Analysis of green total factor productivity trend and its determinants for the countries along silk roads

In coping with increasing energy consumption and the consequential environmental pollution, green development is becoming an important part of social development. Since the inauguration of China’s Silk Road Economic Belt Initiative (BRI), economic cooperation between China and other countries along BRI has seen much growth. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the levels of green total factor productivity (GTFP) of the countries in the Silk Roads Economic Belt (B&R) and examine how these levels vary spatially and evolve temporally. In this paper, a panel regression analysis with DEA windows is used to study the spatiotemporal trends of the levels of GTFP. The results are: (1) The B&R countries have seen an increase in their overall levels of GTFP over time; (2) There are regional differences in the levels of GTFP, with higher efficiency in Western Asia and Central and Eastern Europe, and lower efficiency in Southeast and Central Asia; (3) The analysis of GTFP for countries in these regions shows that the efficiencies of most countries have been improving, with that of only a few countries have been decreasing; (4) By using regression analysis, we find that variables such as import, export, industrial structure, and urban affect the B&R countries with growing GTFP.     

Efficiency and TFP Growth in the Spanish Regions: The Role of Human and Public Capital

Abstract This paper analyzes the productivity growth of the Spanish regions between 1965 and 1995, decomposing productivity gains into technological progress and efficiency change by means of Malmquist indices. Once estimates of efficiency are obtained, the aim of this paper is to analyze the effects of human and public capital on growth in terms of their impact on Total Factor Productivity (TFP). Public capital is believed to increase the productivity of the private factors of production whereas human capital is thought to contribute to the production process as an additional input and to have a dynamic influence on growth through its impact on technological innovation (shifts in the production frontier) and technological diffusion (movements toward the frontier), which are the components of this TFP measure. Considering inefficiencies will then allow the effects of these variables on TFP growth to be estimated via technological progress and efficiency gains.     

Total Factor Productivity and Influence Factors of Economic Environment in the Yellow River Delta

The paper analyzed total factor productivity of Binzhou City, and key factors that influence its economic growth and effluent discharge. The results showed that(i) production efficiency of the city during 2005–2013 kept stable, mean of Malmquist-Luenberger index was 1.044,9 without considering effluent discharge, and the average annual increase rate was 4.49%, and that was 1.020,4 considering effluent discharge, the average annual increase rate was 2.04%, and the increase rate reduced by 2.45%.(ii) GDP growth showed significant negative correlation and positive correlation with capital input and energy input, but insignificant negative correlation and positive correlation with labor force input and technological progress.(iii) Effluent discharge showed insignificant negative correlation and positive correlation with capital input and energy input, but significant negative correlation and positive correlation with labor force input and technological progress.     

The heterogeneity of agglomeration effect: Evidence from Chinese cities

Using annual surveys of industrial firms in China from 1998 to 2007, this paper applies the non‐linear least squares (NLS) method based on a grid search to analyse the effect of city size on firm total factor productivity (TFP). The results show that overall, the agglomeration effects in large cities, but not selection effects, significantly promote improvement in firm TFP. The optimal agglomeration scales of different industries differ as follows: those of capital‐ and technology‐intensive industries are larger than those of labour‐intensive industries. The agglomeration effects are also robust to different spatial areas without considering administrative boundaries. An inverted U‐shaped relationship exists between firm size and agglomeration effects, while the relationship between firm age and agglomeration effects is U‐shaped. State‐owned firms experience weaker agglomeration effects than non‐state‐owned firms. Cities higher in the administrative hierarchy and those with special economic zones have stronger agglomeration effects. However, cities higher in the administrative hierarchy and those with a larger economic development zone index can provide more resources to increase the survival rate of low‐productivity firms; thus, selection effects are not significant in Chinese cities.     

