Rural–urban transition in China: illegal land use and construction

This paper takes issue with the desakota model developed by Terry McGee by elucidating the illegal land use and construction in the rural–urban transition zone in China, with the additional case study of Tianhe Village in Guangzhou City. The paper emphasises the need to examine the geography of illegal activities along the approach of geographies of difference. It has shown that illegal land use and construction is prevalent in rural China. In rural areas where cultivated land has been converted to non‐agricultural purposes, peasants are left with no alternative but to use land and construct buildings illegally. Some have increased their income by leasing out flats to migrant workers, whereas others have not been able to do this. This study has revealed that underneath the positive and integrative picture portrayed by the desakota model is its negative and disintegrative counterpart. Illegal land use and construction is one such example. Unless we incorporate both into our studies, we will not be able to comprehend the urban morphology of Chinese city regions in the new millennium.     

Measuring Smart Land Use in Urban–Rural Regions of China: A Case Study of Pukou,Nanjing City

This article expands the study of smart growth from urban space to urban–rural regions based on land use. It analyses smart land use in urban–rural regions. The study sets up an integrated measure indicator system of smart land use in urban–rural regions, which consisted of three subsystems: land amount controls, land form compactness, and land use efficiency. As a case study, the system was used to measure the smart land use in the Pukou District of Nanjing City, an area with intensive urbanization in the Yangtze River Delta of China. The results show that smart land use in the investigated area is increasing year by year, but it remains to be further improved. The integrated measure indicator system of smart land use in urban–rural regions is effective for measuring the level and status of regional smart land use.     

Overview: Restructuring Chinese space in the new millennium

This collection is concerned with understanding the nature of China’s spatial development during the transition to a socialist market economy. It does so primarily by questioning the applicability of the ‘desakota’ model and extended metropolitan region (EMR) concept to the contemporary Chinese space economy. Yu Zhu’s contribution extends the ‘desakota’ model by applying it to rural areas without the attraction of large cities. Wing‐Shing Tang and Him Chung’s contribution discusses illegal land use and construction to highlight the rural‐urban transition’s negative and disintegrative aspects glossed over by the ‘desakota’ model, which stem from the extension of urban administration to former rural areas and the redistributive effects of land use reform. Andrew Marton sees the original ‘desakota’ model being rejuvenated by introducing the notion of rural agglomeration, a clearer recognition of local administrative structures and an appreciation that development issues now take place within a global‐local framework. George Lin explores the lingering effects of rural origins on Chinese identity and how this affects subsequent social and commercial groups within the Chinese diaspora. Peter Rimmer and Claude Comtois show how changes in China’s transport and telecommunications industry underlie, to a significant degree, the restructuring of China’s space economy and the country’s links to the rest of the world. Overall the contributions highlight that a new consensus will be required for any revised model of the Chinese space economy if this is to provide guidance for planners engaged in restructuring Chinese space in the new millennium.     

农村集体建设用地集约利用面临的挑战与对策——以渝东北11区县为例

渝东北地区作为重庆市“一圈两翼”发展战略的重要组成部分,具有三峡库区的特殊性,该地区农村集体建设用地的集约利用将更加有效地显化农村土地资产、保护库区生态环境。基于此本文对渝东北地区丰都、忠县、垫江、梁平、万州、开县、云阳、奉节、巫山、巫溪、城口等11个区县展开实地调研,并综合运用问卷调查、专家咨询和文献资料等方法,解析了该地区“宅基地置换城镇住房保障”、“城乡建设用地增减挂钩”等多种土地集约利用创新模式,以及产权管理模糊、规划管理薄弱等面临的挑战,最后从完善农村集体建设用地产权、统筹城乡建设用地规划管理2个方面论述了农村集体建设用地集约利用的对策建议。     

Dilemma for the Redevelopment of Village and Town Construction Land,Formation Mechanism and Policy Suggestions

Under the context of economy new normal and rapid urbanization, the shift of economic growth, structural adjustment pains as well as pre-stimulus digestion comes coincidentally. The boundary red line of urban growth, the red line of the number of basic farms and the ecology red line makes the local to conserve land. Land stock for village and town construction is a huge amount of potential resources. Redevelopment of land for village and town construction provides ensured land security for the smooth progress of urbanization. Combining village and town construction land use characteristics and making in-depth analysis of the difficulties in the redevelopment of village and town construction and its inner mechanism, policies and suggestions were proposed for the redevelopment of village and town construction land in terms of land property, land price, market allocation, planning, surveillance and so on, so as to provide valuable reference for the smooth redevelopment of village and town construction land, and the system design of villages and towns.     

