中国美利奴羊(新疆型)羊毛纤维直径与变异分析

羊毛纤维直径、纤维直径标准差与纤维直径离散是体现羊毛纤维细度的重要参数。以巩乃斯种羊场、南山种羊场、伊犁州畜禽改良总站3地的中国美利奴羊(新疆型)为试验对象,测定羊毛纤维直径、纤维直径标准差和纤维直径离散系数,分析不同来源羊毛纤维细度特点。结果表明:巩乃斯种羊场的中国美利奴羊(新疆型)的羊毛纤维直径最小,其毛纤维直径、纤维直径标准差和纤维直径离散系数均显著低于其他地区(P<0.05)。成年母羊的羊毛纤维直径大于周岁母羊的羊毛纤维直径,纤维直径标准差和纤维直径离散随着年龄的增加变化不明显(P>0.05)。     

家兔饲养中消化问题的预防：低消化和可消化纤维的作用

日粮充足的纤维对预防生长兔消化问题是必需的，涉及到纤维种类，包括低消化纤维（木质纤维素）和可消化纤维（半纤维和果胶），一些富含可消化纤维的农副产品如麦麸和糟渣常用于家兔饲料。为此探讨了低消化和可消化纤维成分在断奶后生长兔消化健康方面的作用、不同的纤维类型包括在家兔饲料中常用的果胶、饲料纤维的一些特征，以及饲料中纤维成分的评估方法。     

断奶仔猪纤维营养应用研究进展

断奶应激是养猪生产中常见问题之一，全面禁止饲用抗生素使用后，断奶仔猪面临的挑战增加。本文结合国内外研究报道，对断奶仔猪常用纤维原料、应用效果影响因素和调控作用机制等进行综合论述。分析认为，断奶仔猪纤维营养方案应重点关注纤维原料对后肠道发酵和消化道发育的调控，纤维特性尤其是纤维可发酵性和发酵调控性是重要影响因素，通过纤维改性有望改善纤维组成和纤维特性，进而提升应用效果。 [关键词] 纤维原料|纤维组成|纤维特性|纤维改性|断奶仔猪     

瘤胃纤维降解相关酶活性的测定

纤维的瘤胃降解是一复杂的微生物发酵过程,涉及到微生物对纤维的黏附、纤维的水解及最终纤维糊精的发酵。其中,微生物分泌的纤维降解酶至关重要。只有伴随足量酶的产生,才发生真正的纤维分解作用。本文将介绍微晶纤维素酶、羧甲基纤维素酶、纤维二糖酶、木聚糖酶等4类型纤维降解酶活性的测定方法。     

膳食纤维改性及其在畜禽生产中的应用

膳食纤维被称为“第七大营养素”，可改善肠道菌群状态，提高抗氧化能力，对动物健康起到至关重要的作用。因膳食纤维中不可溶膳食纤维含量多，可溶性膳食纤维含量少，且可溶性膳食纤维理化性能优于不可溶性膳食纤维，故多有研究者采用物理、化学或生物的方法对膳食纤维进行改性，使不可溶性膳食纤维转化为可溶性膳食纤维。本文对这些改性方法进行了系统分析，并阐述了膳食纤维理化特性、生理特性及其在畜禽生产中的研究和应用，为未来膳食纤维的开发和应用提供理论依据。     

纤维体及其在瘤胃微生物中的研究进展

纤维体是指某些厌氧细菌和真菌产生的降解纤维素的多酶复合体,它能够将纤维素和微生物细胞连接起来,进而实现对纤维素的高效降解。纤维体首先是在嗜热纤维梭菌上发现并被提出。目前,纤维体的研究已成为瘤胃微生物研究领域的热点问题。本文对纤维体概念的提出过程、纤维体存在的证据、纤维体作用的分子基础和功能以及瘤胃微生物纤维体类似物的研究进行了综述。     

优质超细毛羊纤维直径选育效果分析

试验旨在研究苏博美利奴羊周岁母羊羊毛纤维直径育种效果,为提高超细毛羊的生产性能提供科学依据。测定了新疆某种羊场2012-2018年间的3 871只苏博美利奴羊周岁母羊的羊毛纤维直径、标准差和纤维直径变异系数,对超细毛羊的平均纤维直径、标准差、纤维直径变异系数进行了描述性统计分析,并分析了2012-2018年间3 871只周岁母羊平均纤维直径、标准差、纤维直径变异系数的相关性。结果表明,2012-2018年,周岁母羊的羊毛平均纤维直径与标准差之间呈现极显著正相关(r=0.608,P0.01),标准差与纤维直径变异系数之间也呈极显著正相关(r=0.792,P0.01),平均纤维直径与纤维直径变异系数之间无显著相关(r=0.007,P0.05)。     