河北省花生绿色全要素生产率测算与时空差异分析

花生是河北省第三大作物,为了促进河北省花生产业的绿色、持续、稳定发展进行了有关研究。本文基于2012—2017年河北省地级市和县市区的花生生产数据,利用非参数DEA模型Malmquist指数法测算其绿色全要素生产率(Green total factor productivity, GTFP)并制作GIS专题图进行分析。结果表明：在研究期内,河北省花生绿色全要素生产率呈增长趋势,技术进步发挥了很好的带动作用,技术效率则相反;在空间变动格局中,东部地区GTFP年际间变化明显,具有明显的空间集聚现象,西部山区因花生生产相对处于劣势,其效率值年际间变动明显,稳定性不足。综上所述,GTFP增速缓慢,为了打破这一趋势,要着重调整投入与产出间关系,实现技术进步与技术效率对花生增产的双驱动。     

Total factor productivity of urban land use in China

Previous studies pay little attention to the role of technological progress in measuring urban land use efficiency, and ignore the interactions among total factor productivity, technological progress, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency in the process of urban land use. To narrow the gaps, this research uses the Malmquist index approach to measure and decompose urban land use total factor productivity and a panel vector autoregressive model (PVAR) to investigate the interactions among urban land use total factor productivity, technological progress, pure technical efficiency, and scale efficiency in China from 2003 to 2016. This study shows that the overall urban land use efficiency increased at an annual growth rate of 0.7% in China from 2003 to 2016 while the growth rate of urban land use efficiency has generally decreased, which is reflected by the total factor productivity of urban land use. The total factor productivity fluctuates between 0.952 and 1.083 with a downward trend in 2003–2016. Technological progress, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency all have positive effects on the improvement of urban land use efficiency, and there are differences in the order and degree of promotion. The improvement of scale efficiency is the most important measure to ensure the efficient use of urban land resources in the future.     

中国马铃薯生产效率的实证分析——基于非参数的Malmquist指数方法

本文运用Malmquist指数方法测算了1998～2008年间我国马铃薯生产的全要素生产率的变化。研究结果表明：（1）我国马铃薯生产的全要素生产率呈下降趋势,促使全要素生产率下滑的主要原因是技术进步的下降,综合效率的提高则是拉高全要生产率的主要动力;（2）各地区全要素生产率变化存在较大差异,造成全要素生产率变化的主要原因也不尽相同。     

作物快速育种技术研究进展

缩短杂交后代生长周期、加快加代纯合速度是提高育种效率的重要途径。本文分析了影响作物生长周期的环境和遗传因素,总结了利用自然环境或人工光温控制措施加快作物育种进程的研究进展,并评估了分子标记辅助选择技术在快速育种中的应用价值。     

基于物联网的日光温室环境监测在线校准

温室环境条件特别是温度对于作物生长和发育具有十分显著的影响。日光温室调控的主要环境因子之一是温度。然而,自然环境下的光照对温度产生作用,影响空气温度的监测精度。采用机器学习中的支持向量机算法(SVM),对日光温室内的温度智能监测算法进行了研究,根据光照情况对实时监测的温度数据进行校准。通过与实验测量的数据进行对比分析,结果表明：所提出的监测方法可以较为准确地实时监测空气温度,从而无需使用隔热材料或者遮阳处理,就可以基于监测的数据更精确地对相应的环境因素进行调节。基于该方法,可采用常用的工业设备实现温室大棚内实时温度数据的监测,既可以节约设备和人力成本,又可以为温室控制提供准确的数据。     

