奶牛产后瘫痪的诊疗体会

<正> 奶牛产后瘫痪是由于产后血钙降低,神经功能障碍而引起的一种病症。多在牛分娩后的当天或两天后发生,但也有分娩后分娩稍前发生的。常发生于高产牛或中年牛,还有连胎发生的。又常发生在开头被挤空或挤多了初乳的牛。病因直接原因是机体慢性缺钙。牛在怀孕尤其在泌乳时消耗的钙量增多,而在分娩前后肠道往往受阻,吸收钙量减少,人不敷出,需要大量补充,此时如得不到应有的调节,血钙水平将因剧烈下降而突发本病。甲状旁腺是司钙调节器官,它的重要功能,是当血钙水平有下降倾向时,把骨中钙藏移动到血液中去。甲     

奶牛产后瘫痪治疗体会

奶牛产后瘫痪发病率较高，是一种急性低血钙症。主要特征是全身肌肉无力，循环衰竭，知觉减退或消失及四肢瘫痪，卧地不起，精神抑制和昏迷，一般产后3d内发病较多，高产奶牛发病较多。     

奶牛产后瘫痪的治疗

产后瘫痪又称乳热症,是成年母牛分娩突然发生的急性以低血钙为主要特征的一种营养代谢障碍病。高产奶牛或有继往病史的奶牛易发,通常发生于产后3d内,有时产前1～2d或产后7d也可发病。当尿液偏碱性时,通常可说明分娩奶牛患有低血钙症。     

奶牛产后瘫痪的诊疗

产后瘫痪又称生产瘫痪,是奶牛分娩后突然发生的一种以体温下降、四肢麻痹、卧地不起、知觉丧失并伴有咽、舌及肠道麻痹等为特征症状的代谢疾病。该病广泛存在于世界各地,是奶牛饲养中的一种常见病。2007年3月作者在榆中县畜牧中心实习期间收治2例奶牛的产后瘫痪,现报告如下:     

奶牛产后瘫痪的诊疗

奶牛产后瘫痪，是指奶牛产后突然发生的以舌、咽、胃肠道麻痹，知觉丧失及四肢瘫痪为主要特征的一种严重的全身代谢性疾病。该病发病率高，且发病迅速，危害性大，给奶牛生产造成较大的威胁。笔者就临床收治的35例病例，谈几点个人体会。     

奶牛产后瘫痪的诊疗体会

2008年12月20日,吉林市丰满区白山乡1头奶牛突然发病,主诉该奶牛产后1 d(天)多,突然倒地不起,诊断为产后瘫痪,经5 d治疗后痊愈.     

奶牛产后瘫痪的诊疗体会

2008年12月20日,吉林市丰满区白山乡1头奶牛突然发病,主诉该奶牛产后1d（天）多,突然倒地不起,诊断为产后瘫痪,经5d治疗后痊愈。     

奶牛产后瘫痪的综合诊疗

奶牛产后瘫痪也叫乳热症或低钙血症或生产瘫痪,是母牛分娩后易突发的一种严重的代谢性疾病。现阶段我国奶牛养殖的数量和规模获得极大提高,奶牛养殖的疾病问题也开始逐渐凸显。本文分析了奶牛产后瘫痪的症状、病因和治疗措施,并提出了改善母牛干乳期的饲养管理、优质粗饲料的饲喂、母牛良好的饲养环境和适量补充钙磷等预防措施。     

奶牛产后瘫痪的诊治体会

奶牛产后瘫痪在产科病中虽说发病率不高，但若不及时诊治或治疗不当，则可造成较大的经济损失。本病是母牛在分娩后突然发生的一种以急性低血钙症为主要特征的营养代谢障碍病。其主要表现是母牛精神沉郁，食欲不振，四肢肌肉震颤，站立不稳，瘫痪，卧地不起，重症者知觉丧失，体温下降至35℃左右。笔者通过对收治的20例发病奶牛的调查与治疗，谈几点体会，以供同行参考。     

奶牛生产瘫痪的诊疗与体会

生产瘫痪又称乳热症（Milkfever），是母牛分娩后1-3天内突然发生的以知觉丧失、昏迷及四肢瘫痪为特征的急性低血钙症。本病一般多见于3—6胎的高产母牛。随着我国奶牛业的发展、繁殖育种技术的进步，高产牛群不断壮大。若饲养管理不当，必将引起生产瘫痪，若得不到及时有效的救治，多并发胎衣不下、乳房炎、酮病以及子宫内膜炎等，给我国奶牛业带来巨大损失。就笔者在临床实践过程遇到一病例汇报如下。     

A novel nutritional strategy to prevent milk fever and stimulate milk production in dairy cows

