Immigration and Ethnic Entrepreneurship: A Comparative Study in the United States

Using Singer's typology of different types of immigration gateways, this study mainly addresses how metropolitan area conditions impact ethnic labor force entrepreneurial choices across ethnicity and gender, within the contexts of different types of immigration gateways. Employing the 5 percent 2000 Integrated Public Usable Microdata Samples and a multilevel regression strategy, this study demonstrates that different types of immigration gateways have distinctive impacts on ethnic entrepreneurship. After controlling for both personal‐ and metropolitan‐level characteristics, it is found that whites and blacks are more likely to own businesses in newer immigration gateways, while Hispanics and Asians are more likely to do so in the more established gateways. In addition, differences as to the interaction effects of gender and regional labor markets are the most significant for blacks and Asians. Such interaction effects reshape gender differences in business ownership across ethnic groups.     

A Comparison of the Effects of Objective and Perceived Land Use on Travel Behavior

Planning and medical studies have independently evaluated the effects of land use on travel behavior. Focusing on actual land use, planning studies have measured the impacts of land use. This study analyzes the effects of two land use factors—objective and perceived land use. It develops a structural equation model in which the land use factors have multiple relationships with travel behavior, and then modifies the model to consider different travel behaviors reflecting varying travel purposes: commuting, shopping, and leisure. The three purpose‐specific models are tested in Seoul, Korea, using recent geographic information system and travel survey data. The results indicate that the strongest variable is the same as reported in planning, but at the factor level, the relative strengths of the factors differ according to travel purposes. The findings are explained by qualitative aspects of land use that affect shopping and leisure travel, including perceived land use.     

The Geography of a Mixed‐Race Society

The pattern and level of separation among ethnic groups continues to change, and there are certainly more mixed neighborhoods both in cities and suburbs than two decades ago. The immigration flows of the past decade have substantially altered the ethnic mix and neighborhood mixing. In addition, multi‐ethnic individuals themselves are altering the level of mixing among racial and ethnic groups. The research in this article shows that those who report themselves of more than one race have high levels of residential integration both in central cities and suburbs. These residential patterns can be interpreted as further evidence of tentative steps to a society in which race per se is less critical in residential patterning. The level of integration, for Asian mixed and black mixed is different and substantially higher than for those who report one race alone. The research in this article builds on previous aggregate studies of mixed‐race individuals to show substantial patterns of integration in California's metropolitan areas.     

Active transportation indicators and establishing baseline in a developing country context: A study of Rajshahi,Bangladesh

This paper shares the findings of an active transportation (AT) study conducted in the context of a city in a developing country. First, a list of AT indicators was developed based on the literature review and expert opinion survey. Second, a face-to-face survey was conducted to collect information on individuals' socio-demographic characteristics, travel behavior, AT mode choice, and their perceptions regarding the AT conditions in their neighborhoods. Analysis of the survey results suggests that several socio-demographic characteristics are associated with AT use. For example, young adults and individuals with low income are the primary users of AT. Also, results suggest that students are mainly active commuters. The ratio of AT use increases with the number of bicycles in the household. Individuals tend to walk more when travel duration is less than 10 minutes. Educational areas are perceived as safer and convenient areas for using active modes of transport compared to other land-use types. Also, a higher proportion of active commuters perceive local roads to be safer from vehicular traffic compared to main roads. Many sectors such as planning, transportation, health, and education as well as non-government organizations will be benefited from this study.     

西南少数民族地区农户生活能源消费结构影响因素分析——以云南省德宏、怒江自治州为例

通过研究生活能源消费结构发现农户能源消费的模式与原因,讨论改善地方能源使用的方法和途径。具体以云南省德宏、怒江自治州为案例,基于221份有效调查问卷,利用Tobit模型对该地区农户生活能源消费结构及其影响因素进行分析。结果表明：（1）资源的可获性程度对非商品性能源消费有显著影响,商品性能源消费注重其经济性与便捷性,地形特征是重要解释变量。（2）收入水平的提高有助于降低非商品性能源的消费比例,增加农户家中电器的数量能显著提高农户电力能源的使用量,畜牧养殖等第一产业会显著增加农户秸秆等生物质能能源的消费量。（3）宗教支出的提高会增加农户非商品性能源的消费量,提高少数民族农户汉语水平有利于当地生活能源消费结构的优化。研究结果可为制定和改善我国西南少数民族地区的能源发展政策提供科学依据。     

