响

为探讨不同灌溉方式对芝麻农艺性状、产量性状、冠层结构和光合特性的影响,2018年在河南省现代农业科技试验示范基地设置2个灌水模式（漫灌和滴灌）、选取2个基因型品种（郑太芝1号和郑黑芝1号）进行试验,结果表明：（1）与漫灌相比,滴灌条件下两品种的产量分别增加了13.58%和8.40%,经济系数增加了4.25%和4.29%;（2）与漫灌相比,滴灌显著改善了芝麻的冠层结构,在盛花中期影响最大,两品种叶面积指数（LAI）平均分别增加了2.61%和5.50%,冠层透光率（LTRC）降低了13.43%和23.22%;（3）与漫灌相比,滴灌条件下两品种净光合速率、SPAD值和叶绿素密度平均分别增加了3.60%和4.15%、2.99%和3.78%、8.24%和10.09%。     

不同灌水方式对水稻结实期一些生理性状和产量的影响

选用抗旱性不同的杂交水稻冈优527、D优363和汕优63,研究了旱种、湿润灌溉、“湿润灌溉（前期）+浅水灌溉（孕穗期）+干湿交替灌溉（抽穗至成熟期）”灌溉（简称C处理）和淹水灌溉4种灌水方式下,水稻结实期光合特征、渗透调节物质及保护性酶活性等生理性状变化和产量表现。结果表明,在C处理和湿润灌溉两种灌水方式下,剑叶的叶绿素含量高,叶片衰老缓慢,具有较高的净光合速率,且有利于可溶性糖和游离氨基酸等渗透调节物质的主动积累和保护性酶CAT、POD活性的提高,维持了细胞正常的代谢。而旱种下水稻剑叶叶绿素含量低,衰老快,净光合速率和气孔导度降低,渗透调节物质和保护性酶的变化水平对水分胁迫程度极为敏感。产量以C处理最高,湿润灌溉次之,旱种降低了产量构成各项因素,从而减产。试验表明,水稻叶片光合作用、渗透调节物质及保护性酶活性的变化幅度和产量与品种的抗旱性密切相关。     

Effect of Soil Hydrothermal Regimes on the Performance of Safflower Planted on Different Dates

Soil hydrothermal regimes which can enhance seed germination, seedling emergence and development so that the late planted safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) can be competitive in comparison to normally planted crop need to be studied and suitabily modified. Therefore, a split-plot held experiment was conducted in Vertisols during 1984–85 and 1985–86 post-rainy season to determine the influence of planting date (PD₁: Oct. 20; PD₂: Oct. 30; PD₃: Nov. 10; PD₄: Nov. 20; PD_s: Nov. 30; PD₆: Dec. 10; and PD₇: Dec. 20), irrigation (I₁: come-up irrigation and I₂: I₁+ branching stage) and straw-mulch (M₀: No mulch and M₁: paddy straw mulch at 10 t ha^-1) and the interaction on the growth and development of safflower (Cultivar, JSF-7). Germination of safflower commenced earlier in October planting, but it was significantly higher in November and December plantings. Initiation of emergence and completion of germination required 153 and 307 cumulative degree days (CDD soil), respectively. Days to maturity decreased from 163 to 140 in 1984–85 and from 156 to 137 in 1985–86 with delay in planting from October to December. Height, number of branches, number of capsules, seed yield per plant and 1000 seed weight were significantly affected by the different treatments. Planting of safflower on October 30 and November 10 in both the seasons produced significantly higher seed yield than the other plantings. Branching stage irrigation (I₂) and straw mulching significantly improved all the yield attributes and seed yield of safflower in both the seasons. The water use efficiency (WUE) was higher in early plantings than in the later plantings. Higher WUE was obtained under come-up irrigation. Straw mulching increased the WUE, moderated the diurnal variations in soil temperature and provided a better thermostable regime more congenial for plant roots which resulted in increased safflower seed yield.     

不同环境下抗虫陆地棉杂交种优势表现及经济性状分析

转基因抗虫杂交棉在不同生态环境下产量性状超亲优势普遍存在,尤以皮棉产量和子棉产量为强,铃数次之.高产水平环境中,杂交种和亲本产量水平均较高,群体超亲优势不明显;产量水平相对较低的环境下,杂交种产量水平相对较低,但群体超亲优势显著,表明杂交种产量相对稳定,而亲本产量水平发挥受环境影响较大.品质性状随环境变化而发生改变,但超亲优势表现均不显著.相关性分析表明,铃数与产量最为密切,单株结铃性强是杂交种选育的重点;铃数、铃重和衣分三者之间均呈显著或极显著正相关,通过亲本选配,三个性状可以同步提高.品质性状之间相关性不一致,麦克隆值与多数品质性状呈显著正相关,表明选配高产优质杂交组合时,一定要选择较低麦克隆值的材料当亲本.     

