RAPD analysis on genomic DNA of male and female plants of Acer negundo L.

IntroductionRAPDisawidelyadoptedmolecularbiologicaltechniqueinmanyfieldsincludingforestry.J.1.Hormazaetsl.(1994)appliedthistechniquetosexrelatedresearchondioecioustreespeciesPistsciaveraL.andresultedverywell.Arandomprimerthatproducesspecificamplificationsolelyforfemaleplantwasscreened.Itwassupposedthespecificamplificationwascloselylinkedtofemafesexcontrolgene.AndtherandomprimerwasprovedapplicabletoseedlingsexidentificationofPiStscisveraL.bysystematicalexperiments.ApreliminarystudyonAcerne…     

RAPD analysis on genomic DNA of male and female plants ofAcer negundo L

Genomic DNAs were isolated from both male and female plants ofAcer negundo L., by modified CTAB method of Doyle and Doyle for plant genomic DNA isolation and consequently tested with RAPD technique. Some sex-related specific oxyribonucleic acid bands were amplified by a group of decamer oligonucleotide random primers. This indicated that some genetic marks related to sexes of the species were found, which laid a foundation for sapling sex identification ofAcer negundo L. Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

马尾松开花结实特征及种子产量预测

采用标准枝法以及可见半面树冠法研究了马尾松开花时间、球花和果实在树冠的分布特征 ,采用球果切开法测定球果结籽数量。运用线性回归方法 ,建立马尾松树体性状、花、果与种子相互之间的预测模型。结果表明 :(1)雌花芽在树冠中由上至下数量逐渐减少 ,雌花集中分布在第Ⅱ～Ⅳ年龄段 ;雄花呈相反分布 ,雄花主要分布在第Ⅷ～Ⅹ年龄段 ;(2 )幼果主要分布在第Ⅲ～Ⅵ年龄段 ,成熟球果 (以下简称成果 )主要分布在第Ⅳ～Ⅶ年龄段 ;(3)树木胸径与开花强度及单株结实量之间呈强正相关 ,马尾松平均胸径 15 0cm、开花强度 0 4以上的林分结实能力强 ;(4)基本预测模型拟合以一元一次线性回归精度及相关系数最大 ,预测效果最好 ;(5 )可见半面树冠法的预测效果较好 ,生产可操作性强 ,为最佳预测方法 ;(6 )幼果和成果的预测模型可以满足中短期预测的需要 ,基于雌花因子预测可以提前 19个月估测成果结实量     

花桥早熟板栗实生选种研究

1996~2005年,我们对花桥早熟板栗开展了实生选种研究,初步选育出花桥1号和花桥2号两个优良早熟新品种。研究结果表明:花桥1号和花桥2号两个新品种确实具有成熟期早、果粒大、抗性强、栽培管理容易、丰产性好、商品价值高等优良性状,在湘中丘岗山地具有广阔的开发前景,属地方名特优新品种。     

青枯菌对桉树及非寄主树木根部吸附和侵入的比较

通过接种青枯菌与非病原的大肠杆菌,对2个桉树无性系和1种非寄主树木的根表吸附菌量及根内含菌量进行测定.结果表明:青枯菌对感病寄主根表的吸附量多于对抗病寄主和非寄主根表的吸附量,对感病寄主根部的侵入量多于对抗病寄主但少于对非寄主根部的侵入量;病原菌较非病原菌对感病寄主根表的吸附量大,但二者对感病寄主根部的侵入量则依据根部伤口的有无而互有高低.青枯菌接种24 h内,感病寄主根表吸附菌量和根内含菌量呈上升趋势,在抗病寄主及非寄主根表的吸附菌量和根内含菌量却呈下降趋势.从统计学上看,青枯菌对寄主根部的吸附和侵入都显示出了一定的选择性,但由于病原细菌能够大量地吸附和侵入抗病寄主和非寄主根部,非病原细菌也能够大量地吸附和侵入桉树根部,因此这种选择性的生物学意义不大,青枯菌对桉树根表没有表现出明显的识别行为.     

Aggregation ofPlatypus quercivorus (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) on oak logs bored by males of the species

To provide evidence for the aggregation ofPlatypus quercivorus (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) in association with the mass mortality of oak trees in Japan, we compared the number of beetles attracted to oak logs bored by males with the number of beetles attracted to logs that had not been bored. Large numbers of males and females were attracted to the bored logs, and the total numbers increased as the number of entry holes in the logs increased. This result shows that both male and female beetles aggregate on logs bored by the males. We collected a large number of beetles attracted to living trees bored by the beetles, and the total number of beetles collected increased as the number of entry holes/m² on the tree trunk increased. Beetles also aggregated on living trees bored by the males.     

