大豆资源的筛豆龟蝽[Megacopta cribraria (Fabricius) ]抗性鉴定

在观察筛豆龟蝽发生情况及其在大豆上的危害特征基础上,比较了田间自然危害条件下各种抗性鉴定指标,以茎枝黑霉程度结合叶片紫斑数为抗性分级指标鉴定了国内外大批资源,筛选出58份抗、感食叶性害虫的大豆材料,其筛豆龟蝽抗性结果表明,品种间、观察日期间和区组间都有极显著差异,品种×观察日期互作也极显著,最终筛选出PI227687、安陆小黄豆、花柒黄毛豆、沔阳白毛豆等高抗种质,并提出了一套鉴定方法和指标。     

大豆抗筛豆龟蝽Megacota cribraria (Fabricius)的QTL分析

筛豆龟蝽是我国南方大豆的主要害虫之一,本研究旨在定位筛豆龟蝽抗性QTL,分析其稳定性,为大豆抗筛豆龟蝽育种提供参考。以科丰1号×南农1138-2组合衍生的184个重组自交系群体NJRIKY（简称KY）和皖82-178×通山薄皮黄豆甲组合衍生的142个重组自交系群体NJRIWT（简称WT）为材料,2004—2006在田间自然虫源下鉴定了筛豆龟蝽抗性。不同年份内以黑霉程度为指标的方差分析结果表明家系间差异在每年都达极显著水平,遗传变异系数都相当大,遗传率中等偏高。利用Windows QTL Cartographer Version 2.5的复合区间作图法(CIM),KY群体的抗性QTL主要位于D1a和C2连锁群,WT群体的抗性QTL主要位于H和D1b连锁群。KY群体3年均检测出的qRMC-d1a-1位于D1a连锁群,贡献率为7.6%~31.4%;2005和2006两年均检测出的qRMC-c2-1位于C2连锁群,与环境有互作,效应相对较小;抗性等位基因来自南农1138-2;qRMC-d1a-1和qRMC-h-1在2005年和2006年存在显著的互作。WT群体连锁群H上的qRMC-h-1在3年中都被检测到,贡献率为16.3%~36.2%;D1b连锁群上的qRMC-d1b-2在2004和2005年被检测到,效应相对较小;抗性等位基因来自通山薄皮黄豆甲。虽然WT群体D1b和H连锁群上的这2个QTL在KY群体中也有一年被检测到,但2个群体抗性位点基本上是不同的。QTL在不同环境被重复检出,说明大豆对筛豆龟蝽的抗性由稳定的主效QTL所控制,其2侧邻近标记有希望用于标记辅助选择育种。     

大豆抗筛豆龟蝽Megacota cribraria(Fabricius)的QTL分析

筛豆龟蝽是我国南方大豆的主要害虫之一,本研究旨在定位筛豆龟蝽抗性QTL,分析其稳定性,为大豆抗筛豆龟蝽育种提供参考.以科丰1号×南农1138-2组合衍生的含184个重组自交系的群体NJRIKY(简称KY)和皖82-178x通山薄皮黄豆甲组合衍生的含142个重组自交系的群体NJRIWT(简称WT)为材料,2004--2006在田间自然虫源下鉴定了筛豆龟蝽抗性.不同年份内以黑霉程度为指标的方差分析结果表明家系间差异在每年都达极显著水平,遗传变异系数都相当大,遗传率中等偏高.利用Windows QTL Cartographer Version 2.5的复合区间作图法(CIM),KY群体的抗性QTL主要位于D1a和C2连锁群,WT群体的抗性QTL主要位于H和D1b连锁群.KY群体3年均检测出的qRMC-d1a-1位于D1a连锁群,贡献率为7.6%～31.4%;2005和2006两年均检测出的qRMC-c2-1位于C2连锁群,与环境有互作,效应相对较小;抗性等位基因来自南农1138-2;qRMC-dla-1和qRMC-h-1在2005年和2006年存在显著的互作.WT群体连锁群H上的qRMC-h-1在3年中都被检测到,贡献率为16.3%～36.2%;D1b连锁群上的qRMC-dlb-2在2004年和2005年被检测到,效应相对较小;抗性等位基因来自通山薄皮黄豆甲.虽然WT群体Dlb和H连锁群上的这2个QTL在KY群体中也有一年被检测到,但2个群体抗性位点基本上是不同的.QTL在不同环境被重复检出,说明大豆对筛豆龟蝽的抗性由稳定的主效QTL所控制,其2侧邻近标记有希望用于标记辅助选择育种.     