Rural land reforms and villagers' preferences for urban settlement: A case study of Shandong Province,China

Based on surveys conducted in Shandong Province, China, this paper examined the interests of rural residents to move to and settle in cities, as well as the factors that motivate or discourage their potential settlement changes. Results of the binary logistic regression analysis showed that villagers' urban settlement preference was related to sociodemographic factors such as gender, age, and occupation. Overall, the separation of the “three rights” (collective ownership, land contract right, and land use right) associated with rural land has strengthened the urban settlement preference of rural residents. Nevertheless, we did not find significant association between land transfer and the preference for urban settlement. For villagers who expressed interest in urban settlement, better job opportunities, education opportunities, and higher income are the leading “pull” factors that would attract them to cities. The attachment to rural life, high living costs, and high housing prices in cities were the top concerns for villagers who did not want to move. The study also found that villagers' desired urban destinations changed with the changing land parameters, indicating that the outcomes of China's rural land reforms may not be aligned well with the policy goals laid in the country's urbanization and rural development plans.     

Study on the Construction of China's Unified Urban-rural Construction Land Market

State-owned urban construction land market in China has evolved and been improved gradually, but use system of rural collective construction land has lagged far behind, so the urban-rural construction land market in China has been split with a result that use effi ciency of land resources is poor and collective land property rights of peasants are damaged. On the basis of analyzing problems of the current construction land market and also the causes, modern land property theory and institutional change of neoinstitutional economics are applied to study dynamical mechanism and development path of the construction land market, to construct the unifi ed construction land market system of China, and to propose corresponding guarantee policies, so as to achieve the effective allocation of construction land and maximization of social welfare.     

Is environmental regulation a blessing or a curse for China's urban land use efficiency? Evidence from a threshold effect model

Severe land shortage causes a higher demand for domestic and foreign land‐intensive products. As a result, resource utilization, and related environmental issues, will increase in urban areas. To this respect, the analysis of the impact of environmental regulation on urban land use efficiency helps to identify potential points for interventions designed to ensure sustainable land use. This study first introduces a theoretical framework to investigate the micro‐transmission mechanism of environmental regulation on urban land use efficiency. Our profit decision‐making model concludes that the impact of environmental regulation on urban land use efficiency is influenced by changes in the industrial structure. Empirically, our preliminary analysis suggests that in addition to population density, both formal and informal environmental regulation can promote urban land use efficiency, with a significant spatial heterogeneity across the sample regions. Further, this study shows a remarkable double‐threshold relationship between formal environmental regulation and urban land use efficiency in China. We clarify and confirm that environmental regulation promoted urban land use efficiency only when regulation intensity was higher than 0.8612. Environmental regulation increased urban land use efficiency in high‐level industrial rationalization areas, whereas it had the opposite effect in low‐level ones. Furthermore, there was a clear marginal diminishing effect of the impact of environmental regulation on urban land use efficiency when the optimization of the industrial structure was set as a threshold variable.     