鹅日粮纤维营养及其消化利用研究进展

针对当前鹅的营养研究热点,参考近年来关于鹅日粮纤维营养方面的文献,本文从日粮纤维的定义及理化性质、鹅的消化特点及消化日粮纤维的机理、鹅对日粮纤维的消化率及其影响因素、适宜的纤维水平等方面,对鹅消化利用日粮纤维的研究进展进行综述,旨在为今后鹅的纤维营养研究提供参考。     

母猪膳食纤维营养需要

膳食纤维被称为“第七营养素”，在维持人类和家畜的健康中发挥着重要作用。但人们对膳食纤维在母猪营养中所起作用的认知还存在差异和不足。因此文章就膳食纤维的定义、界定膳食纤维的指标、母猪膳食纤维的推荐水平以及纤维原料对应母猪能值的计算公式进行综述，旨在为膳食纤维在母猪营养研究和应用方面提供参考和思路。     

猪对饲料纤维的利用

综述纤维的一般概念、对猪的营养作用、猪后肠微生物对纤维的发酵作用、影响猪对饲料纤维利用的因素和纤维在猪日粮中的适宜水平     

Genetic parameters for growth of fiber diameter in alpacas

The alpaca is the most important fiber producer of the South American camelid species, and is an important source of income for the Andean communities. Nowadays, fiber diameter is considered the main selection objective in alpaca populations throughout the world. However, fiber diameter increases with the age of the animals, and it would be preferable to select those animals that maintain a thin fiber throughout their life span. The goal of this study was to describe the genetic relationship between fiber diameter at weaning age (6 mo) and the evolution of fiber diameter along the life span. The analysis of the evolution of fiber diameter was studied as a useful model for canalization and as a longitudinal trait by hierarchical Bayesian analysis. The results suggested that substantial genetic variation exists for fiber diameter and also for the variability and linear growth of the fiber diameter. Thus, a genetic selection program is plausible to modify the evolution of fiber diameter with time, together with a favorable correlated decrease in fiber diameter.     

鹅消化利用纤维的生理特点及影响因素

鹅属草食性水禽,其对纤维的消化利用过程与鸡、鸭等有较大区别。长期以来,鹅日粮纤维的使用缺乏统一的饲料营养标准,养殖从业人员对鹅消化利用纤维的生理特点认识不全面。文章旨在详细介绍鹅消化利用纤维的主要生理特点,并从纤维来源、营养水平、鹅品种、日龄等方面综述其对鹅纤维消化利用的影响,为生产中纤维饲料原料的合理使用提供技术支持。     

新疆阿克苏地区羊驼毛品质分析

试验旨在研究阿克苏地区引进羊驼的毛绒品质现状。采用相关方法标准对新疆阿克苏地区塔格拉克牧场引进的158只羊驼进行平均纤维直径、毛丛自然长度、净毛率、单纤维强力、原毛油脂含量及卷曲指标的测定，统计分析性别、年龄、被毛颜色对测定指标的影响。结果表明，阿克苏地区引进羊驼毛平均纤维直径23.36 μm，毛丛自然长度106.14 mm，净毛率80.90%，断裂强力8.04 cN，断裂伸长百分比40.11%，原毛油脂含量2.08%，卷曲6.70个/2.5 cm。不同性别的羊驼毛丛自然长度、净毛率、原毛油脂含量差异显著（P<0.05）；不同年龄的羊驼纤维直径、毛丛自然长度、断裂强力及原毛油脂含量差异显著（P<0.05）；不同被毛颜色的羊驼毛丛自然长度、纤维直径、原毛油脂含量及卷曲差异显著（P<0.05）。综上可知，阿克苏地区引进的羊驼在纤维直径、毛丛自然长度方面较优良，且性别、年龄、被毛颜色对羊驼毛纤维遗传性状存在显著影响。     

