军曹鱼消化系统胚后发育的组织学研究

本文利用连续石蜡切片方法对军曹鱼消化系统胚后发育（1～29日龄）进行了光镜观察。结果表明食道前部内侧纵行肌纤维发达,后部球形粘液细胞更丰富;胃腺的分化较晚,在仔鱼后期(即出膜后8天)才见胃腺细胞团。胃幽门部无胃腺,但具发达的肌层。肠上皮的纹状缘出现较早,1日龄时就可见,而且发育较快,3日龄时很发达。 肠后段黏液细胞明显多于前段和中段。肝脏发育较早,但16日龄仔鱼才开始贮存脂质。胰腺为弥散型,2日龄出现。军曹鱼这些结构特点的变化是与其摄食、消化、吸收的功能相适应的,而且,军曹鱼的摄食方式以及食性也随着消化系统的发育而变化。     

尼罗非鲫摄食器官胚后发育的组织学研究

对全长８．５－１９９ｍｍ的尼罗非鲫的横，纵，水平向石蜡连续切片进行了系统观察，描述了口腔壁，颌齿，鳃，耙，前咽顶壁和上下咽摄食器官胚后发育的组织结构特征。探讨了该结构特征与摄食方式和食性转化的关系，并对该结构的发育特点与青鱼，鲢的作比较。     

半滑舌鳎消化系统器官发生的组织学

利用形态学和连续组织切片技术,对出膜后1～30d的半滑舌鳎消化系统胚后发育的组织形态学进行了系统观察和研究。研究表明,试验水温为20．0～22．0℃时,孵化后第3天,仔鱼开口摄食,消化道上皮细胞出现分化,肝脏和胰脏开始出现,鱼体开始由内源性营养转向外源性营养。孵化后第5天,卵黄囊完全被吸收,消化道明显分化成口咽腔、食道、胃、前肠和后肠,仔鱼消化系统具备了摄食和消化外源性食物的能力。此后随着鱼体的生长,粘膜层的褶皱增加,消化道上皮细胞进一步分化,肠道分段、盘旋,消化系统从功能和结构上逐步地完善成熟。开口摄食之后,先后发现在后肠出现嗜曙红颗粒,在前肠出现空泡,表明肠上皮细胞吸收了蛋白质和脂肪。继而糖元在肝脏中不断地储存。在出膜后第23天,出现胃腺,标志着稚鱼期的开始。     

白鲫摄食器官胚后发育生物学研究

采用显微解剖、肉眼解剖、石蜡切片、光镜和扫描电镜观察等方法,系统观测全长5.5—260.0mm白鲫标本430余尾,描述了口径、鳃耙、侧突起、腭褶等摄食器官的形态学特点和数量性状在胚后发育过程中的变化规律;论述了白鲫的摄食方式和摄食机能,滤食器官发育与摄食方式和食物组成的转化,摄食器官发育与饲养生物学技术措施。为制定培育白鲫苗种和饲养食用鱼技术措施提供了理论依据。     

鲇仔、稚鱼消化系统胚后发育的组织学观察研究

通过石蜡包埋切片法对鲇(SilurusasotusL.)仔、稚鱼消化系统胚后发育进行了较系统的组织切片观察。本研究描述了全长5.0～22.5mm的鲇摄食器官、消化器官胚后发育的组织学结构特征。观察发现,1～3日龄为内源性营养阶段,卵黄囊很大,2日龄消化道出现裂缝状腔隙,3日龄基本贯通但未开始摄食;4～6日龄为混合营养阶段,卵黄囊被逐步吸收,主要靠吞食轮虫、小型枝角类等为食;6日龄以后卵黄囊消失,进入外源性营养阶段,捕食能力增强。观察还发现,鲇前咽顶壁始终平直无粘膜皱褶;颌齿和咽齿为斜生尖锥状的同型齿,数量多、排列紧密,与相应的骨骼牢固地骨性固着;后咽、食道的粘膜上皮内粘液细胞极多,深层结缔组织肌肉层发达。这些构造适应于鲇的完全吞食摄食方式。胃腔小,前肠膨大、中肠粘膜上皮细胞纹状缘发达,肝脏和胰脏发育速度较快。胃的消化功能较弱,主要储存、消化场所为前肠,吸收场所在中肠。鱼苗4～6日龄下塘适宜,6～8日龄可开始诱其摄食人工饲料。     