AIMS: To assess the efficacy of a feed supplement designed to reduce the dietary availability of calcium when fed during the last 2-3 weeks of pregnancy, on the incidence of postparturient hypocalcaemia (milk fever) and on milksolids (MS) production in pasture-fed dairy cows in early lactation. METHODS: In Experiment 1, late-pregnant Holstein/Friesian cows, 4-10 years old, grazing pasture, were either fed the supplement (1 kg/cow/day) for 2-4 weeks prior to calving (n=11) or no supplement (n=10). Plasma calcium concentrations were measured immediately before and after a 20 h fast intended to induce hypocalcaemia at the end of this period, 1-7 days before the cows calved. In Experiment 2, mixed-breed dairy cows, 3-10 years old in 7 commercial dairy herds were fed the same supplement (1 kg/cow/day) for 1-3 weeks immediately prior to calving (n=565) or no supplement (n=614), and incidences of clinical milk fever and MS production at 6-9 weeks post calving were compared between groups. RESULTS: In Experiment 1, plasma calcium concentrations were higher (p=0.01) in supplemented than in non-supplemented cows after fasting, indicating reduced susceptibility to fasting-induced hypocalcaemia. In Experiment 2, the incidence of milk fever was lower (6.4% vs 17.1%, p=0.001) and MS production was higher (p=0.01) in supplemented than in non-supplemented cows. CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results demonstrate that feeding a supplement designed to reduce dietary calcium availability for 2-4 weeks immediately prior to calving reduced the susceptibility of cows to fasting-induced hypocalcaemia, reduced the incidence of clinical milk fever and increased MS production in early lactation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The concept and product reported here have potential to provide dairy farmers with a practical means to prevent hypocalcaemia and improve milk production during early lactation.     

Ketosis treatment and milk yield in dairy cows related to milk acetoacetate levels

Milk yield and milk acetoacetate (M-acac) were measured weekly for the first 6 weeks of lactation in 5 herds with a ketosis problem. Ketosis treatments and the corresponding ketotest score, were also recorded. The treatment rate was highest 7-16 days after calving. Most of these early cases were associated with low ketone levels in milk, whereas the treatment rate for cows with high ketone levels was highest 17-31 days after calving. Nearly half of the treated cows were low-ketone animals. They were classified as ketosis cases in the cow health card records, although probably suffering from other post partum disturbances in many instances. About 40% of the cows with high ketone levels recovered spontaneously. Reduction in milk yield associated with peak M-acac levels was transient and moderate. It was concluded that health card statistics overestimates the severity of the ketosis problem in Norway.     

The monitoring, prevention, and treatment of milk fever and subclinical hypocalcemia in dairy cows

The periparturient cow undergoes a transition from non-lactating to lactating at calving. The animal is tremendously challenged to maintain calcium homeostasis. Those that fail can develop milk fever, a clinical disorder that is life threatening to the cow and predisposes the animal to a variety of other disorders. Guidelines for monitoring the incidence of hypocalcemia and methods for treating milk fever are reviewed. The physiological factors that cause milk fever and strategies for prevention of milk fever are discussed, focusing on the effects diet cation-anion difference can have on tissue sensitivity to parathyroid hormone. Another major risk factor for milk fever is hypomagnesemia, which is observed when animals are fed inadequate amounts of magnesium, or some factor is present in the diet that prevents adequate absorption of magnesium. Moderate hypomagnesemia impairs the ability of the cow to maintain calcium homeostasis and hypocalcemia occurs.     

Decreases in serum apolipoprotein B-100 and A-I concentrations in cows with milk fever and downer cows

Milk fever occurring during the peripartum period has been suggested to be caused by fatty liver developed during the nonlactating stage because diseased cows have increased serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and show hepatic lipidosis. In cows with fatty liver and related diseases such as ketosis, serum concentrations of apolipoprotein (apo) B-100 and apoA-I are decreased. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether apoB-100 and apoA-I concentrations are similarly decreased in cows with milk fever. Apolipoprotein concentrations were also measured in cows with downer syndrome, which has been suggested to be related, at least in part, to milk fever. Compared with healthy cows during early lactation, apoB-100 and apoA-I concentrations were decreased in cows with milk fever and also in downer cows. In cows with milk fever, the decreases in apoB-100 and apoA-I concentrations were associated with increased NEFA and decreased cholesterol and phospholipid concentrations. However, in downer cows, serum lipid concentration changes were not as distinct as in cows with milk fever. These results, coupled with previous findings on the decreases in apoB-100 and apoA-I concentrations of cows with fatty liver-related diseases, suggest that fatty liver is involved in the development of milk fever and partly in that of downer cow syndrome.     

Concentrations of apolipoprotein C-III in healthy cows during the peripartum period and cows with milk fever.