Abundance-dependent transmission of the pinewood nematode, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bursaphelenchus xylophilus</Emphasis> (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), to the Japanese pine sawyer, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monochamus alternatus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), adult in its pupal chamber

The transmission ratio of the pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, to the emerging adult Japanese pine sawyer (JPS), Monochamus alternatus, in its pupal chamber is a determinant of the number of the nematodes carried by JPS beetles. To investigate the factors affecting the transmission ratio, we counted the number of the nematodes carried by 36 newly emerged JPS beetles and the number remaining in and around their pupal chambers, and then estimated the transmission ratio (the number of nematodes carried by a JPS adult as a percentage of the total number of nematodes aggregating in and around its pupal chamber). The total number of nematodes aggregating in and around a pupal chamber ranged from 0 to 19,041, and the number of nematodes carried by a beetle ranged from 0 to 18,920. The transmission ratio correlated with neither the water content of the wood around the pupal chamber nor the degree of wood discoloration caused by blue-stain fungus. The transmission ratio varied with the abundance of the nematodes aggregating in and around the pupal chamber. In pupal chambers with more than 1,000 nematodes, almost all the nematodes were transmitted to the beetle. However, in pupal chambers with fewer than 1,000 nematodes, the transmission ratio varied greatly, from 0 to 100%. These results suggest that aggregation of many PWNs in the pupal chamber might stimulate transmission of the PWNs to the JPS adult and that this abundance-related transmission might contribute to the large variation in the number of PWNs carried by the JPS beetle.     

On the gain by spreading seeds; a statistical analysis of sowing experiments

An attempt is made to quantify the reduction in zero‐plot frequency which is obtained by better spreading of seeds than what is common. There is presented a simple method based on the mixed binomial model to calculate from experimental data zero‐group frequencies for any number of seeds per spot less than the number in the real experiment. A model describing how the zero‐group frequency depends on the number of spots per plot and number of seeds per spot is developed.     

Variation in effective number of clones in seed orchards

The effective number of clones (N _c) wasestimated for 255 conifer clonal seed orchards in Finland, Korea, andSweden, based on the variation in the number of ramets among clones. Themean census number of clones (N) varied from 70, in 13 KoreanPinus koraiensis seed orchards, to 139 in 176 Finnish Pinussylvestris seed orchards. The mean effective number of clones(N _c) was 66, with a range from 10 to 421. One fifthof the orchards had N _c between 10 and 40, and twothirds between 41 and 160. On average, the relative effective number ofclones (N _r =N _c/N) was 0.74, with a range from 0.2to almost 1.0. Thus, the census number of clones in a seed orchard isgenerally rather informative, but the effective number of clones is moreinformative. Many of these first-generation seed orchards wereestablished with an intention to have near-equal numbers of ramets foreach clone. The use of effective number of clones may be more importantin future seed orchards and genetically thinned seed orchards.     

云冷杉针阔混交林天然更新的灰色分析

影响云冷杉混交林天然更新效果的因素有很多,哪种因素起的作用大,仅用定性分析难以做出判断。本文采用灰色系统理论中的关联分析法,对影响云冷杉针阔混交林天然更新的因素进行排序分析。排序结果依重要性由高到低为:海拔高度、蓄积量、林木株数、郁闭度、坡度、腐殖质厚度、针叶树株数、针叶树蓄积比重。在人为可以控制的因素中蓄积量得分最高,其次是林木株数、郁闭度、针叶树株数、针叶树蓄积比重。     

2012年冬季鄱阳湖大型越冬水鸟数量与分布

2013年3月8日对鄱阳湖大型水鸟数量和分布进行了同步调查,同时还记录了大型水鸟的栖息生境和成幼比。本次调查共记录到大型水鸟10种,总数量40573只。雁形目水鸟数量占本次调查所有水鸟总数量的88.32%。小天鹅的数量最多,为16552只。栖息生境调查显示,白鹤在泥滩地中的群体个数最多,占比为56.52%,白头鹤、白枕鹤、灰鹤在草地中栖息的群体个数最多,接近或超过70%。4种鹤的幼鸟比例都在18%以上。     