Characteristics of Angora rabbit fiber using optical fiber diameter analyzer

An experiment was conducted to describe the characteristics of Angora rabbit fiber using optical fiber diameter analyzer (OFDA). A total of 349 fleece samples were collected from 60 French Angora rabbits. Recorded measurements of OFDA were as follows: mean fiber diameter, CV of fiber diameter, comfort factor, spinning fineness, mean fiber curvature, SD of fiber curvature, mean opacity of fibers, percentage of medullated fibers, mean fiber diameter along the length, and SD of fiber diameter along the length. Comfort factor is the percentage of fibers less than or equal to 30 microns. The main effects included in the mixed model were fixed effects of group, harvest season, and age and a random effect of animal. Correlations among total fleece weight, compression, and OFDA measurements were calculated. Mean fiber diameter was lower than the fiber diameter along the length. Mean percentage of medullated fibers was very low and ranged from 0.1 to 7.3%. The mean comfort factor was 97.5% and ranged from 93.3 to 99.8%. The mean fiber curvature was 40.1 degrees/mm. The major changes in Angora fleece characteristics from 8 to 105 wk of age were an increase in fiber diameter, CV of fiber diameter, mean fiber diameter along the length and curvature, and a decrease in compression and comfort factor. The effect of harvest season was significant on some fiber characteristics. Mean fiber diameter and the mean fiber diameter along the length had a positive correlation with total fleece weight. The OFDA methodology is a method to evaluate fiber diameter, CV of fiber diameter, and bristle content through measuring of the comfort factor. However, OFDA is not adapted for measuring opacity or size of the medulla, or both, in Angora wool and needs a new definition or a special calibration. The spinning fineness should be redefined and adapted for Angora rabbits.     

饲粮纤维对家禽的营养调控研究进展

纤维曾被视为家禽饲粮所含的一种抗营养因子,但适量的饲粮纤维可有效改善家禽的营养与健康。饲粮纤维成分复杂,不同纤维源的营养功能与作用机制不尽相同。本文介绍饲粮纤维的概念与性质,探讨其对家禽消化生理、肠道健康及生产的影响,阐释其调控家禽营养的机制,为其在家禽生产中高效利用提供科学依据。     

日粮纤维营养在母猪生产中的应用

纤维被称为第七大营养素,对调节机体营养物质吸收、提高机体免疫能力、改善繁殖能力等方面具有重要作用。纤维在母猪生产中的研究相对较多,但不同来源和水平的日粮纤维对母猪的各个阶段影响及作用机理存在一定的差异。文章就日粮纤维的化学组分和来源、在妊娠母猪、泌乳母猪、后备母猪生产中的研究进展进行综述,以期为日粮纤维在母猪生产中的应用提供一定的理论依据。     

牧草膳食纤维及其发展趋势

膳食纤维对人体健康具有重要的生理功能和医疗作用,引起世界各国营养学家的极大关注,随着人们对牧草应用研究的不断深入,牧草已成为提取膳食纤维的重要原料.綜述了牧草膳食纤维研究概况,包括牧草膳食纤维的优点、生理功能、分离制备和改性方法等,并对今后牧草膳食纤维发展提出一些看法和展望.牧草膳食纤维的开发不但可以提高牧草的综合利用率,增加经济效益,为牧草的加工开辟了新途径.加大牧草等新膳食纤维资源的研究工作,对于改善人口的膳食结构,促进经济发展,都具有重要的现实意义.     

Effects of fiber and virginiamycin on nutrient absorption, nutrient retention and rate of passage in growing swine

Three balance trials, each involving 12 crossbred gilts averaging 35.2 kg body weight, were conducted to determine the effects of dietary fiber and virginiamycin on nutrient digestibility, mineral absorption and retention, and digesta rate of passage (RP). Two levels of fiber (13.5 and 20.2% neutral detergent fiber) and two levels of virginiamycin (0 and 11 ppm) were used in a 2 X 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The RP was determined by observing the time required for a change in feces color after the addition of .5% chromic oxide to the diet. The high fiber diet had a faster (P less than .01) RP, which was associated with depressions (P less than .001) in the digestibility of dry matter (DM), energy (E), cell contents, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (HC), cellulose, permanganate lignin and ash. Virginiamycin supplementation slowed (P less than .004) the RP of both low and high fiber diets, but improved (P less than .05) the DM, E, NDF, ADF, HC and cellulose digestibility of the high fiber diet only. Fiber increased (P less than .06) fecal N excretion, whereas virginiamycin supplementation decreased (P less than .08) fecal N excretion. The addition of virginiamycin improved the absorption and retention of P, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn when added to the high fiber diet, but had little or no effect when added to the low fiber diet even though absorption and retention values for most minerals were similar or slightly higher for the unsupplemented high fiber diet compared with the unsupplemented low fiber diet.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Dietary fiber and microbiota interaction regulates sow metabolism and reproductive performance

Dietary fiber is a critical nutrient in sow diet and has attracted interest of animal nutritionists for many years. In addition to increase sows’ satiety, dietary fiber has been found to involve in the regulation of multiple biological functions in the sow production. The interaction of dietary fiber and gut microbes can produce bioactive metabolites, which are of great significance to sows'' metabolism and reproductive performance. This article reviewed the interaction between dietary fiber and gut microbes in regulating sows'' gut microbial diversity, intestinal immune system, lactation, and production performance, with the aim to provide a new strategy for the use of dietary fiber in sow diets.