西伯利亚鲟(F2)胚后发育的形态观察

对人工养殖西伯利亚鲟(F₂)仔鱼的胚后发育形态进行了观察,从仔鱼刚出膜［0日龄,(9.16±0.21) mm］开始一直观察到早期稚鱼阶段［53日龄,(87.12±1.92) mm］。从形态发育来看,西伯利亚鲟仔鱼的胚后发育可以分为2个时期：早期仔鱼,即从刚出膜（0日龄）到初次开口（9日龄）摄食;晚期仔鱼,从开口摄食至器官发育基本完全（37日龄）;以后进入早期稚鱼期。早期仔鱼期的形态建成与分化明显地比晚期仔鱼和早期稚鱼快,其中,早期仔鱼的感觉、摄食、呼吸、游泳等器官快速分化;晚期仔鱼,主要表现为各骨板的分化和完善,当仔鱼在形态上完成向成鱼转变时,表示进入了早期稚鱼期。西伯利亚鲟胚后发育的观察结果显示,发育的早期阶段各器官协调并快速发育,感觉、摄食、呼吸、游泳等器官的出现和完善,使仔鱼在短时间内具备了躲避敌害和摄食的能力,其生存能力大大提高。     

高体革鯻消化道发生的组织学观察

利用形态学和连续组织切片技术,对出膜后1～30d的高体革(鱼刺)消化系统胚后发育的组织形态学进行了系统观察和研究。结果表明,培养水温在26.6～29.7℃条件下,高体革(鱼刺)初孵仔鱼消化管为一柱形盲管,管腔狭窄,口、肛门尚未与外界接通。出膜30h仔鱼,口开始张开,消化管相通。出膜2d仔鱼肠壁出现皱褶,肠瓣将肠道分为前肠和后肠,在显微镜下可见消化管蠕动。出膜3d仔鱼可以开口摄食,消化管上皮分化,食管中出现黏液细胞,肝脏和胰脏出现,鱼体由内源性营养转入混合营养阶段。混合营养阶段仔鱼消化道明显分为口咽腔、食道、胃、前肠、直肠等,消化腺肝脏和胰脏也已形成,各部分已经有初步结构和一定的消化吸收能力。随着仔鱼的发育,仔鱼消化系统各器官也趋于完善。出膜21d稚鱼的胃壁出现胃腺,标志着稚鱼期开始。     

达氏鲟仔鱼消化系统的发育及摄食初期食性的初步观察

本文描述了达氏鲟仔鱼消化系统的发育过程及仔鱼的食性．将仔鱼消化系统的发育过程归纳为三个阶段，即初期发育阶段、消化道分化完成阶段、发育完善阶段。这三个阶段与仔鱼的垂直游泳、水平游泳和进入底层生活三个生态阶段相对应．观察了仔鱼在池塘培育和室内饲养条件下摄食的种类、开始摄食时的长度及消化道内卵黄物质吸收的情况。根据仔鱼具有口腔齿及消化道结构的特点，认为仔鱼属底层肉食性鱼类的食性类型。其摄食对象主要是水蚯蚓和摇蚊幼虫等底栖无脊椎动物，其次是在池壁和水底活动的枝角类和桡足类。仔鱼的混合营养阶段不是发生在水平游泳阶段而是发生在进入底层生活之后，与其他的鲟科鱼类仔鱼不同。     

斜带石斑鱼消化系统胚后发育的组织学研究

利用形态学和连续组织切片技术，对出膜后1-60d的斜带石斑鱼各期仔鱼、稚鱼和幼鱼的消化系统进行了光镜观察，描述了其消化器官发育过程和组织学特性。研究表明，实验水温为22.0-27.8℃时，孵化后第4天，上下颌形成，卵黄囊被吸收，消化系统明显分化成食道、胃、肠、直肠以及肝脏、胆囊和胰脏等，鱼体由内源性营养转向外源性摄食营养，表明其消化系统的形态变化与食性的变化相适应。此后随着鱼体的生长，其消化系统从功能和结构上逐步完善成熟。胰脏在出膜后第4天出现，是和肝脏相互分开的一个独立的器官，但是发育到第35-60天，位于肠道后部的胰脏组织内出现许多大空泡。     