木麻黄水培苗出根条数与出根率关系研究

研究木麻黄水培苗的出根条数和出根率的关系，结果表明，木麻黄水培苗的出根条数和出根率成极显著的正相关，相关系数r=0.935，出根率高的水培苗，其出板条数多，反之亦然，当木麻黄水培育的出根率x在85．75％－99．75％之间，其出根条数Y的直线回归议程为：Y＝0．100＋0．031x，出根条数的多少和出根率的高低均与木麻黄的无性系有关，无性系不同，其出根，出根条数均有差异，在同一无性系中，出根率高的水培苗，其出根条数多，据此来判断或预测生产上培育的同一品系水培苗质量的好坏及将来根系的发达与否，也可根据不同品系水培苗出根率的高低作为良种选育的一个依据。     

Genetic thinning of clonal seed orchards using linear deployment may improve both gain and diversity

The linear deployment algorithm defines a straight line relationship between the number of ramets and the breeding value of a given clone. However, when used to determine thinning in clonal seed orchards, there is an upper limit, determined by the number of ramets in the seed orchard prior to thinning. Linear deployment thinning maximises genetic gain and effective clone number whilst minimising thinning intensity, thus both production and genetic diversity are optimised. Here two applications of linear deployment to Swedish Norway spruce seed orchards are described.     

Mathematical expression for the relationship between internode number and internode length for bamboo, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllostachys pubescens</Emphasis>

We analyzed the relationship between internode number and internode length for one of the largest bamboo, Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel ex Houz. For 50 sample culms with various sizes felled in a purest and of P. pubescens, the internode number was assigned from base totip and the length for each internode was directly measured. The result indicated that the internode length should be cumulated from base to tip,and then the cumulated internode length should be relativized by the total culm length. It was inappropriate to relativize the internode length by themaximum intenode length. In addition, the relationship between therelative internode number (the internode number relativized by the total number of internodes) and the relative cumulated internode length should be described not by a power function but by a sigmoid function such as the third-order function. The determined function enabled us to estimate the actual internode length, with the root mean squared error being 4 cm.In conclusion, the mathematical expression presented here, i.e., there lativization of the cumulated internode length by the total culm length and the application of the sigmoid function, will be useful in describing the relationship between internode number and internode length for P.pubescens.     

Red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) management in the dehesa system in Central Extremadura,Spain

In this paper we report the results of a study on the suitability of the dehesa (Mediterranean woodlands) as habitat of red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) in a closed country estate of about 4300 ha total surface situated in the San Pedro Mountain, in Central Extremadura, Spain. We have described the deer management with respect to habitat, exploitation mode, deer feeding, population control and production of goods and services. It is concluded that the dehesa system is a rich natural resource that preserves and improves the degraded environment.

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Resumen En el presente trabajo se estudia la dehesa como hábitat del ciervo (Cervus elaphus hispanicus). Se ha tomado como referencia una finca cerrada de 4300 ha de ST situada en la Sierra de San Pedro, en Extremadura, España. Se describen los sistemas de gestión actuales del ciervo en cuanto a hábitat, modo de explotación, alimentación, control de población y producción de bienes y servicios. Concluyendo con la necesidad de fomentar este tipo de explotaciones cinegéticas de dehesa que ayudan a conservar y potenciar el medio ambiente en zonas despobladas y deprimidas

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Abbreviations CS collected surface - DMFCU deedmixed feed cattle units - Fi final inventory - FS fertilized surface - Ii Initial inventory - K Potassium - N Nitrogen - NBF number of breeding females - NBFIi number of breeding females of initial inventory - NBFR number of breeding females released - NBM number of breeding males - NBMIi number of breeding males of initial inventory - NBMR number of breeding males released - NCCR number of captive calves released - NCFi number of calves of final inventory - NCR number of calves released - NFR number of female renovation - NYMR number of young males released - NYFR number of young females released - P phosphorus - PP permanent Pastures - pts pesetas - QS Quercus stalks - RDED resources directly eaten by deer - SPOM selected hunted down poor quality males - SS sowed surface - TN total needs of deer - TNR total number released - UAS useable agrarian surface - WB wooded brush - WQS wooded Quercus surface - WS wooded surface     

Is it necessary to change the number of samples for different forest types when evaluating plant species richness? A case study in a forested landscape in central Japan