成熟期控水对烤烟生长及产量的影响

成熟期是烤烟需水次临界期。为明确烤烟成熟期土壤水分对烟株生长及烟叶产量的影响,试验在烤烟成熟期进行土壤控水,研究烟株物质积累及烟叶产量的变化。结果表明：成熟期土壤长期干旱不利于烟叶生长,干旱后复水对烟叶生长无明显影响,且土壤水分对烤烟茎围和根系体积的影响均不显著;长期干旱不利于烤烟根、茎和叶等器官生物量提高,旱后增加复水量有利于根系生长;长期干旱显著降低烟株干物质积累,复水提高干物质积累量,但仍低于充分灌溉处理;长期干旱烟叶产量降低9.70%,旱后复水2次烟叶产量仅降低1.80%,且上中等烟叶比例比对照处理（相对土壤含水率70%~75%）提高2.88%,而单位面积产值仅减少1.09%。烤烟成熟期干旱胁迫后复水一定程度限制了烟株生长,但烟叶产量下降较少,上中等烟叶比重提高,单位面积产值略微降低。     

不同水肥运筹对再生季稻根际土壤酶活性及微生物功能多样性的影响

再生季水、肥管理措施是再生稻尤其是机收中低留桩再生稻获得高产稳产的一项关键措施,明确再生季合理的水肥运筹对提高机收中低留桩再生稻低节位再生芽的萌发成穗具有重要意义。本文以杂交籼稻泸优明占为材料,通过设置再生季分蘖期3个不同水肥处理盆栽试验,即淹水灌溉不施用促苗肥(S处理)、干湿交替灌溉不施用促苗肥(G处理)和干湿交替灌溉施用促苗肥(GN处理),研究不同水肥运筹对再生季稻腋芽、产量、根际土壤酶活性及微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明,再生季稻不同水肥处理对根际氧化还原电位和根际土壤酶有显著影响,处理后10 d,与S处理相比,G处理可以显著提高根际土壤的氧化还原电位和根际土壤多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、磷酸单酯酶、过氧化氢酶活性,与G处理相比,GN处理可显著提高根际土壤多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸单酯酶、过氧化氢酶活性。不同水肥调控下再生季稻根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用程度和碳源代谢的多样性差异显著,处理后10 d,GN处理和G处理根际微生物对6类碳源的利用程度显著高于S处理,GN处理根际土壤微生物对氨基酸、酚酸、羧酸类碳源的利用程度显著高于G处理。GN处理和G处理的根系伤流量分别比S处理的提高27.27%和14.84%,再生季分蘖数和产量分别比S处理的提高102.50%~111.11%、42.50%~44.44%和91.41%~108.72%、37.93%~40.94%。由此可见,再生季采用干湿交替灌溉或施用促苗肥均可提高根际土壤酶活性,促进再生季稻根际土壤微生物对碳源的利用程度和代谢多样性,从而有利于根际土壤有机质的氧化和腐殖质的形成及增加根际土壤中养分的有效性,促进再生季新根的形成和腋芽的萌发。采用干湿交替灌溉耦合促苗肥对再生季稻的促控效果是最佳的。     

三江平原不同年代大豆主栽品种主要农艺性状及产量变化分析

为了研究三江平原60 余年大豆生产主栽品种更替过程中主要农艺性状与产量的改进与变化规律,指导当前或今后的品种改良与创新,采用田间小区试验的方法,选用三江平原不同年代同熟期组的18 个主栽品种为试验材料。试验结果表明,主要农艺性状随年代的推进,株高与有效分枝数呈降低趋势;底荚高度变化不大,总体呈增加趋势;主茎节数呈增加趋势;抗倒伏能力逐渐增强;生育日数逐年延长;品种单株荚数、每荚粒数、单株粒数、单株粒重均呈不断增加的趋势;百粒重呈波动增加趋势。产量随着年代的推进逐年累加提高,产量变化幅度为2509.20~3311.25 kg/hm2,年平均产量增加13.35 kg/hm2,增长速度为0.53%。由于品种主要农艺性状的改进与变化,特别是品种生育日数延长和产量性状的改进,不断的提高品种产量水平,所以导致了生产主栽品种不断更替与变化,这一结论对当前或今后品种改良与创新具有重要的指导与借鉴意义。     

烤烟成熟期控水对烟叶主要碳氮化合物含量的影响

成熟期是烤烟需水次临界期。为明确烤烟成熟期土壤水分对烟叶主要碳氮化合物的影响,试验在烤烟成熟期进行土壤控水,研究烟叶总糖、还原糖、淀粉、总氮和烟碱等的变化。结果表明：土壤含水率70%~85%,烤烟生长后期（移栽后约83天）烟叶总糖、还原糖和淀粉含量较高;干旱胁迫降低碳代谢,而干旱后复水碳代谢增强。70%~85%土壤含水率,烤烟总氮和烟碱水平较低;干旱胁迫促进氮代谢,总氮和烟碱含量较高;干旱胁迫后复水,烟叶总氮和烟碱含量处于中等水平。烤烟成熟期,土壤水分过高或过低,均不利于协调烟叶碳氮代谢平衡。     

Effect of Rooting Pattern on Rice Productivity under Different Water Regimes

Three rice varieties, viz. ADT 31 (drought tolerant) CO 41 (upland) and IR 50 (drought susceptible), were employed to study their rooting patterns under different water regimes. ADT 31 had better root penetration and distribution under water stress situation compared to others. The values on root weight also established a similar trend. Isotopic studies with ³²P also provided evidence in this regard wherein the variety ADT 31 showed its adaptiveness to drought. Marginal reduction in plant height, less tiller production and leaf area reductions were noted in ADT 31 and CO 41 under decreasing soil moisture which showed its ability to cope with the water stress situation. Though IR 50 recorded higher grain yield at normal irrigation, a drastic reduction was noted under extreme water deficit. But ADT 31 recorded consistent values in all situations with slight marginal reduction which evidently proved the interdependent nature of rooting pattern and its influence on productivity.