Apolipoprotein (apo) C-III is a low-molecular-mass protein mainly distributed in the high-density lipoprotein fraction in cattle serum. We have recently shown that the apoC-III concentration is decreased in cows with fatty liver, ketosis, left displacement of the abomasum, retained placenta and milk fever. The decrease was most distinct in milk fever, thereby suggesting that apoC-III is particularly relevant to the development of milk fever and also that apoC-III is a candidate diagnostic marker for this disease. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the apoC-III concentration in healthy cows is altered during the peripartum period, to assess the usefulness of apoC-III as a marker for milk fever. ApoC-III concentrations in 17 cows were monitored during the peripartum period (-48 to +12 days from parturition). Of the 17 cows, 14 were apparently healthy during the period. The apoC-III concentrations in the 14 healthy cows were unaltered during the period from -48 to -21 days, but thereafter showed individual variations. Compared with values during the period from -48 to -21 days, the apoC-III concentration was increased (137%) in 5 cows during the period from +1 to +12 days, whereas it decreased (60.7%) in 9 cows. Three cows suffered from milk fever at -3 to +10 days. Decreased apoC-III concentrations in diseased cows (15 to 37% of controls) were more distinct than in the 9 healthy cows. The apoC-III concentration was correlated with lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in cows with milk fever, but not in healthy cows. Correlation analysis also indicated that apoC-III and apoB-100 concentrations were negatively correlated in 5 healthy cows with increased apoC-III concentrations, but positively in 9 healthy cows with decreased concentrations and cows with milk fever. Determination of the apoC-III concentration during the peripartum period is suggested to be helpful in diagnosing milk fever. The possible relevance of apoC-III and apoB-100 in the development of milk fever is also implied.     

Use of pre-partum urine pH to predict the risk of milk fever in dairy cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate the correlation between serum calcium (Ca) and inorganic phosphorus (IP) values and urine pH of cows fed common rations without the addition of anionic salts in late pregnancy. One hundred and seven Holstein cows, having completed two or more lactations and with an expected calving date within the next seven days were selected from two herds. In order to determine levels of serum Ca and IP and urine pH, blood and urine samples were collected seven to one days before parturition. Of the 107 sampled cows, 17 developed recumbency after calving and were considered to be affected by milk fever. There were significant ( p<0.01 ) negative correlations between urine pH and serum Ca, IP and the ratio of Ca to IP, The urine pH, and levels of serum Ca and IP measured within 48 h prior to parturition differed significantly ( p<0.001 ) between recumbent and non-recumbent cows. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of urine pH test 48 h prior to parturition, using a cut off level of above pH 8.25, were 100%, 81%, 55%, and 100%, respectively. These signify that monitoring urine pH within 48 h prior to parturition is a sensitive method to assess the risk of parturient paresis. The results of this study emphasize the importance of acid-base status of the animal in the pathophysiology of milk fever.     

Preventive effect of mildly altering dietary cation-anion difference on milk fever in dairy cows

In the present study, we examined whether mildly altering dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) contributes to the prevention of milk fever in dairy cows. Thirty multiparous cows and ten primiparous cows (heifer group) were used in this study and the multiparous cows were randomly divided into three groups of ten animals each (anion, non-anion and control groups). The cows in the anion group were given supplemental salts that slightly lowered DCAD. These salts consisted of 115 g of CaCO3, 42 g of CaHPO4, 65 g of MgSO4 x 7 H2O and 80 g of CaCl2 x 2 H2O as a daily dose for each cow, using a catheter from 21 days before the expected date of parturition until parturition. The cows in the non-anion group were given only the same Ca, Mg and ip supplement but no sulfate and chloride salts as that in the anion group. The cows in the control and heifer groups were not given any additional supplement. The incidence of hypocalcemia in the anion group decreased to approximately half of those in the non-anion and control groups, while the heifer group did not develop hypocalcemia at all. In addition, the number of days spent for the treatment of hypocalcemia and the number of drug bottles (calcium borogluconate solution) used for the treatment decreased to less than half in the anion group compared with those in the non-anion and control groups. At parturition, the serum Ca concentration in the control (6.2 +/- 1.9 mg/dl, mean +/- standard deviation) and non-anion groups (6.4 +/- 1.7 mg/dl) were significantly lower than that in the heifer group (8.3 +/- 0.4 mg/dl), and the level in the anion group was intermediate (7.3 +/- 1.3 mg/dl). The change in ionized Ca concentration was almost the same as that in serum Ca concentration, but only the concentration in the anion group tended to increase slightly from a week before parturition and was significantly higher than that in all other groups three days before parturition. Urinary pH in the anion group was maintained at a mildly acidic level (6.8-7.0) for the last two weeks before parturition, compared with those in the control (7.3-7.5) and non-anion groups (7.9-8.1), and similar to that in the heifer group (6.3-7.3). The urinary Ca excretion was the highest in the anion group among all groups during the prepartum period. There were no specific changes in the excretion of parathyroid hormone and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in all groups of multiparous cows while the levels of these hormones remained low in the heifer group throughout the experimental period. The data in the present study indicates that the administration of anion salts that slightly lowered DCAD in the preparum period was effective for preventing milk fever in multiparous cows. Safe and mild metabolic acidosis induced by the anion salts could be evaluated by urinary pH (6.8-7.0), and might increase the responsiveness to Ca requirement at parturition through some complex mechanisms unrelated to the excretion of Ca-related hormones. In addition, it was clarified that primiparous cows have a high potential to respond to sudden Ca demand unrelated to hormone excretion, and their Ca metabolism was in some respects similar to that in multiparous cows fed anion salts. Therefore, manipulating mildly DCAD is expected to be an effective, safe and natural method for preventing milk fever in dairy cows.