Disabled mobility and the production of impairment: The case of Australia's migration policy framework

In Australia, the transfer of asylum seekers to Nauru for ‘processing’ and the harm experienced by refugees in this context has been analysed from various perspectives, including criticisms that this is a form of torture. However, the harm experienced by refugees seeking asylum has not been considered through a southern disability theory (SDT) lens. Whilst SDT has been employed to examine various contexts, the framework has not explicitly been used to discuss the production of impairment in Nauru. Our application of this framework in this context highlights the Global North and Global South inequalities operating on the bodies of those refugees seeking asylum who are initially obstructed from entry into Australia. SDT also highlights some Global North framings that do not include the production of impairment in theorising disabling conditions. This obscures the power relations underpinning the policies generating harm to those in Nauru; however, SDT makes these power relations central, thus providing a better framework for appreciating what is occurring in Nauru and the ongoing refugee transition undertaken to ‘claim’ asylum in Australia.     

制度变迁与制度绩效：来自中国农地的分析

制度经济学的理论可以用来分析我国农地制度变迁及其绩效。寻求最佳的绩效一直是制度变迁的终极目标。50多年来中国农地制度变迁一直在实践着一种效率更高的制度对另一种制度的替代 。中国未来农地制度的变迁必须遵循土地产权制度安排的稳定性和资源最佳配置效应原则、激励机制健全原则、、农地制度安排的渐进式原则和农村社会保障体系健全原则。     

Spatiotemporal context and firm performance: The mediating effect of strategic interaction

Traditional studies of firm performance typically focus on the effect of market structure and rarely consider the impact of the spatiotemporal context in industrial competition. Using a sample of 1,555 listed companies from 2015 to 2018 in China, this study shows that the profit center of gravity tends to move from southeast to northwest, and that there are negative effects on firm performance with distance from the profit center of gravity. Moreover, when controlling for organizational variables, strategic interaction at the local level significantly mediates the relationship between spatiotemporal context at the global level and firm performance at the microlevel. This investigation provides preliminary support for strategic interaction as a significant mediator between spatiotemporal context and firm performance, and further highlights the relevance of spatiotemporal context and strategic interaction in determining firm performance. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of the dynamic mechanism of spatiotemporal context affecting firm performance and the role of strategic interaction at the local level in this relationship, which can improve the existing insights into new economic geography.     

诱致性节育：农村计生新政策

计划生育是我国的基本国策,是实现人口与经济资源可持续发展的必然保证。通过历史回顾和对比分析,我们认为,以高压政策为主的强制性节育,虽然达到了控制农村人口过快增长的目的,但严重地损害党群干群关系;而自发性节育政策,是以农民生育观念改善和较高的社会经济发展水平为前提,在当前中国一时难以产生预想效果,反而引起农民的误解,招致新一轮生育小高峰;所以本文提倡“奖励为主,惩罚为辅”的诱致性节育政策,通过构建具有实际益处的社会保障机制可以更好地逐步引导农民自觉节育,实现人口与经济社会协调发展。     

The plot thickens: Land administration and policy in post‐New Order Indonesia

Abstract: The turbulent events in Indonesia during the closing years of the 20^th century prompted the reopening of public discussion on many longstanding issues of social and economic reform. Land reform is one of many agendas that have preoccupied policy makers, scholars and activists as the nation attempts to reinvent itself in the wake of the collapse of the 32‐year New Order government of ex‐President Suharto. This article examines some of the main debates swirling around the issue of land management and policy during the post‐Suharto ‘reformasi’ period, and provides illustrations of current problems and emerging trends. The article begins with a brief overview of land law and policy in Indonesia, followed by a discussion of its philosophical and ideological basis. This is followed by a discussion of government reform during the New Order period and beyond, and the social and environmental costs of Indonesia's development. The discussion then turns to efforts to decentralise government, and implications on land admin‐istration and policy. Case study examples are provided to illustrate the complex dynamic unfolding across the country.     

Molecular sleuthing: The invader Cynodon case

DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF) was used to characterize different Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. cultivars and accessions and evaluate the genetic diversity among them. DAF analyses of some well known cultivars used in South Africa, i.e. Sahara, Tifway, Tifgreen, Harrismith, Royal Blue, Silverton Blue, Elliott, Tifdwarf, Gulf Green, Magennis, Klip, Florida, Oval, Bayview, Bermuda, X Kweek, Natal Kweek and Tifton 78, as well as 23 unknown Cynodon specimens were done. The unknown Cynodon specimens represent invaders of cultivated lands, with considerable morphological variation. The results were used to determine the genetic distances between the cultivars and unknown accessions, to identify the unknown specimens and to determine the phylogenetic affinities between the cultivars and accessions. The results obtained from the genetic distance matrices confirmed the results obtained from the phylogenetic analyses. In this study DAF analyses was successfully used to distinguish between different C. dactylon cultivars and accessions and could be used to trace the current weed back to its introduction area. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Energy crops: Prospects in the context of sustainable agriculture