大豆对胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) 1号和4号生理小种抗性的遗传分析

大豆胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycines Ichinohe)是我国大豆的全国性主要病害之一。1号和4号生理小种是黄淮地区的优势小种。以Essex×ZDD2315、Peking×ZDD2315、PI88788×ZDD2226、Peking×ZDD2226的P₁、P₂、F₁、BC₁F₂为材料，用主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型分析大豆对胞囊线虫1号和4号生理小种抗性的遗传机制。结果表明，ZDD2315、ZDD2226对1号生理小种的抗性受主效基因控制，未发现多基因效应，且与Peking存在相同的抗病基因；抗性遗传表现组合特异性，Essex×ZDD2315组合为3对加性主基因遗传模型，主基因遗传率72.02%，PI88788×ZDD2226组合为2对显性上位主基因遗传模型，主基因遗传率62.33%。对4号生理小种的抗性为主基因＋多基因混合遗传模型，Essex×ZDD2315、Peking×ZDD2315、PI88788×ZDD2226等3个组合为3对主基因+多基因遗传模型，主基因遗传率分别为67.76%、72.46%和53.25%，多基因遗传率分别为24.48%、21.31%和35.77%；Peking×ZDD2226表现为2对主基因遗传模型，主基因遗传率45.40%。抗性基因表现为隐性，育种上可以在早代选择。培育多抗品种应以抗4号生理小种为主要目标进行基因聚合。     

棉花叶片中棉酚和单宁含量与绿盲蝽抗性的关系

 通过网室抗性鉴定和室内测定分析,系统研究了不同棉花品种（系）对绿盲蝽的抗性水平及棉花叶片棉酚和单宁含量与绿盲蝽抗性的关系。结果表明,不同棉花品种（系）叶片棉酚和单宁含量在不同时期存在差异;花铃期叶片棉酚和单宁含量与绿盲蝽抗性存在显著正相关,棉酚、单宁含量越高,棉花对绿盲蝽的抵抗作用越强。     

14个毛豆品种对大豆疫病的田间抗性鉴定

通过田间小区对比试验,对14个毛豆品种抗大豆疫病的田间抗性进行鉴定,鉴定结果表明：表现明显抗病的品种有皖3126、思源、AGS292#、闽豆1221、通酥823、301#、茶豆和2808,这些品种可以在病区试种推广;表现感病的品种有绿光75、青酥2号和毛豆75。湿度是影响大豆疫病发生危害的最关键因素之一,实施轮作可减轻发病。     

大豆对主要病害多抗性种质资源鉴定

近年黑龙江省生产上大豆病害发生严重,已成为影响大豆高产、优质的限制因素之一,调查、发现、了解大豆生产上病害发生危害情况,筛选和培育抗病品种是控制病害危害的最经济有效途径。本试验大量收集了国内外大豆资源材料,分别鉴定各品种（系）对大豆灰斑病、疫霉病和根腐病的抗性,然后进行双抗和多抗性鉴定。共筛选出3份抗灰斑病和疫霉病的双抗资源,筛选出3份抗根腐病和疫霉病的双抗资源,筛选出2份抗病毒病和灰斑病的双抗资源。为抗病育种提供了宝贵的多抗亲本。     

棉花叶片茸毛和色素腺数量与绿盲蝽抗性的关系

通过网室抗性鉴定和室内观察,研究了不同棉花品种(系)对绿盲蝽的抗性水平及棉花叶片茸毛数量和色素腺密度与绿盲蝽抗性的关系,为抗棉盲蝽棉花品种选育和制定棉盲蝽防治技术策略提供依据.结果表明,不同棉花品种对绿盲蝽的抗性水平存在明显的差异;不同棉花品种(系)叶片茸毛、色素腺点在不同生长期均存在显著差异;棉花叶面、叶背和叶片茸毛...     