山东省郯城县农村生活能源消费现状

通过对郯城县农村生活能源消费情况的实地调查,了解了村民生活能源使用意愿的变化,对郯城县村民生活能源的消费现状进行了分析。结论如下：村民的消费观念已发生巨大变化,由单纯注重生活能源的经济性向注重其使用的方便性、清洁性及高效性转变;郯城县村民最喜欢使用的生活能源第一为太阳能、其次为电和集中供气,三者合计占到了85%。能源消费形式呈现多样化,村民使用最多的组合方式是“电+液化气+煤+太阳能”,其次是“电+液化气+太阳能”;生活能源消费类型主要是电、液化气、太阳能和煤;沼气用户仅为4.25%,根据郯城县农村的实际情况在当地发展户用沼气有一定的困难。秸秆（柴）作为传统的农村生活能源在郯城县已处于可有可无的地位。     

Urban Form and Household Activity‐Travel Behavior

ABSTRACT Cities and metropolitan regions face several challenges including urban sprawl, auto dependence and congestion, and related environmental and human health effects. Examining the spatial characteristics of daily household activity‐travel behavior holds important implications for understanding and addressing urban transportation issues. Research of this sort can inform development of urban land use policy that encourages the use of local opportunities, potentially leading to reduced motorized travel. This article examines the potential household activity‐travel response to a planned metropolitan polycentric hierarchy of activity centers. Behavioral observations have been drawn from an activity‐travel survey conducted in the Portland, Oregon, metropolitan area during the mid‐1990s. Evidence presented from exploratory analysis indicates an urban/suburban differential, with less daily travel and smaller activity spaces for urban households. Investigation of the travel reduction potential of the proposed land‐use strategy suggests that location effects could be offset by adjustments to household sociodemographic and mobility characteristics.     

Disparities and Divided Growth: Ethnic Entrepreneurship in the Greater Los Angeles Area, 1980–2015

This study employs a multilevel research design to examine business ownership across ethnic groups in the greater Los Angeles area. It finds significant divide between white and non‐white businesses along the labor market hierarchy. The entrepreneurial environment, ethnic residential communities, ethnic business spatial clustering, ethnic concentration in particular niche sectors, and ethnic diversity in local areas are all related to business ownership and disparities across ethnic groups. The results suggest that ethnically diverse neighborhoods and co‐ethnic business communities could provide a conducive institutional environment and resources for minority businesses to start. However, in contrast to white owned businesses, ethnic minority businesses' concentration in the low‐end and easy‐entry sectors may reinforce their disadvantages and hinder upward economic mobility. This study provides policy implications for community regional development through entrepreneurship especially when race and ethnicity are concerned.     

New Insights into Senior Travel Behavior: The Canadian Experience

Societies in many developed nations around the world are aging. Over the past decade, a growing body of research has emerged internationally in an effort to anticipate and prepare for the transport challenges posed by this unprecedented demographic change. This paper contributes to this line of research by offering new insights into senior travel behavior focusing on the recent Canadian experience. Using weekday data from the 1992 and 2005 General Social Surveys on time use, changes in the number of trips, the duration of trips, trip mode, and trip timing are evaluated for urban seniors. In contrast to the experiences of many other developed nations, analysis of the first three indicators of behavioral change refutes the notion that “automobility” has increased in Canada over the 13‐year period. While this finding is encouraging, it is tempered by the fact that Canadian seniors who choose to travel by car are doing so increasingly during the morning and evening peak periods. The results from a peak versus non‐peak departure‐time model that pools data from both years offer important insights into factors driving this change. For instance, the results suggest that the propensity to start a trip during rush hour has increased over time for non‐work trip purposes.     

