耕作方式和土壤类型对皖北旱作农田土壤紧实度的影响

为探明旱作区耕地质量变化,了解旱作区耕作管理方式对农田质量的影响,以皖北旱作区农田土壤为研究对象,研究分析了0—40cm不同深度土壤紧实度梯度变化,揭示耕作方式、土壤类型、土壤容重和土壤含水量对土壤紧实度变化的影响。结果表明:从总体上来看,在0—40cm土层深度下,土壤紧实度随深度的增加呈先增加后稳定的规律,20cm以后土壤紧实度逐渐稳定;全区平均耕层深度为14.14cm,平均耕层紧实度为573.63kPa。从耕作方式来看,旋耕在30cm之前各层土壤紧实度均大于翻耕地区,旋耕平均耕层深度为12.5cm,翻耕平均耕层深度为16.8cm,是旋耕的1.34倍。从土壤类型来看,不同土壤类型之间土壤紧实度的差异也很明显,潮土各土层平均紧实度均大于砂姜黑土,且随着深度的增加差距逐渐增大。从影响因素来看,土壤紧实度变化与土壤容重变化在水平和垂直方向上呈正相关;土壤紧实度变化与土壤含水量变化关系复杂,总体来看二者水平方向呈正相关,垂直方向呈现负相关。研究成果将为后续探究土壤结构变化过程及规律,旱作区耕层及犁底层变化迁移过程提供依据,对改善皖北旱作区农田质量状况提供数据理论支撑。     

伊犁河谷栗钙土区不同产量雨养麦田土壤物理性质比较研究

以伊犁河谷栗钙土区雨养麦田为研究对象,采取田间调查、取样和实验室测定的方法,研究伊犁河谷不同产量水平栗钙土土壤物理指标变化特征,为该地区麦田土壤物理性质的改善和耕层构建提供理论支撑。结果表明:不同产量麦田土壤容重、紧实度从0~10 cm土层到20~40 cm土层均呈现增加的趋势;土壤总孔隙度、水稳性团聚体含量变化趋势刚好与土壤容重、紧实度相反,即0~10 cm> 10~20 cm> 20~40 cm。高产田土壤容重、土壤总孔隙度、紧实度、土壤三相比R值、水稳性团聚体各项指标均优于中、低产田。因此,通过土壤培肥、改进耕作措施改善土壤物理性质十分必要。     

黄土高原东北缘退耕坡地土壤养分和容重空间变异特征研究

以山西广灵退耕6年的典型坡地为代表,在实地调查和取样分析的基础上,使用经典统计学和地统计学方法研究了黄土高原东北缘退耕荒草地中土壤养分与容重的空间变异特征.结果表明:研究区土壤容重较高、养分含量较低,土壤较为贫瘠,且土壤容重具有弱变异而土壤养分具有中等程度变异;同时,所研究土壤性质的合理采样数从多到少依次为全磷>有机质>速效磷>碱解氮>速效钾>全氮>容重;另外,该区土壤养分和容重的空间分布可用球状模型进行较好的拟合,而且其空间变化主要是人为等随机性因素作用的结果.     

黔中喀斯特地区不同地类土壤土力学特征研究

土壤黏聚力、内摩擦角及紧实度在一定程度上影响着土壤侵蚀。通过对黔中喀斯特地区林地、灌草地和坡耕地3种地类土壤的剖面调查、紧实度测定、原状土剪切试验,研究了黔中喀斯特地区不同地类土壤的土力学特征,结果表明:不同地类A层土壤黏聚力c水平分布特征为林地(52.28kPa)灌草地(36.80kPa)坡耕地(25.05kPa),垂直变化不明显;A层土壤内摩擦角φ水平分布特征为林地(28.28°)坡耕地(17.94°)灌草地(16.52°),垂直变化特点为B层大于A层;A层土壤紧实度水平分布特征为林地(1019kPa)灌草地(914kPa)坡耕地(535kPa),A层与B层差异性显著,地类对A层影响明显,总体上表现为上松下紧的态势;土壤紧实度与黏聚力呈正相关关系。     