大豆品种对SMV和大豆食心虫抗性研究

对962份大豆品种资源的抗性鉴定表明:抗SMV和高抗大豆食心虫材料较少。田间成株对SMV的抗性年度间较稳定。品种间对SMV的抗性因株系而异,成株抗性和种粒抗性无直接关系。品种间对大豆食心虫的抗性年度间差异很大。筛选出辽78-4042、辽81-5017等成株和种粒均抗SMV的双抗材料和铁荚四粒黄、黑河3号等高抗大豆食心虫材料,选出呼兰二号等对SMV和大豆食心虫兼抗材料。     

绿盲蝽危害对棉花防御性酶活性及丙二醛含量的诱导

以2种转基因棉品种国抗22、sGK321及其亲本泗棉3号、石远321为材料,研究受绿盲蝽危害胁迫后,其叶片防御性酶活性及丙二醛含量等生理指标的动态。结果表明:接种绿盲蝽前后,2种转基因棉花品种叶片防御性酶活性及丙二醛含量与其亲本棉花相比差异均不显著,说明外源基因的导入对棉花各项生理指标的变化无影响。同一棉花品种在绿盲蝽不同刺吸诱导的时间中,叶片防御性酶活性及丙二醛含量差异均达到极显著水平;在品种和接虫时间互作效应中,SOD、MDA、PAL活性或含量差异达显著或极显著水平,说明品种与接虫时间在这几个指标水平上存在真实的交互作用,而其余生理指标的差异不显著。     

中国栽培和野生大豆农艺及品质性状与SSR标记的关联分析 II. 优异等位变异的发掘

在前文研究已检出与农艺品质性状显著关联的SSR位点的基础上, 本文进一步对与性状关联位点的等位变异作解析, 通过将携带某等位变异的所有材料表型均值与携带无效等位基因(null allele)材料表型均值做比较, 估计等位变异的潜在表型效应增量(减量), 进一步利用该信息估计位点增效(减效)等位变异的平均效应, 鉴别出一批农艺品质性状优异位点、等位变异及携带优异等位变异的载体材料。发现在栽培及野生种质中检出的优异等位变异有同、有异、有互补性。发现关联位点正、负效应等位变异均值间有差异, 可根据育种目标性状选择要求, 选取适合的位点及相应等位变异。同一标记位点可与多性状关联, 其等位变异在不同性状间各有其表型效应的方向和大小; 等位变异在相关性状效应上方向、大小的异同解释了性状间正、负相关的遗传原因。关联作图得到的信息可以弥补家系连锁法QTL定位信息的不足, 并直接利用等位变异信息进行亲本选拔、组合选配及后代等位条带辅助选择以提高育种成效。     

普通野生稻(Oryza rufipogon Griff.)抗稻褐飞虱新基因的鉴定与利用

稻褐飞虱(BPH,NilaparvatalugensSt#l)是中国和世界稻区最严重的水稻害虫之一,发现和利用新抗性基因和进行抗性种质创新对于稻褐飞虱抗性品种的培育具有重要的意义。本研究进行了1200多份普通野生稻(OryzarufipogonGriff)种质对多种BPH生物型的抗性鉴定,获得了30份抗性资源,其中6份对分布于世界主要稻区的稻褐飞虱生物型1和2、孟加拉、湄公河(越南)、九龙江(越南)、潘特纳加(印度)等6种生物型或其中5种具有广谱高抗性。遗传分析证明了这些种质对BPH生物型2和九龙江生物型的抗性受2对重复作用隐性基因控制,对潘特纳加生物型的抗性受1对隐性基因控制,表明抗源对不同褐飞虱生物型具有不同的遗传机制。普通野生稻材料2183存在的2对隐性基因很可能是新发现的基因,因为在这些染色体区域还没报道有BPH抗性基因,这两对基因暂命名为bph18(t)和bph19(t)。研究总共培育出143份抗性创新种质和6份抗性品系或高产优质杂交水稻组合,这些优良的抗性创新种质为培育抗性新品种建立了坚实的基础。     

抗白粉病月季资源的田间筛选

筛选抗白粉病月季资源对月季栽培利用及抗病育种品种的选择有重要意义。对保存的来自国内外不同地区、不同类型的349份月季资源进行了田间筛选。供试品种病情分为高抗、抗病、中抗、感病、高感5个等级。供试品种对月季白粉病抗性表现比较分散。月季抗病资源182份,占供试品种的52.15%,其余167份均表现为感病,占47.85%,其中抗病资源中有13份表现为高抗,占供试品种的3.72%;349份资源中包括27份中国古老月季,其中有11份表现为抗病,占中国古老月季的40.74%。抗白粉病月季资源的筛选能够为月季栽培、育种亲本品种的选择提供参考。     