Travel and Activity Choices for Transit Travelers at Terminals with Dynamic Information Provision

This study explores the impacts of providing dynamic information on travelers' behavior and the induced demand for terminal‐surrounding activities. A nested logit model was used to identify the important factors, and a questionnaire was designed to explore the preference of travelers regarding activities and travel choices. Adopting dynamic information was found to have a significant influence on travel decisions. The results show that an increased duration of activity participation may accompany an alteration of departure time or mode choice. The results also show that the use of dynamic information for travelers is related to induced activity participation and travelers' socioeconomic characteristics. The content of the dynamic information should be designed in accordance with the preference of travelers to encourage travelers participating in terminal‐surrounding activities.     

青海少数民族地区气象科普发展的特征趋势研究

本研究以青海省海南藏族自治州贵德县为例,从近20年中气象科普形式、科普对象、科普内容及科普活动、少数民族地区气象科普的特殊性等方面进行阐述分析,得出了近20年青海基层少数民族地区气象科普发展趋向多形式改变,科普内容有所拓展,科普对象逐渐多元化,少数民族地区气象科普结合本民族的语言及历史文化等方面逐步提升。本研究为气象科普在贫困山区和民族地区的开展提出建议和思考,贫困山区和少数民族地区是生态环境的脆弱区,也是防灾减灾能力的薄弱区,科普重点放在生态文明建设和提高基层防灾减灾能力是关键。制约气象科普的因素较多,应该本着因地制宜、本地化的原则,结合民族特色、用好科技手段、加强人才培养、争取资金投入,进一步提高气象科普宣传力度,更好的发挥气象服务在防灾减灾中第一道防线的作用。     

Border crossing of Muslim women in southern‐border provinces of Thailand

In general, the main roles of married Thai Muslim women were as home makers good wives and good mothers. Nevertheless, both married and single women from rural areas have been increasingly obliged to work outside the household, locally and in other countries. People in rural areas are now faced with the difficulty of maintaining their livelihoods if they depended on agricultural production alone. In some instances, female migration might be a response to families not being able to survive on the incomes earned by the male household heads. In response, women in southern Thailand provinces use long‐standing social networks that facilitate their migration for work, because they benefit from the close proximity, language, and religion that they share with the destination area. Commonly, they travel to work in Malaysia by using a border pass, while some travel and work without any documents. The effects of crossing national borders on migrants themselves and on their communities are mixed, generally positive from an economic perspective, but negative from a social viewpoint. Socially negative responses reflect a system of social control in the region based on patriarchy.     

基于复杂网络的民族地区农村居民点布局优化——以贵州省黎平县为例

民族地区的农村居民点因受国家政策及人类活动的影响而亟待转型,探索此区域农村居民点的布局优化模式有利于推进该区域国土空间治理和全面实现乡村振兴。以民族地区典型代表区贵州省黎平县为研究区,采用AHP法、GIS空间分析法、复杂网络、Python语言编程等方法集成分析研究区农村居民点的优化布局模式。结果表明：（1）研究区农村居民点综合影响力在22.30~76.09之间,中高等水平的农村居民点居多,农村居民点综合影响大小分布不均。（2）以农村居民点综合影响力为切入点构建农村居民点复杂网络,网络的联系性、集中性强但中心性一般。在空间上,网络节点分布不均且差异明显,中心性强的节点集聚分布。将复杂网络的5个指标加权求和后,依据分析结果将黎平县农村居民点优化布局模式归纳为集聚发展型、重点发展型、潜力优化型、规模控制型、迁村撤并型。     

Assessing the effects of the large-scale road construction on the ethnic disparities of accessibility in Tibet from 2010 to 2020