庆阳市西峰区土地利用结构分析

基于西峰区1997—2012年土地利用变更数据,对西峰区土地利用空间结构及其动态变化特征进行定量分析。通过SPSS对16年土地利用现状数据进行分析处理,采用经济学中的空间洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数,绘制洛伦兹曲线,分析西峰区土地利用结构特征。结果表明,西峰区土地利用结构分布比较均匀。从空间尺度上看,土地利用类型中水利交通用地和其他建设用地这2种地类分布最不均匀。从时间尺度上看,耕地、林地、城乡建设用地、其他建设用地和未利用地分布离散程度增大,分布趋向分散,而园地、牧草地、其他农用地和水利交通用地分布趋向均衡。     

Can the Land Use Master Plan Control Urban Expansion and Protect Farmland in China? A Case Study of Nanjing

Urbanization represents a challenge for plans aimed at controlling urban expansion and protecting farmland, such as the land use master plan (LUMP) instituted by the Chinese national government. This paper studies the effectiveness of such top–down plans under the authoritarian regime through the case study of Nanjing. In contrast to previous studies that compare actual and planned land‐use maps, we compare actual and planned land‐use patterns. We use land‐use change data to examine spatio‐temporal land‐use change between the years 1997 and 2014. The results indicate that the actual amount of urban‐rural built‐up land exceeded planned regulatory amount by 50,185 ha and the total farmland was 70,541 ha less than the target outlined in the LUMP (1997–2010). Based on these results, and the fact that the allowed total urban‐rural built‐up land had already been surpassed in 2014, it is to be expected that the target of farmland protection outlined in the LUMP (2006–2020) will be broken, signaling the ineffectiveness of the plan to control urban expansion and protect farmland. Plan‐led developments (e.g., new towns, development zones) and market forces (e.g., housing market, foreign direct investment) explain these developments. This study indicates that when cities embrace “growth‐led” development and entrepreneurial governance, the ability of plans to control urban expansion and protect farmland is severely limited.     

从社会经济转型视域研究农地流转——河南省农地流转调查分析

基于中国社会经济快速剧烈转型大背景,力求较准确地研究农地流转.经文献梳理,采用实地调研、经验总结等方法对农地流转进行综合性深入分析.结果表明:河南省农地流转规模较小、发展缓慢、收益偏低、多处于自发无序状态.进而分析可得,农地流转是乡村社会经济转型一部分,诸如农地流转渠道、现代农业技术应用、农村家庭生活方式变革、城市化下城乡互动、农村市场深化程度等,皆为社会经济转型组成部分,乡村转型整体缓慢导致农地流转缓慢.应从整体视角系统性促进农地流转,不应强推、不必迟滞、可积极有序引导随社会经济转型顺势而为.     

论农村土地价值体系

随着现代农业发展、新农村建设和城乡统筹发展的推进,农村土地借助土地流转与整治平台被不断盘活,而土地流转与整治过程诱发的农村土地价值转移和转化,促使农村土地价值体系构建成为目前土地利用决策和耕地保护迫切需要解决的现实问题。本文采用文献资料法,从耕地价值和宅基地价值两个层面,论述了农村土地价值构成体系与估算方法。研究表明：（1）耕地价值体系框架已成型,包括经济价值、社会价值、生态价值、发展权价值、国家粮食战略安全价值等物质价值和选择价值、存在价值、馈赠价值等精神价值。但由于对土地价值认知的不足,通常重经济价值、轻社会价值、生态价值和国家粮食战略安全价值,而忽略发展权价值与精神价值;（2）宅基地价值体系尚不清晰,从产权价值和资源价值来看,其亦可分为承载价值、社会价值、生态价值和发展权价值;（3）从估算方法来看,收益还原法、成本替代法、影子工程法、条件价值评估法在耕地价值估算中应用较为成熟,但宅基地价值估算主要停留在理论层面的定性探讨。为此,农村土地价值体系重构中,应充分考虑农村宅基地使用权在产权和土地利用形式上的特殊性,进一步挖掘集体建设用地的价值内涵,而农村土地价值测算中应显化土地发展权价值,并借鉴农用地、城镇建设用地分等、定级、估价等研究成果,创新宅基地价值估算方法。     