Sources of resistance to diseases of sugar beet in related <Emphasis Type="Italic">Beta</Emphasis> germplasm: I. Foliar diseases

Resistance to four foliar diseases of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris), virus yellows caused by Beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) and Beet yellows virus (BYV), powdery mildew (Erysiphe betae) and Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora beticola), was assessed in up to 600 accessions of closely related wild and cultivated Beta species. Most accessions were from the Section Beta, a taxon containing types most closely related to, and sexually compatible with, sugar beet and therefore most valuable for use in crop improvement. Between 1–12% of accessions were highly resistant (resistance scores of 2 on an international standardised resistance scale of 1–9) to these diseases. These levels, however, underestimate the potential number of resistant sources available from this section as some accessions with intermediate mean resistance scores contained a significant proportion of highly resistant plants within segregating populations. Variation in resistance to all diseases except BYV was observed within the Section Beta. Much higher levels of resistance were observed, and more frequently, in more distantly related sections of the genus Beta. Accessions of the Section Corollinae were highly resistant to both viruses (>62% of accessions tested), but less so to Cercospora (15%) and they were very susceptible to powdery mildew. Section Procumbentes accessions were highly resistant to BMYV and Cercospora (100%) but less so to powdery mildew (50%) and BYV (20%). However, sexual incompatibility between these sections and sugar beet make utilisation of these sources impractical using conventional breeding methods.     

Screening of pea germplasm for resistance to powdery mildew

Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe pisi DC results heavy losses in the yield and quality of pods and seeds of pea crop. Germplasm comprising 701 accessions of garden and field pea originating from 60 countries were screened for powdery mildew resistance under natural epiphytotic conditions and 64 accessions found resistant in field screening for 2?years at one location were further screened both in field at two locations and artificially in laboratory to four isolates. The information was also obtained on the amount of genetic diversity and agronomic superiority in resistant accessions. Fifty-seven accessions showed resistant reaction for 3 consecutive years in field screening but only 14 accessions originating from 10 countries showed resistant reaction in laboratory screening against the four most prevalent isolates of E. pisi collected from different places in the area of experiment. Germplasm lines showed both complete and incomplete levels of resistance and variable reactions to different isolates. There was sufficient genetic diversity and agronomic superiority in the resistant accessions e.g. EC598655, EC598878, EC598704, IC278261, and IC218988, which may serve as useful genetic material to plant breeders for breeding pea varieties for powdery mildew resistance and high yield.     

Search for novel genes for resistance to powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuliginae) in cucumber (Cucumis sativus)

Summary The current powdery mildew (Sphaerotheca fuligninea) resistant cucumber varieties suffer from leaf chlorosis during autumn, winter and early spring cultivation in the Netherlands. Therefore screening was carried out for novel powdery mildew resistance genes. From 177 accessions, derived from different sources, 108 accessions proved to be partially resistant to S. fuliginea. Crosses were made with 53 resistant accessions to distinguish the presence of novel genes. It is likely that the accessions C. sativus 2145, C. sativus LV 41, PI 188807, Vladivostokij, White and Yellow 1 have one or more recessive powdery mildew resistance genes, different from powdery mildew resistance genes of the line NPI, which was used for variety breeding. Powdery mildew resistance tests with S. fuliginea give similar results in different regions of the world.Abbreviations pmr powdery mildew resistance     

甘蓝型油菜抗裂角品种(系)的筛选与分析

利用随机碰撞测试方法, 对229份自交纯合的甘蓝型油菜品种(系)进行了抗裂角指数测定, 以期筛选出抗裂角种质。结果表明, 抗裂角性状在现有品种(系)中存在广泛变异, 变异系数达114.4%。发现了2份抗裂角的品种(系), 占0.9%; 较抗的资源占3.93%; 处于中间状态的品种(系)占8.73%; 易裂角资源占27.07%, 极易裂角的品种(系)占59.39%。选择6个品种(系)进行了连续3年的测试, 表明抗裂角性状由品种(系)的遗传特性决定, 但受环境条件影响; 随机碰撞法具有较好的重现性。简单相关分析显示, 抗裂角指数与角果密度呈显著负相关, 与角皮厚度、角果长度、角果宽度、角喙长度、角粒数呈显著正相关, 但相关系数都很小。     