尼罗罗非鱼摄食器官胚后发育生物学

采用显微解剖，石蜡切片，光镜的扫描电镜观察等方法，系统观测全长６．０－２２３．０ｍｍ尼罗罗非鱼标本２７８尾，描述了口径，鳃耙，口腔上腭，颌齿，咽齿等摄食器官的形态学特点和量性胚后发过程中的变化规律；论述了尼罗罗非鱼的摄方式和摄食机能，摄食器发育与摄食方式的转化，摄食器官数量性状发育与适口食物规格和食物组成的转变，摄食器官发育与饲养生物学技术措施。为制定培育尼罗罗非鱼苗种和饲养食用鱼生物学技术措施提     

The effect of feeding commercial diets on the development of juvenile crucian carp (Carassius carassius,L.). Part 1: Skeletal deformations

The crucian carp (Carassius carassius, L.) is a cyprinid freshwater species, whose wild‐living populations have decreased in recent years due to an increasing competition of invasive species. Several initiatives were launched, attempting to reintroduce this fish back into its native open waters, which requires the use of crucian carp fry grown under controlled conditions. However, the use of popular commercial diets results in severe developmental abnormalities. The aim of this study was to analyse the impact of feeding natural feed (Chironomidae sp. larvae) or two popular commercial diets on the skeletal development of crucian carp juveniles. Whole‐mount staining and histological methods were used in the study. Skeletal tissues of fish fed both commercial diets were demineralized and displayed a variety of deformities, such as abnormal vertebral spines and vertebral fusion, as well as a new type of deformation, which involved the action of dorsal fin pterygiophores upon the spine. Finally, a novel analytical method was proposed, which utilizes LA‐ICP‐MS for the estimation of bone mineralization. The study proved that basic commercial diets are inadequate for the rearing of crucian carp juveniles.     

Anoxia survival in common carp and crucian carp is related to high zinc concentration in tissues

ABSTRACT:   Ten lots of common carp and six lots of crucian carp (each lot of 100 fish) were treated under anoxia for five days at water temperatures of 25–31°C. The average per group mortality of common carp was 17%, but none of the 600 crucian carp died. The digestive tract tissues of the common carp that died had significantly lower zinc concentrations than those that survived (59 ± 41 vs 142 ± 60 μg/[g fresh tissue], P  < 0.001). The digestive tract tissues of the crucian carp had mean zinc concentrations of 652 ± 458 μg/(g fresh tissue). One lot of common carp that had low tolerance for anoxia was fed a high zinc diet (2000 mg zinc/kg diet) for 1, 2 or 6 months and then subjected to 5 days anoxia. The survival rates of those fed the high zinc diet 1 and 2 months increased from 0 to 50%, respectively; all of fish that had fed a high zinc diet for 6 months survived. Thus, anoxia survival in common carp and crucian carp is closely related to the high concentrations of zinc in their tissues.     

乳化剂对异育银鲫消化酶及血清指标的影响

选取8000尾异育银鲫,随机分为2个处理(对照组和试验组),每处理2重复,每重复2000尾,分别饲喂含乳化剂0%和0.05%的基础日粮,试验期为62 d。试验结果表明,饲养31 d后,添加乳化剂使异育银鲫的肝胰脏胰蛋白酶的活性显著提高(P<0.01),肠道胰蛋白酶活性也表现出升高的趋势(P=0.08);血清中总蛋白、球蛋白、葡萄糖和甘油三酯的含量也显著提高(P<0.01)。饲养62 d后,添加乳化剂使异育银鲫肠道淀粉酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);血清中葡萄糖和甘油三酯的含量显著高于对照组(P<0.01)。试验结果表明,饲料中添加乳化剂能够提高异育银鲫的肠道和肝胰脏消化酶的活性,促进脂肪代谢和蛋白质沉积。     