长株潭地区土地利用/覆被变化的时空特征研究

为了揭示长株潭地区城市化快速发展时期的土地利用的数量变化和空间变化特征,加强土地空间管制和促进土地资源可持续利用,以1986年、1995年、2005年3期土地利用/覆被现状数据为基础,结合GIS技术,对长株潭地区的土地利用/覆被变化时空特征进行研究。结果表明：（1）林地和水田是长株潭地区的优势地类。这段时期内城镇建设用地和农村居民用地面积持续增加,水田面积持续减少。其他地类面积波动变化;（2）各种土地利用类型之间相互转换。大部分水田、旱地、林地、灌木林地和水域转换成了城镇建设用地。新增的农村居民用地主要由水田转换而来。城镇建设用地的增长呈现出依附原有建设用地增长和跳跃式的增长2种方式;（3）长株潭地区土地利用数量变化存在明显的区域差异。长沙市区、株洲市区和湘潭市区等地的土地利用类型的相对变化率较大;醴陵市、炎陵县和茶陵县等地的土地利用类型的相对变化率较小;（4）长株潭地区土地利用变化的年均变化速度不是很快。正向变化的土地利用类型有城镇建设用地、农村居民用地、水域和草地,其中增长变化最快的是城镇建设用地;其余土地利用类型负向变化,其中减少变化最快的是果园。研究认为,长株潭一体化进程的深入,城市化水平的提高和差异是长株潭地区土地利用发生时空变化和区域差异的主要原因。     

中国农业土地利用的生态智慧及启示

为展示悠久的中国农业生态智慧,推动“生态智慧—生态实践—生态文明”的融合共生,通过对历史典籍资料和传统农业实践的文献分析和归纳演绎,总结了中国农业土地利用的生态智慧及其规划思维。研究表明：因天时、就地利、重人和体现了中国农业土地利用的生态智慧。整体生态观念、时间循环思维和要素统筹思想是中国农业土地利用的规划思维外在表现。在今日城乡空间规划和乡村振兴中要树立整体思维,通过生命共同体视角下的空间分配实现以人为本的城镇化;通过控制线划定为未来的空间布局打下基础;通过自然保护地体系建设筑牢国家生态安全屏障。通过城乡融合与乡村振兴来缩小城乡差距,实现共同富裕;通过战略性留白实现城乡发展的增值。在土地和人口要素统筹中,倡导发挥人的主观能动性。尽管古代中国农业土地利用是小尺度的土地利用与生态实践活动,但对于理解和推进今日的规划实践仍具有积极意义。     

县域土地利用协调度研究——以重庆市璧山县为例

摘要: 研究目的: 分析璧山县土地利用协调性状况和潜力状况,提出指导土地合理利用的对策。研究方法: 建立评价指标体系来反映城乡土地利用状况,设计适合璧山县城乡土地利用协调度模拟模型和城乡土地利用潜力度模型,模拟结果,并分析评价。研究结果：璧山县城乡土地利用系统总协调度为0.610,处于“比较协调”的初级水平;土地利用潜力度为0.390,属于潜力度很小等级。研究结论: 利用协调度模型和潜力度模型对璧山县土地利用进行综合评价,有利于制定针对性的县域土地合理利用的政策和措施。     

石羊河流域土地利用变化分形特征研究

利用石羊河流域1980、1995、2000、2006、2012年5期遥感影像,应用分形理论和GIS方法研究石羊河流域土地利用变化分形特征,定量分析流域不同土地利用类型变化的复杂性、稳定性以及变化趋势。结果表明：总体上流域耕地、城乡工矿居民用地、林地和水域呈现增加趋势,未利用地和草地呈现减少趋势,不同时段土地利用类型都具有空间分形结构,不同土地利用类型复杂性和稳定性呈现波动变化趋势。1980、1995、2000年石羊河流域不同土地利用类型分维数排序均为：水域＞耕地＞林地＞草地＞未利用土地＞城乡工矿居民用地。2006、2012年分维数由高到低依次为：水域、耕地、草地、林地、未利用土地和城乡工矿居民用地。1980、1995、2000、2006、2012年石羊河流域总平均分维值分别为1.5296、1.5025、1.5445、1.5631、1.5676,不同土地利用类型平均分形维排序为水域(1.8317)＞耕地(1.5678)＞林地(1.5351)＞草地(1.5315)＞未利用土地(1.4413)＞城乡工矿居民用地(1.3411)。总平均稳定性指数分别为0.1083、0.0997、0.1228、0.1167和0.1186,不同土地利用类型平均稳定性排序为水域(0.3317)＞城乡工矿居民用地(0.1589)＞耕地(0.0635)＞未利用土地(0.0587)＞林地(0.0351)＞草地(0.0315)。通过对流域土地利用变化复杂性、稳定性以及动态变化研究,为区域土地资源合理开发与生态环境协调发展提供技术支撑与决策依据。     