The objectives of this review are to analyse the potential of bioenergy crops development in European agriculture and to identify research objectives based on transformation technologies. Bioenergy is the chemical energy stored in organic material, which can be directly converted into useful energy sources by biological, mechanical or thermochemical processes. The substitution of food crops with energy crops and the demand for agricultural raw materials for liquid biofuel production will affect agriculture over the next decade and possibly beyond. It is expected that both second-generation biofuel production technology and energy crops used will be more efficient than first-generation. Nonetheless, there are still technical limitations for crop growth and fuel production from second-generation technology. In general, many of the crops that could supply the raw materials for second-generation biofuels are largely undomesticated and are in the first stages of development and management. The development of specific crops dedicated to energy has been proposed as a strategy to produce energy without affecting food security and the environment. The research seeks to develop enzymatic systems for the cost-efficient decomposition of cellulose into its molecular sugar components, which can then be fermented to produce ethanol. This biorefinery of crops into multiple products, including energy, chemical products and materials, will augment the overall value of the biomass. Clearly, multidisciplinary research is necessary to address sustainable biofuel production.     

Employment volatility in lagging and advanced regions: The Italian case

The presence of cycles characterizes all economic systems, but economic cycles have differentiated spatial impacts. Some regions have broader cycles with respect to the country, while others tend to be less responsive to shocks and hence have narrower cycles. Being exposed to broader cycles, that is, greater volatility, may increase the strain on a regional economic system. This paper investigates the different responsiveness to cyclical forces and volatility of regions in the long run. It does so by using quarterly employment data for the Nuts2 Italian regions over almost 40 years before and during the period 1978–2016. Explored in particular are the cross-regional variations in employment volatility and the reasons for the patterns observed, as well as whether they have changed the following different macroeconomic policy regimes. The paper identifies the break dates of different regimes, and these regime changes will be related to policy modifications, such as the implementation of the European Monetary Union. The determinants of this regional volatility appear to be quite stable, so that the changes in volatility are explained by how these determinants have changed overtime and how they are unevenly distributed in space. In particular, the lagging regions of the country suffer, in addition to lower production and income, from higher volatility due to a structure which is weaker and more unstable. Volatility can hence be an additional issue for lagging regions.     

Road to shared prosperity: The elaboration and influence of a transboundary policy narrative for regional economic integration

In the Mekong Region, the Asian Development Bank and partners have promoted economic corridors as a way to achieve regional economic integration and growth. This study evaluates how a transboundary policy narrative of shared prosperity around the East–West Economic Corridor programme emerged, and then how it was elaborated and used, taking a set of border policies of the government of Thailand as cases. For two decades the shared prosperity narrative has been used by a coalition of elite actors to support a programme of investments in road infrastructure, as well as to push for agreements on trade, border logistics, investment and tourism. The shared prosperity narrative has helped maintain support for the programme despite its failures to meet projections and expectations. Although criticised by civil society and experts from time to time, no coherent shared counter‐narrative emerged. Policy elites in Thailand have used the transboundary narrative to justify investments in special economic zones, and transport infrastructure near the border and inside neighbouring countries. Thailand has also reproduced the narrative in support of efforts to bolster tourism cooperation, and negotiate cross‐border trade and logistics agreements. Roads and bridges have been built, underlining how discursive practices have material consequences and reinforce the narrative.     

The rural identity and the encroaching city: Governance,policy and development in Northern Virginia's Wine Country

In exurban areas, there are commonly issues and tensions associated with development and rural life. We assess how two counties located approximately one hour west of Washington, DC manage these tensions. Although both have enabled development, they have done so in different ways and neither has simply succumbed to exurban development as a given. Utilizing stakeholder interviews and document analysis, we note the different policy approaches that the two counties have taken and contrast them with the more common imagery of areas that fully acquiesce to suburban style development. Our findings suggest that tensions between the pressures of development and the persistent appeal of the rural identity occupy much time and attention in these two counties. Both counties have adopted observable policy changes driven by development pressures in recent years, underscoring a policy landscape that is in flux and the modern tension between the commercial economy of modernity, and the rural identity that is retained from the past. We observe that rural governance is largely about land, while urban governance is largely about people. As these two cases suggest, exurban governance has to be about both issues and this tension may lead to governance that is inherently unstable.     