人为作用对土壤有机碳空间分布规律的影响

为了研究人为长期培肥及生产活动对农田土壤有机碳库空间变异性的影响,在关中农田开展了0~100 cm土体范围内的土壤有机碳含量、有机碳密度及碳库活度等研究。结果表明:土壤有机碳含量变化在7.00~23.39 g kg-1,土壤有机碳含量呈明显分布与变异特征,变异性大且变异程度均属中等水平。有机碳、活性有机碳含量在0~100 cm范围内从上到下逐渐递减,而不是"T"型分布,碳库活度从呈递增趋势;土壤有机碳水平上是以村庄为中心向外辐射递减,尤其在0~20 cm土层规律性更加明显;0~100 cm土壤有机碳密度的水平分布呈随距村庄距离的增加先增加后减少的分布规律。由此得出,关中农田土壤有机碳库的空间变异明显地印记着长期人为作用土壤的历史痕迹,也是关中地区农业文明发展史的有效佐证之一。     

长期培肥过程中塿土物理性质演变规律

通过对长期培肥试验田不同处理土壤的比重、容重、孔隙度、团聚体等物理性质的系统分析,企图揭示在长期培肥过程中土壤物理性质演变规律。研究结果表明:未进行培肥作用的土壤(对照)小区仍维持着原来土壤有机质含量水平,该试验小区土壤所具有的是最基础的物理性质,其它不同培肥处理的土壤比重和容重均随有机质积累而明显减小,孔隙度随土壤有机质含量增加而升高。不同培肥措施都明显地促进土壤大团聚体的形成,特别是增加了>0.25mm水稳性团聚体的含量,降低了团聚体破坏率,逐渐地改善了土壤物理性质。在常年休闲过程中土壤结构性能明显地被破坏。     

河北坝上地区草地坡面尺度土壤容重空间变异特征

以河北坝上地区的典型草地坡面为研究对象,运用传统统计学、地统计学方法,研究坡面尺度不同深度土壤容重的空间变异特征。通过土壤容重与其它土壤性质间的相关分析,探究其空间变异的影响因素。结果表明:该坡面土壤容重的平均值约为1.08 g cm-3,其在空间分布上差异显著,总体为凸坡>偏凸坡>偏凹坡>凹坡。地统计分析得出0～5 cm表层土壤容重呈弱空间自相关性;20～25 cm和40～45 cm这两层土壤容重具有中等空间自相关性;10～15 cm、30～35 cm和50～55 cm这三层土壤容重具有强空间自相关性。地形是影响坝上地区坡面尺度土壤容重空间变异的关键因素;在地形控制影响下,土壤有机质含量对土壤容重的影响最显著,其次是机械组成,植物根系生物量对土壤容重的影响在凸坡较显著。草地坡面土壤容重具有较强的空间变异性,说明小尺度土壤容重空间变异的研究值得关注。     

深翻－旋耕轮耕与有机肥配施对黑土农田土壤物理性质的影响

针对东北松嫩平原中南部黑土区玉米带农田长期旋耕导致耕层变浅、容重增大等问题,开展深翻-旋耕轮耕模式改善土壤物理性质的研究。试验设置连年旋耕配施化肥（RT）、连年旋耕配施化肥与有机肥（RM）、深翻－旋耕轮耕配施化肥（DT）和深翻－旋耕轮耕配施化肥与有机肥（DM）4个处理,分析0 ~ 45 cm土壤含水量、容重、紧实度、团聚体的变化及10 cm、20 cm、30 cm各深度处土壤温度变化情况。结果表明,与RT处理相比,DT处理能够显著提高玉米苗期和拔节期20 cm、30 cm深度土壤温度,增加玉米各生育时期15 ~ 45 cm土层土壤含水量,并且显著降低土壤容重和紧实度,提高了30 ~ 45 cm土层 > 0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的比例;同时DM处理能够增加苗期、收获期各土层含水量,且对0 ~ 45 cm土壤容重均有显著降低作用;而RM处理仅使0 ~ 15 cm土层容重有降低,但并不显著,且对深层土壤容重无明显影响。相关分析表明,在0 ~ 15 cm土层中,土壤含水量、紧实度、容重与温度呈负相关关系（P < 0.05）;在0 ~ 45 cm土层中,土壤容重与土壤紧实度呈极显著正相关关系（P < 0.05）。DM的耕作模式能降低土壤容重和紧实度,有效提高土壤温度、土壤含水量以及 > 0.25 mm 水稳性团聚体的比例,能够较好的改善土壤耕层物理性质。     