水晶彩鲫、红鲫、锦鲤、荷包红鲤杂交子代的生长和体色研究

利用人工授精的方法,进行水晶彩鲫、红鲫、锦鲤和荷包红鲤的相互杂交试验,测定各个杂交组合子代的成活率、生长速度和体色分离比例。结果表明：4种鱼能够相互杂交受精,孵出鱼苗。孵化率锦鲤自交最低为46．4％,其它组合为70％～80％;杂交鱼苗经28d的人工饲养,水晶彩鲫与荷包红鲤、锦鲤的正、反杂交,同其它杂交组合比较有明显的差别,其生长速度慢,个体之间差异大,成活率低;杂交子代的体型分为3类：鲫鱼型、鲤鱼型和鲤鲫型。鳞片反光组织(虹彩细胞或鸟粪素细胞)为2类：完全型、缺失型。体色分离复杂多样,水晶彩鲫与红鲫杂交是水晶彩鲫,红鲫与锦鲤、荷包红鲤杂交是青灰色鲤鲫杂种,水晶彩鲫与锦鲤、荷包红鲤杂交都会出现水晶彩色和青灰色鲤鲫杂种。     

鲤、鲢、鳙、草鱼消化道结构与食性的研究

本文通过组织解剖与切片法测量了鲤、草、鲢、鳙的相关生物学参数,系统观察了四种鱼的消化道肌肉层、肠绒毛以及粘液细胞的显微结构及分布特点,探究其与食性的相互关系。结果显示：鲤比肠长1.0,环行肌较纵行肌发达,肠绒毛丰富,粘液细胞均匀分布在整个消化道中;草鱼比肠长2.13,消化道组织结构均一,肌肉壁中纵行肌所占比例高,粘液细胞体积小,分散于整个消化道中,肠绒毛极发达;鲢比肠长8.49,环行肌极发达,粘液细胞集中于消化道前段,肠绒毛由前至后逐渐呈短粗状;鳙比肠长4.58,环行肌极为发达,粘液细胞数量多且均匀地分布于消化道前、中段,肠绒毛较为稀疏短粗,粘液细胞较少。这四种鱼消化道的组织结构特征与各自食性密切相关。     

Ontogeny of the digestive system in hatchery produced Beluga (Huso huso Linnaeus, 1758); a comparative study between Beluga and genus Acipenser

The study on histological characteristics of the digestive system of Beluga (Huso huso) was conducted from hatching until 50 days posthatching at 16.5 °C. Development of the digestive system in this species followed the general pattern described for other Acipenserids, although there were differences in the timing of organ development among species. At hatching, the mouth was opened and digestive system was represented by a gastric cavity filled with yolk and lined by endodermal cells, and a partially differentiated hindgut. Gastric glands started to differentiate at 46.5 degree‐ days posthatching (ddph), the earliest appearance time among sturgeon fishes studied to date. At the onset of exogenous feeding (144.9 ddph), yolk sac reserves were not completely depleted in the stomach, suggesting a period of mixed nutrition. The complete development of the digestive system was not accomplished until 235.2 ddph when it showed all histomorphological features typical of juvenile specimens. According to histological results, it seems advisable to start co‐feeding H.huso larvae with inert diets at the onset of exogenous feeding, because exocrine pancreas and glandular stomach are fully differentiated, although the complete substitution of live prey by inert feed is not recommended until 235 ddph.     

Influence of stocking density and type of feed on the rearing of crucian carp, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carassius carassius</Emphasis> (L.), larvae under controlled conditions

Two experiments were conducted into the rearing of crucian carp larvae under controlled conditions in an experimental closed water system. In both cases, the rearing lasted 21 days. The first experiment concerned the initial stocking density (from 50 to 600 individuals per l), whilst the second one studied the first food offered (two types of Artemia nauplii, decapsulated Artemia cysts and three types of commercial feeds) which were applied at the moment of exogenous feeding commencement. The best results were obtained using 50 larvae per l, whilst there were no significant differences within the range 200–600 larvae per l. The application of dry feed had a negative influence on the survival and other parameters. The highest survival rate was found in the groups fed with freshly hatched Artemia naupli. The results obtained indicate that the rearing of crucian carp larvae may be successfully conducted in very high stocking densities. However, the very high sensitivity of crucian carp larvae to the type of food offered during the initial days of life should be taken into account. The data presented in this article could be very useful in crucian carp larviculture.