Total factor productivity of urban land use in China

Previous studies pay little attention to the role of technological progress in measuring urban land use efficiency, and ignore the interactions among total factor productivity, technological progress, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency in the process of urban land use. To narrow the gaps, this research uses the Malmquist index approach to measure and decompose urban land use total factor productivity and a panel vector autoregressive model (PVAR) to investigate the interactions among urban land use total factor productivity, technological progress, pure technical efficiency, and scale efficiency in China from 2003 to 2016. This study shows that the overall urban land use efficiency increased at an annual growth rate of 0.7% in China from 2003 to 2016 while the growth rate of urban land use efficiency has generally decreased, which is reflected by the total factor productivity of urban land use. The total factor productivity fluctuates between 0.952 and 1.083 with a downward trend in 2003–2016. Technological progress, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency all have positive effects on the improvement of urban land use efficiency, and there are differences in the order and degree of promotion. The improvement of scale efficiency is the most important measure to ensure the efficient use of urban land resources in the future.     

中国农村宅基地整理潜力估算

由于土地利用分类中缺乏农村宅基地的用地类型,中国目前尚缺乏全国尺度的农村宅基地整理潜力估算结果,不利于农村宅基地整治工作的开展和部署。笔者建立了依据农村居民点整理潜力推算法、户均宅基地标准法和农村人口等比例缩减法3种方法,估算了中国2020年的农村宅基地整理潜力。研究表明：（1）2020年,依据农村居民点整理潜力推算法测算的宅基地整理潜为239.05×104 hm²,户均宅基地标准法的测算结果为597.50×104 hm²,农村人口等比例缩减法的测算结果为130.36×104 hm²;（2）户均宅基地标准法测算的农村宅基地整理潜力由于缺乏对农村宅基地整理中自然、经济、社会限制性因素的考虑而明显偏大,综合修整后,该方法测算的中国农村宅基地整理潜力约为191.20×104 hm²;（3）统筹考虑各种测算方法的结果,中国2020年的农村宅基地整理潜力约为200×104 hm²。空间上,中国农村宅基地的整理潜力主要分布在东部和中部区域;相对而言,东北区和西部地区的整理潜力较小。各省份中,山东、安徽、河南、江苏、辽宁、黑龙江等省份的整理潜力较大;西藏、青海、上海、福建、海南5个省份的整理潜力较小。     

The State and Optimization Countermeasures of Urban Land -use in China

Urban land -use is closely related to urban development. A new trend and some problems in urban land- use appeared along with accelerated urbanization in China. The trend characterized with a large in- crease in the amount of urban land demand, the rise of the ratio of urban common land to total urban area and the elevation of urban land income. The problems mostly included a severe conflict between supply and demand of urban land, extensive land - use, a weak market - force in urban land resources allocation. Based on above analysis, the optimization countermeasures, which included intensive land - use, land - use structure optimization, exploitation of leave unused land in cities, and land - market construction, were put forward for promoting rational utilization of urban land and sustainable development of urban economy.     

农地产权制度的多样性研究

研究农地产权制度多样性的理论和历史,正确认识农地产权制度改革中的新情况和新问题具有重要意义。模型和历史分析表明,农地产权制度的多样性是农民生产组织自觉追求制度利润的结果。农地产权制度的多样性有利于农地产权的制度竞争,有利于农村生产力水平的提高。农地产权制度的政策选择要与当地的农村经济发展水平相适应。政府在产权制度改革进程中不但要发挥其增加制度收益的积极作用,如促进农村集体经济组织建设,建立城乡人力资源互动机制,适当提高农产品收购价格等,而且要约束其增加制度成本的行为。