黄土丘陵区浅沟表层土壤容重的空间变异特征

选取陕西省安塞县纸坊沟小流域2条发育完整的浅沟(长90m,宽40m)作为研究对象,运用经典统计学和地统计学方法研究浅沟表层(0-5cm)土壤容重的空间变异。经典统计学分析表明:土壤容重从浅沟上部到下部总体上呈逐渐减小的趋势;配对T检验表明,平行浅沟分布的9条样线在垂直浅沟方向上土壤容重差异不明显,浅沟分水线、浅沟沟坡和浅沟沟底之间差异不明显;方差分析表明,浅沟上部与中部和下部土壤容重差异显著,而中部和下部无显著差异。地统计学分析表明:在2,4,6,8,10,20m的采样间隔下,随着采样间隔的增大,理论变异函数的拟合精度逐渐降低;变异函数理论模型、块金值、基台值和变程各不相同;块金值和基台值之比变化范围为0.00~0.55,为强度空间依赖性和中度空间依赖性;垂直和平行浅沟的各向异性分析结果表明,土壤容重的空间异质性以各向同性为主。     

土壤培肥技术对土壤健康的影响途径与作用机制

土壤健康与农产品优质安全、农业绿色可持续发展密切相关。不同培肥技术对土壤物理功能、化学功能与生物学功能产生较大影响,进而影响土壤健康水平。论文明确了土壤健康的内涵与发展历程,阐述了长期大量施用化肥和不同耕作措施对土壤健康的影响途径,从物理、化学和生物学3个方面总结了有机培肥技术对提高土壤健康的作用机制,并对我国未来土壤健康研究方向提出了展望,以期为培育健康土壤和实现我国农业高质量发展提供理论支撑与技术指导。     

耕作侵蚀对紫色土坡耕地土壤容重和有机质二维分布的影响

为了研究耕作侵蚀对坡耕地土壤容重、有机质以及两者相互关系的影响,选择四川盆地中部的简阳县的坡耕地作为研究对象,采用模拟耕作的方法,通过对比模拟耕作前与5次、20次模拟耕作之后的土壤容重、有机质的水平以及垂直变化与分布规律,并探讨耕作侵蚀对两者关系变化的影响规律。研究结果表明:由于耕作侵蚀的搬运作用,5次和20次耕作之后坡顶位置的表层土壤被不断搬运至下坡位置,从而导致坡顶表层土壤容重增加;并且耕作过程中锄头的翻转作用改变了土壤容重在垂直方向的分布。耕作前土壤有机质在各坡面位置的垂直分布可用对数方程描述,然而5次和20次耕作之后其两者之间没有显示任何关系。耕作前土壤有机质含量与土壤容重呈现显著的负相关关系,5次和20次耕作之后,土壤有机质和土壤容重之间无相关关系。因此,耕作侵蚀改变土壤有机质和容重在水平和垂直方向的分布并且改变有机质和容重之间的关系。     