福建生态条件下品种、栽培措施与烟叶风格特色关系

生态条件、品种特性和栽培措施与烤烟烟叶风格形成关系密切。福建烟区4—6 月成熟采收是福建烟叶清香型风格形成的关键,随着烤烟播栽期的推迟,烤烟生产季节温度逐步上升,光照逐步增强,烟叶成熟采收期对应更高的温度和更强的光照,导致烟叶清香型风格弱化,并向中间香和浓香型转化。温度差异是形成清香型、中间香型和浓香型3 种不同烟叶风格的关键因子,日照时数的差异导致云南清香型和福建清香型有所不同。栽培措施中,影响烟叶风格的最为关键因素是移栽期,施氮量和采收成熟度主要影响烟叶质量,间接影响烟叶风格。耐低温的烤烟品种适宜早栽、早成熟采收,有利于烟叶清香型风格的形成。     

我国牧区退牧还草政策实施效用分析

本文通过对内蒙古,宁夏两省牧区退牧还草政策实施前后草原状况和牧民生产、生活状况比较,分析了退牧还草政策对牧区草地资源,牧区畜牧生产,牧民生活三个方面的影响,并分析了退牧还草政策的实施效用。     

Institutional Structure,Industrialization and Rural Development: An Evolutionary Interpretation of the Italian Experience

This paper proposes an evolutionary reading of rural development referred to cases of rapid industrial growth, where a strong concentration process has involved the main urban centers and the successful industrial districts. This territorial development pattern has gradually extinguished rural society and its institutional basis, creating a clear separation between new central and peripheral areas. The consequent effects on local economy and social dynamics reveal the long‐term risks raised in terms of development sustainability. An empirical study of two Italian provinces is also carried out to show how this framework can be helpful in interpreting real historical patterns.     

我国玉米种业技术进步和制度创新

我国农业生产面临着社会经济结构朝城市化、市场化两个根本转变所促成的食品数量与结构的变化。未来食物需求特征可以概括为人均口粮消费减少，而畜产品和水产品消费量成倍增长。加入VTO促进了畜产品生产和出口，增加了对玉米的需求。今后25年我国玉米生产和育种研究面临着减轻加入VTO所带来的对玉米需求压力的挑战，及时调整玉米产业发展目标和发展方向，是摆在我们面前的重要任务。[第一段]     

东中西部地区要素投入、制度变迁对粮食生产影响分析

为了研究不同地区的要素投入及制度变迁对粮食生产的影响情况,以山东省、江西省和四川省1978—2011年的农业数据为样本,实证分析了要素投入对粮食生产的影响。其中要素投入这项变量中包含5个方面,即土地面积、劳动力数量、化肥量用量、机械动力和有效灌溉面积。同时将比较分析家庭联产承包责任制和农村税费改革政策对3省粮食生产的影响。结果表明：3省分别处于中国东中西地区,各地区的农业资源禀赋不同,导致以上要素投入及制度实施对粮食生产的影响程度不同。东部地区的土地要素可促进粮食生产,而对中部地区无显著作用。劳动力的投入可促进中西地区粮食生产,但对东部地区的粮食生产无显著影响。化肥的投入对东中部地区的粮食生产均有促进作用。机械动力要素投入可促进中部地区的粮食生产,而对东西部地区无显著影响。灌溉面积对3个地区的粮食生产无显著作用。家庭联产承包责任制和税费改革政策对3个地区的粮食生产均有促进作用。由此可见,东中西部粮食生产资源禀赋不同,其对粮食生产的影响是不同的,促进粮食生产应考虑区域差异因素。

     

The launch and evolution of a technology‐based economy: The case of Austin Texas

This paper uses the lens of institutional theory to explain the launch and evolution of Austin, Texas's technology‐based economy. The case underscores the importance of context, contingency, and the evolution of key local development organizations in explaining how regional economic development trajectories can change and evolve. The case history provides insights into how economic development networks form and operate to “set off” processes of industrial specialization and agglomeration and how they can promote successful adaptation to change in technology and industrial structure. The Austin story further suggests a “stage” process of regional technology‐based evolution where the development of industrial agglomerations linked to a substantial local research base is seen as a necessary precursor to increasing endogenous innovation and start‐up activity. Successfully navigating these stages is bolstered by the formation of institutions and networks that are durable, strategic, and adaptive, and which, at the right time, recognize and support entrepreneurial firm development to help sustain technology‐based growth.     

荔浦芋扣肉罐头工业化生产技术

研究了荔浦芋扣肉罐头工业化生产的加工工艺,确定了加工参数。使产品具有味美、粉香、酥脆、嫩软、细糯的特点和良好的品质,市场前景广阔。