Tibet is the main consist of the Tibetan Plateau and also inhabited by minorities in China. How to promote its road accessibility and narrow the gap between different ethnic groups should draw more attention. This study analyzes both territorial accessibility (At) and potential accessibility (Ap) in Tibet from 2010 to 2020, as well as the disparities within and between main ethnic groups, exploring whether ethnic minorities undertook the accessibility disparity or loss. The findings are as follows: (1) At and Ap are characterized by a center-periphery structure with a remarkably improvement and spatial difference from 2010 to 2020. The disparity between counties tends to widen slightly, whereas the increment of At shows the opposite feature. (2) The Hui and Han ethnic groups enjoy better accessibility than Tibetans, and the other ethnic minorities have insufficient accessibility, though with prominent improvement. The disparity in At within ethnic groups is smaller but tends to widen; by contrast, that of Ap is larger but tends to narrow. The Hui ethnic group enjoys relative equal accessibility, which tends to be more so, while Tibetans face unequal accessibility with no obvious improvement. (3) The proportion of Tibetans is negatively correlated with the improved accessibility, but those of the other ethnic minorities are positively correlated with the increment of At, indicating that the accessibility improvement in Tibet tilts to the ethnic minorities in remote areas. The overall spatial disparities in accessibility in Tibet tend to widen, but this does not totally apply to those between and within ethnic groups. Nonetheless, the construction of transport infrastructure alone may not be able to achieve equality. Above results may provide reference for related research and policy making for remote and minority areas in China and other similar regions.     

云南省低成本农业农村信息化模式研究

云南省受经济水平、基础设施以及农民科技素质的限制,农业农村信息化建设相对落后。本研究总结形成了以政府为主导的和以企业为主导的2种农业农村低成本信息化模式。以政府为主导的信息化模式是以县域为中心,构建县域农业科技信息服务平台和信息服务体系,以网络、短信、硬盘播放器等多技术融合为手段,以项目共建共享为途径,采用一站多用方式,实现信息进村入户;以企业为主导的信息化模式,是针对云南省网络覆盖不全面地区,以企业为中心,围绕农业标准化生产和产业化发展需求,建设企业集群服务器和信息服务平台,采用无线通信技术和无线覆盖技术,实现对企业生产基地和加盟农户的网络信息全覆盖。2种模式相互结合,较好地解决了西部边疆民族地区因经济条件、基础设施和农民素质造成的信息化建设最后一公里问题。     

Partial least squares regression and importance–satisfaction analyses of the strategic drivers of happiness: A quality of life survey in Seoul,Korea

Using survey data by the Seoul Metropolitan Government for 5 years (n = 228,103 individuals), this study analyzes the magnitudes of the impacts of major grouping variables on variations in the overall happiness through partial least squares regression analysis. This study then uses the importance–satisfaction analysis to explore how the between‐group variations can be reduced according to the current satisfaction as well as the ultimate importance of the five happiness components (health, finance, relationships with close relatives/friends, home life, and social life). The regression finds that self‐respect‐as‐a‐Seoul‐citizen, social class recognition, years (other than 2014), household income, and not being elderly have a positive difference in happiness. The importance of the social class recognition over the objective income suggests the validity of soft policies for increasing happiness as a subjective concept. The low happiness level in 2014 may reflect history effects or events that occurred in that year. The importance–satisfaction analysis presents customized strategies by group. Specifically, policies oriented to financial happiness are prioritized for groups with low values on self‐respect, class recognition, household income, and age while health‐ and home life‐related policies should be additionally arranged for the older population.     

稻麦两熟制下秸秆还田模式的产量和经济效益分析

明确不同秸秆还田模式对小麦、水稻产量和经济效益的影响,对推广秸秆还田具有重要意义。利用稻麦复种长期田间定位试验2012-2018年的数据,分析了秸秆不还田（S0）、麦秸还田（WS）、稻秸还田（RS）和稻麦秸均还田（WRS）4种秸秆还田模式对作物产量、氮肥利用率、秸秆增产率、秸秆边际产量和秸秆农学利用率的影响。结果表明：秸秆还田均增加水稻产量,其中RS和WRS模式增产效果均显著大于WS模式;小麦产量随秸秆还田年限呈“减产-稳产-增产”的变化趋势。秸秆的周年增产率和农学利用率分别为5.65%~13.60%和0.11~0.17kg/kg。与RS模式相比,WRS模式属于秸秆过量还田,其秸秆增产效率降低。秸秆还田提高稻麦氮肥周年利用率1.67~4.01kg/kg,其中RS和WRS模式较WS模式更利于作物的氮吸收。WS、RS和WRS模式的稻田周年净收益较不还田模式分别增加1 690、4 875和4 177元/（hm²·年）,其中RS和WRS模式均显著高于WS模式。综合以上结果,麦季稻秸还田模式（RS）既可提高还田秸秆利用率,又可增加稻田净收益,推荐在稻麦两熟农田采用。     