绿肥压青粉垄保护性耕作对土壤水分入渗及其后延效应的影响

研究绿肥压青下粉垄耕作稻田土壤水分入渗规律对完善稻田保护性耕作体系具有重要意义。2016-2017年,在广西农业科学院试验田设置粉垄保护性耕作与单免保护性耕作两种耕作模式,并设不施肥、常规施肥、单倍绿肥压青和双倍绿肥压青4种施肥处理,然后分别于早稻、晚稻收获后用土壤紧实度仪及单环入渗法测量稻田土壤紧实度及稳定入渗速率,并于晚稻水稻收获后用环刀法测定土壤容重,以了解绿肥压青下粉垄保护性耕作对当季稻田土壤入渗的影响,并就其对后季稻田的后延效应影响进行研究。结果表明,绿肥压青下粉垄保护性耕作对当季和后季稻田0-15cm土壤紧实度的影响不明显,但是可以显著降低15-30cm土壤紧实度。同时显著降低了当季及后季土壤表层及耕层的稳定入渗率,使土壤入渗能力降低,提高了土壤容重,降低了土壤孔隙度,使土壤密实。绿肥压青下粉垄保护性耕作可显著降低后季稻田土壤稳定入渗率和紧实度,对土壤结构及水分入渗的后延效应明显。     

Pipeline right‐of‐way construction activities impact on deep soil compaction

A 762‐mm‐diameter pipe 1,886 km long was installed to transfer crude oil in the USA from North Dakota to Illinois. To investigate the impact of construction and restoration practices on long‐term soil productivity and crop yield, vertical soil stresses induced by a Caterpillar (CAT) pipe liner PL 87 (475 kN vehicle load) and semi‐trailer truck (8.9 kN axle load) were studied in a farm field. Soil properties (bulk density and cone penetration resistance) were measured on field zones within the right‐of‐way (ROW) classified according to construction machine trafficking and subsoil tillage (300‐mm‐depth tillage and 450‐mm‐depth tillage in two repeated passes) treatments. At 200 mm depth from the subsoiled surface, the magnitude of peak vertical soil stress from trafficking by the semi‐truck trailer and CAT pipe liner PL 87 was 133 kPa. The peak vertical soil stress at 400 mm soil depth appeared to be influenced by vehicle weight, where the Caterpillar pipe liner PL 87 created soil compaction a magnitude of 1.5 greater than from the semi‐trailer truck. Results from the soil bulk density and soil cone penetration resistance measurements also showed the ROW zones had significantly higher soil compaction than adjacent unaffected corn planted fields. Tillage to 450 mm depth alleviated the deep soil compaction better than the 300‐mm‐depth tillage as measured by soil cone penetration resistance within the ROW zones and the unaffected zone. These results could be incorporated into agricultural mitigation plans in ROW construction utilities to minimize soil and crop damage.     

轮耕对双季稻田土壤结构及水贮量的影响

该文针对南方稻田长期免耕存在的耕层变浅、下层土壤紧实等问题,进行了土壤轮耕效应的研究。试验选择双季稻区连续7 a免耕稻田,2006年4月设置免耕、翻耕和旋耕3种耕作处理。2007年4月将翻耕、旋耕稻田一半免耕,剩下一半继续翻耕、旋耕。每年早稻和晚稻采用同一耕作措施。研究结果表明,长期免耕表层0～5 cm土壤体积质量呈降低趋势,而下层10～20 cm呈增加趋势。翻耕、旋耕相对于长期免耕能够有效降低下层土壤体积质量,同时,提高下层毛管孔隙度。翻耕、旋耕后免耕下层土壤体积质量呈增加趋势,而毛管孔隙度呈降低趋势。长期免耕后,翻耕、旋耕能够有效增加耕层（0～20 cm）土壤水贮量,特别是在土壤含水率偏低时尤为显著,2007年翻耕、旋耕较长期免耕分别高了12.9%和20.7%,而翻耕、旋耕后免耕呈降低趋势。研究还显示,各轮耕耕层土壤质量含水率与体积质量呈显著线性负相关,与毛管孔隙度呈显著线性正相关。总之,长期免耕后,翻耕、旋耕措施通过改变耕层土壤结构,进而提高稻田土壤水贮量。     

Improvement of the physical fertility of a degraded Alfisol with planted and natural fallows under humid tropical conditions