We demonstrate a method for evaluating the appropriate number of samples required to estimate plant species richness in different forest types within a forested landscape. In each of 36 plots (0.1 ha each) from 5 forest types (deciduous broad-leaved secondary forest and 4 categories of coniferous plantation classified according to stand age) in central Japan, 40 quadrats of 1 × 1 m were set in a regular pattern; the total number of quadrats in each forest type ranged from 200 to 400. In each plot, the number of observed species in 40 quadrats ranged from 60 to 80% of the number of species estimated by the rarefaction method for each forest type. Sampling 30 quadrats detected approximately 90% of the observed species in each plot that were detected using 40 quadrats. In specific functional groups (i.e., tall trees and weed species), the ratios of both tall trees and weed species to all species were at equilibrium for 30 or more quadrats. For fewer than 30 quadrats these ratios were highly variable. No significant differences were found among forest types in the ratio of the observed number of species in each plot to the estimated number of species calculated using the rarefaction method, and in sampling efficiency estimated by use of non-parametric estimators. We concluded that the number of samples does not need to be changed according to forest type or plantation stand age in the studied landscape, and that the method used to evaluate the number of samples could be useful.     

Relations Between Permeability and Structure of Wood

The permeability and the structure of heartwood and sapwood of the solvent-exchange dried and the air-dried green-wood of Chinese-fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata(Lamb.)Hook.)and masson pine(Pinus massoniana Lamb.) were measured in order to study the relations between the permeability and the structure.The results showed that the permeability of sapwood of both the air-dried and the solvent-exchange dried wood was higher than that of heartwood,and the permeability of the solvent-exchanged a bigger number of flow path per unit area of the wood perpendicular to the flow direction resulted from a bigger number of unaspirated pits per unit area and a bigger number of effective pit openings per membrane,and on the other hand,a smaller number of tracheid in series connection per unit length parallel to flow direction resulted from a longer tracheid longth and an effective tracheid length for permeability.     

ENSO对黑龙江省森林火灾的影响

利用黑龙江省1980—1999年森林火灾数据,以及NINO3.4指数和SOI指数,分别对其进行谱分析,得出其波动周期分别为:火灾次数的周期为10.00年;火灾面积的周期为6.67年;La Nin~a和El Nin~o在这20年中的基本周期为5.00年。进而对其进行相关性分析,结果表明,La Nin~a和El Ni~no与森林火灾面积和次数的相关性极为显著,NI-NO3.4指数与森林火灾年发生面积与次数呈负相关,相关系数分别为-0.523 1和-0.659 4,SOI指数与森林火灾年发生次数与面积呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.525 4和0.536 3。La Ni~na对森林火灾的影响较El Nin~o的影响要小。由于受遥相关二次效应的影响,森林火灾的发生相对于El Nin~o事件的高峰有一定的滞后。在ENSO暖事件间期,通常火灾面积、次数会异常增高。     

Temporal variations in cold sensitivity of root growth in cold-stored white spruce seedlings

We examined effects of soil temperature on the number of roots produced by white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss) seedlings during the first month of growth following 0-30 weeks of storage in darkness at -2 degrees C. After storage, seedlings were planted in pots and placed in a controlled-environment chamber with a constant air temperature of 11 degrees C and a 16-h photoperiod. Water baths were used to keep soil temperature at 3, 7 or 11 degrees C. The number of long roots (> 10 mm) produced was strongly dependent on soil temperature. At soil temperatures of 3 or 7 degrees C, the number of long roots produced was only 11 to 30% that at 11 degrees C. Seedlings that had been stored for 14 weeks and then planted in soil at 11 degrees C produced the greatest number of long roots. For seedlings planted in soil at 11 degrees C, the number of long roots increased with time of storage up to 14-18 weeks and then declined progressively with length of storage. No increase in number of long roots with length of storage up to 18 weeks was evident in seedlings planted in soil at 3 or 7 degrees C. The maximum number of short roots (5-10 mm) was observed in seedlings that had been stored for 17 weeks and then planted in soil at 7 or 11 degrees C.     

麦草氧碱蒸煮浆的低温压力过氧化氢漂白

对麦草在低温(85℃)下氧碱蒸煮,所得草浆在较低温度(80℃)下进行压力过氧化氢漂白。漂白后浆料卡伯值从17.9降至9.4～11.9;黏度比漂白前浆料黏度稍有增加,从1 042 mL/g增加到1 158～1 192 mL/g;纸浆白度(ISO)从37.1%升高至45.6%～60.6%,且与卡伯值之间具有一定的线性关系:白度增加=卡伯值降低×1.57;浆料得率在86.6%～89.5%之间,同时得率降低与卡伯值减少之间具有较为标准的线性关系:浆料得率降低=卡伯值降低×0.19。