风沙半干旱区不同立体复合模式下大扁杏的光合特性

摘要：选择科尔沁沙地南缘3种果粮草立体复合模式（模式A：大扁杏//花生/玉米/花生//大扁杏;模式B：大扁杏//玉米//大扁杏;模式C：大扁杏//草//大扁杏）,研究了3种果粮草立体复合模式下田间主要气象因子的日变化以及大扁杏的光合特性。结果表明：3种模式大扁杏所截获的光合有效辐射（PAR）为：模式C＞模式A＞模式B;模式B的空气相对湿度（RH）较大而气温（Ta）较高,田间CO2浓度也相对偏低。3种模式大扁杏叶片净光合速率（Pn）日变化均呈双峰型曲线,两个高峰值分别出现在12:00与16:00前后。3种模式的Pn日平均（8:00～18:00）分别为10.5、8.9和10.6 μmol/(m2?s);最高值分别为17.9、15.2和18.2 μmol/(m2?s),模式B的光合能力明显低于模式A与模式C,而蒸腾速率（E）则比另两个模式高,模式A的光合速率虽介于模式B与模式C之间,但其蒸腾速率显著低于两模式,故模式A的大扁杏WUE日平均相对较高,抗旱性较强。从经济效益分析,模式A的经济效益显著高于另两模式。因此,模式A在风沙半干旱区表现较好。     

The corona blues according to daily life changes by COVID-19: A partial least squares regression model

This study identifies determinants of the variation in depression resulting from COVID-19, specifies in detail the changes to daily life, and then compares the determinants' magnitude. The determinants were combined into three groups: first, the unpredictability of the disease and side effects by its response measures (specifically, restrictions on the freedom of movement and strain on social relationships); second, (mis)information through social media, public authorities, and mass media; and third, income reductions and other sociodemographic factors. Daily life changes were divided into four categories: travel/mobility, time at home (alone and with family), domestic activities (remote work, online shopping, food deliveries, reading, and online networking), and conflicts (with family and neighbors). We measured the total 29 predictors using data from the 2020 Seoul Survey, which is based on face-to-face interviews with a probability sample of adult residents. We made our estimations using partial least squares regression, which can analyze all original variables regardless of collinearity. The regression model found that major stressors include declines in out-of-home offline networking and the rise of domestic activities—and subsequent conflicts with family—restrictions on mobility (specifically, those of leisure travel), and income reductions. In contrast, changes to working and shopping (to remote work and online shopping) rather than leisure increased uses of private transportation modes. Moreover, we found influences of all forms of communications and media to be insignificant. We shall also provide a discussion on policy and academic implications of the findings.     

The imported underclass: poverty and social exclusion of black African refugees in Aotearoa New Zealand

Abstract: Changes in immigration and refugee policy since 1991 have led to an increasing number of minority ethnic groups settling in Aotearoa New Zealand. The number of Black African migrants and refugees granted permanent residence in New Zealand has increased substantially from about six in 1982 to over 770 in 1998 (New Zealand Immigration Services, 2001). The socio‐economic, professional and cultural characteristics of this emerging Black African minority ethnic community are complex but fascinating. In mid 2000 the majority of the Black African community in New Zealand were refugees ( Chile 1999A ). This paper is part of a broader study to analyse the nature and structure of Black African migration and settlement in New Zealand. It is an attempt to undertake applied migration research from a participatory methodology framework that addresses the expressed needs of the grass‐roots level client community. The paper examines the socio‐economic status of Black African refugees in New Zealand and analyses the factors and processes that create an impoverished community that is increasingly excluded from mainstream society. Strategies to reverse the process of marginalisation and create a healthy, vibrant community with the capacity to participate effectively in New Zealand society are examined.