Abstract. Topsoil (0–15 cm) bulk density, aggregate stability, soil dispersibility, water retention and infiltration were measured between 1989 and 1996 on an Alfisol under rehabilitation in southwestern Nigeria. The planted leguminous species were Pueraria phaseoloides, Senna siamea, Leucaena leucocephala, Acacia leptocarpa and A. auriculiformis. Also, plots with natural fallow and maize/cassava intercropping were included. Level (minimum) and mound tillage with hoes was adopted for the cultivated areas under study after 4 and 6 year fallow periods. Under fallow, the soil bulk density decreased from1.56 to 1.11 t m73.The continuously cropped treatment (level tillage) had significantly higher bulk density than the fallowed subplots after 6 years. Mean soil penetrometer resistance ranged from 75 to 157 kPa for fallowed plots and from 192 to 295 kPa for the continuously cropped (level tillage) subplot. Surface soilwater contentswere similar for all the treatments during the soil strength measurements. Although soil aggregates were generally of low stability and not well formed, they were improved by fallowing.
Soil structural improvement by planted fallows was similar to that by natural fallow, but the trees were more promising for long-term fallow (>6 years) than the herbaceous P. phaseoloides. However, the improvement in soil structure after 4 or 6 year fallow could not be maintained in subsequent cropping. Furthermore, the significant improvement in soil bulk density caused by A. auriculiformis and natural fallow was more rapidly lost on the cultivated subplots compared with other fallow treatments. Thus, soil structure recovery under a fallow does not imply a sustained improvement when stress is applied to this soil. Post-fallow soil management options such as residue incorporation and tillage to ameliorate compaction or soil strength will be necessary to enhance the improvements by fallow species.     

Simulation and 137Cs tracer show tillage erosion translocating soil organic carbon,phosphorus, and potassium

Research on how tillage‐induced soil redistribution affects soil properties is limited for complex slopes in nonmechanized agricultural areas. The objectives of this study are (1) to examine the vertical redistribution of soil organic C (SOC), extractable P and K induced by tillage on a complex slope, (2) to assess the effects of tillage erosion on soil profile properties, and (3) to elucidate the variations in soil properties induced by both vertical mixture and downslope transport of soil within the landscape. Simulated tillage was conducted in the Yangtze Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China. The ¹³⁷Cs data showed that intense tillage caused the soil vertical mixture and downslope transport. The redistribution of ¹³⁷Cs and soil constituents varied with the number of tillage passes and location in relation to curvature. SOC was completely depleted with the disappearance of soil profiles at the summit position, while SOC concentrations decreased by 26% for the till layer and increased by 29% for the sublayer at the toeslope position for the 15‐tillage operation, as compared with those of pretillage. The vertical redistribution of extractable P and K followed a similar pattern to that of SOC. The gap and variation in soil constituents between the till layer and sublayer declined after tillage, suggesting that the mixing effect of tillage attenuates the variability of soil properties in the vertical direction. Net loss and gain of soil constituents occurred at the summit and toeslope positions, respectively, suggesting that the downslope transport of soil induced by tillage accentuates the variability of soil properties in the lateral direction.     

土壤侵蚀对坡耕地耕层质量退化作用及其评价趋势展望

土壤侵蚀是导致坡耕地耕层质量退化和土壤生产力不稳定的关键驱动因素。该文从水蚀区坡耕地侵蚀控制和生产功能角度,在解析地块尺度土壤侵蚀、水土保持、农业活动对坡耕地耕层生态过程作用特征的基础上,系统分析了土壤侵蚀对坡耕地耕层质量退化作用、影响效应及作用途径。认为:1)坡耕地耕层质量变化由降雨侵蚀、耕作活动交互作用的生态过程决定,2种作用的时间、空间尺度不同;耕层土壤参数在坡耕地农业生产中作用分为保水、保土、保肥和增产潜力,由地块尺度农作物-耕层耦合效应决定土壤生产能力、坡耕地水土流失特征及耕层侵蚀性退化方向及程度。2)土壤侵蚀对坡耕地耕层质量退化作用表现为土壤性质恶化、土壤质量劣化、土地生产力衰退3个方面,耕层土壤物理性质变异程度大于化学性质变异,径流作用导致的土地生产力衰退大于土壤流失作用。3)坡耕地耕层质量评价指标体系应兼顾侵蚀下降、产量提升2个目标,地块尺度诊断指标有效土层厚度、耕层厚度、土壤容重、土壤抗剪强度、土壤有机质、土壤渗透性可作为合理耕层评价最小数据集;坡耕地合理耕层适宜性分为5级,其诊断指标分级标准宜与土壤侵蚀分级和耕地地力分级衔接。4)坡耕地合理耕层评价未来应密切关注耕层质量诊断指标最小数据集、坡耕地合理耕层阈值/适宜值分级标准、坡耕地水土流失阻控标准拟定3个主要方向。研究可为深入认识坡耕地侵蚀性退化机制,辨识坡耕地合理耕层调控途径以及坡耕地合理耕层构建技术参数提供依据。     