AFLP genetic diversity analysis in Russian wheat aphid resistant wheat accessions

Russian wheat aphid (RWA), Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), is an important insect pest which causes severe economic losses in wheat (Triticum spp.). Among the various U.S. RWA biotypes, biotype 1 (RWA1) and biotype 2 (RWA2) are the most prevalent and most virulent on cultivated genotypes. Although many sources of resistance to these biotypes are available among landraces, their relatedness should be characterized to permit their more efficient use in breeding programs. In this study, 38 hexaploid accessions resistant to biotype 1 and/or biotype 2 were evaluated for genetic diversity based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP). Fifteen AFLP selective primer combinations were used to genotype these accessions, resulting in 893 amplicons. Of these, 274 (30.6%) informative polymorphic bands were used for genetic diversity analysis. Genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 0.47 to 0.87 among the resistant accessions, indicating high genetic diversity among them. Cluster analysis grouped the 38 accessions into two major clusters, I and II, including resistant lines for RWA1 and RWA2. The study indicated that accessions in the National Small Grains Collection conferring RWA1 or RWA2 resistance comprise a diversified population which should support introgression efforts and provide genetic diversity for future breeding for RWA resistance.     

Reaction of Lycopersicon cultivars and wild accessions to tomato leaf curl virus

Summary 1201 tomato cultivars, breeding lines and accessions of Lycopersicon species were screened for tomato leaf curl virus (TLCV) under field and laboratory conditions during summer seasons of 1986 to 1989. Two lines of L. hirsutum (PI 390658 and PI 390659) and 2 lines of L. peruvianum (PI 127830 and PI 127831) were resistant to TLCV infection. These accessions did not produce any leaf curl symptoms either in field or after inoculation by whitefly Bemisia tabaci with TLCV. Adult whiteflies died within 3 days after releasing on resistant accessions (PI 390658, PI 390659, PI 127830), whereas the whiteflies survived upto 25 days on susceptible tomato cultivars. Under field conditions 0–4 and 5–25 adult whiteflies were observed on resistant and susceptible cultivars respectively. Hybridization was effected using the popular tomato cultivars Arka Sourabh, and Arka Vikas, as the female parents and the resistant Lycopersicon wild species as the pollen parents, to incorporate the resistant gene(s) into the edible tomatoes.     

Morphological and molecular characterization of melon accessions resistant to Fusarium wilts

Fusarium wilt incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (F.o.m) is one of the most widespread and devastating melon diseases. While resistance to physiological races 0, 1, and 2 is relatively frequent in different botanical varieties, sources of resistance to race 1,2 are restricted to a few Far-Eastern accessions. In this work, the results of a screening for resistance to F.o.m. race 1,2 among 32 accessions are presented. Three Japanese accessions (‘Kogane Nashi Makuwa’, ‘C-211’, and ‘C-40’) showed the highest resistance levels, but useful levels of resistance were also detected in one Russian ‘C-160’ and two Spanish (‘C-300’ and ‘Mollerusa-7’) accessions. These resistant materials, together with other accessions previously described as resistant to F.o.m. races 0, 1, and/or 2 have been morphologically and molecularly characterized. Based on cluster analysis, these accessions have been grouped according to the botanical subspecies they belong to. Assessment of genetic diversity indicated that the resistant accessions to races 0, 1 and 2, are scattered along the established clusters. On the other hand, high levels of resistance to the race 1,2 could be found only among accessions belonging to Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis, nevertheless, a certain degree of resistance to this race could also be found within some accessions belonging to subsp. melo. As far as we know, this is the first report of resistance to F.o.m race 1,2 found out from the Far-Eastern melon material. Based on fruits characteristics, it appears that several inodurus and cantalupensis accessions could be exploited in breeding programs as resistance sources to F.o.m races 0, 1 and/or 2 for the improvement of these melon types. The accessions with the highest levels of resistance to the race 1,2 appeared to be very distant both molecularly and morphologically from the commercial types. Nevertheless ‘C-160’, ‘C-300’, and ‘Mollerusa-7’ classified as var. inodorus are morphologically very similar to the Spanish commercial types and might be used as resistant sources in breeding these melon types.