The adoption of annual subsoiling as conservation tillage in dryland maize and wheat cultivation in northern China

Soil compaction caused by random traffic or repetitive tillage has been shown to reduce water use efficiency, and thus crop yield due to reduced porosity, decreased water infiltration and availability of nutrients. Conservation tillage coupled with subsoiling in northern China is widely believed to reduce soil compaction, which was created after many years of no-till. However, limited research has been conducted on the most effective time interval for subsoiling, under conservation tillage. Data from conservation tillage demonstration sites operating for 10 years in northern China were used to conduct a comparative study of subsoiling interval under conservation tillage. Three modes of traditional tillage, subsoiling with soil cover and no-till with soil cover were compared using 10 years of soil bulk density, water content, yield and water use efficiency data. Cost benefit analysis was conducted on subsoiling time interval under conservation tillage. Yield and power consumption were assessed by based on the use of a single pass combine subsoiler and planter. Annual subsoiling was effective in reducing bulk density by only 4.9% compared with no-till treatments on the silty loam soils of the Loess plateau, but provided no extra benefit in terms of soil water loss, yield increase or water utilization. With the exception of bulk density, no-till and subsoiling with cover were vastly superior in increasing water use (+10.5%) efficiency and yield (+12.9%) compared to traditional tillage methods. Four years of no-till followed by one subsoiling reduced mechanical inputs by 62%, providing an economic benefit of 49% for maize and 209% for wheat production compared to traditional tillage. Annual subsoiling reduced inputs by 25% with an increased economic benefit of 23% for maize and 135% for wheat production. Yield and power consumption was improved by 5% and 20%, respectively, by combining subsoiling with the planting operation in one pass compared with multipass operations of subsoiling and planting. A key conclusion from this is that annual subsoiling in dryland areas of northern China is uneconomical and unwarranted. Four years of no-till operations followed by 1 year subsoiling provided some relief from accumulated soil compaction. However, minimum soil disturbance and maximum soil cover are key elements of no-till for saving water and improving yields. Improved yields and reduced farm power consumption could provide a significant base on which to promote combined planter and subsoiling operations throughout northern China. Further research is required to develop a better understanding of the linkages between conservation tillage, soil quality and yield, aimed at designing most appropriate conservation tillage schemes.     

立式驱动浅旋耙设计与参数优化

针对中国黄淮海地区保护性耕作少免耕作业、表土耕作时对地表平整度、表层碎土效果要求较高的特点。研究设计了一种立式驱动浅旋耙,通过对由作业机构参数进行设计优化、刀具的运动学分析与动力学分析,得出了影响土壤受力的因素为机具前进速度与刀具转速,并采用离散元仿真分析对影响因素进行进一步分析。通过田间验证试验,以碎土率、土壤容重、地表平整度为试验指标,对立式驱动浅旋耙进行性能优化试验。结果表明:在前进速度为1.4 m/s,刀具转速为350 r/min时,其碎土率为95.4%,土壤容重为0.82 g/cm~3,土壤平整度为16.3 mm,满足少免耕作业前碎土及秸秆覆盖要求。该研究为少免耕播种前的地表浅旋作业机具提供了参考。