基于能值分析的贵州生态经济系统可持续发展研究

为了定量分析贵州生态经济系统的能值结构、功能特点、生态经济效益及其可持续发展能力,运用能值理论与方法分析了2001-2010年贵州生态经济系统的能值情况,并对能值自给率、进出口能值比、人均使用能值、能值密度、环境负荷率,基于能值分析的可持续发展指数等指标进行研究。结果表明：（1）贵州生态经济系统能值不断增加,年均增长率为11.34%,但有1/2以上来自不可更新资源及产品增加的能值,表明贵州社会经济系统财富的增加,是建立在本地储存资源的开发和利用基础之上。（2）系统所需能值99%来自系统内部,系统GDP逐年增加,人均使用能值也以年均11.14%的速度上升,但表征环境压力的环境负荷率却以31.70%的速度逐年递增,表明经济财富的增长是以对环境更大速度的毁坏为代价,在这种发展模式下,贵州省可持续发展指数逐年下降。（3）农业子系统能值产出介于4.82×1022~5.96×1022 sej之间,年均增长率为1.88%;投入的能值介于2.79×1023~3.14×1023 sej之间,年均增长率为-1.27%,表明农业子系统生产效率不断提高。（4）农业子系统能值在系统中所占比重以8.43%的速率逐年下降,使贵州省的产业结构由原来的“321”型变成了现在的“231”型,产业结构更加优化。贵州农业子系统的能值投入绝大部分是农业从业人员的劳务输入,机械、化肥等能值的投入很少,表明贵州农业的现代化水平还很低。     

Internal and external constraints of the Cuban production sector

This paper aims to explain the growth of the Cuban production sector between 1975 and 2014 by considering both demand and supply factors simultaneously. The research provides new empirical data on this topic through the application of a simultaneous equation model that considered the effect on the product of internal and external constraints most relevant to the Cuban economy, and the impacts of these over time. Its results confirm that the growth of the Cuban production sector was primarily limited by two factors: On the one hand, an overly centralized regulatory framework that reduces the global efficiency of the Cuban economy; and, on the other hand, a foreign exchange deficit that restricts its import capacity and the sustained growth of the Cuban capital stock. Therefore, the Cuban production sector's growth could be fostered by both a greater decentralization of its regulatory framework and the implementation of industrial and commercial policies geared to make Cuban exports more competitive.     

中国橡胶气象研究进展概述

天然橡胶为四大工业原料之一,是极为重要的战略物资。气象条件是橡胶树种植和生长的关键影响因子。针对目前中国有关橡胶气象的研究内容较为丰富但尚未进行系统整理总结的现状,本研究在简要回顾我国天然橡胶种植概况的基础上,从三个方面综述了我国橡胶气象研究进展情况：(1)我国橡胶树引种、种植、生育与温度、水分、光照等气象因子的关系;(2)橡胶寒害、风害及其防御;(3)橡胶气象服务。并据此对橡胶气象研究存在的问题及未来发展方向进行了评述,以期为该领域的研究提供参考。     

Optimization of culture conditions for improved plant regeneration efficiency from wheat microspore culture

The production of haploid plants through microspore culture is a very important tool for plant breeding. However, progress in microspore culture for many species has been hampered by a number of factors that have resulted in low recovery of regenerated green plants. In this study, a series of experiments were conducted to increase the regeneration of haploid green plants from isolated wheat microspores. The use of different basal media and variations in media components resulted in the increased recovery (approximately double) of regenerated haploid wheat plants. Our findings demonstrate that CHB medium, in combination with 2,4-d, was a better medium for embryoids induction and plant regeneration than medium MC17 with either 2,4-d or PAA growth hormones. Wheat microspores cultured without ovary co-cultivation did not respond. Furthermore, high efficiency of microspore derived embryoids (up to 296 MDEs per 100 anthers) and green plant regeneration (up to 71 green plants per 100 anthers) were achieved by the use of gelrite instead of agarose as a gelling agent, and by the addition of media additives such as spent medium or MET.     

How does financial agglomeration affect green development? Evidence from the Yangtze River Delta of China

An extensive economic growth mode leads to resource depletion and environmental degradation. Green development is the best way to solve this problem. We analyzed the sample data of 41 cities in the Yangtze River Delta of China from 2007 to 2019. We used the spatial Durbin model and interaction term model to study the effects of regional financial agglomeration (FA) on green development and the moderating role of green technology innovation. The results show that FA promotes local green development but inhibits the green development of neighboring areas. Because the polarization effect of the growth pole is greater than its dispersion effect, cities with high levels of FA have a strong “siphon effect” on the surrounding areas. Green technology innovation positively moderates the promoting effect of FA on green development; the higher the level of green technology innovation and the degree of emphasis on it, the stronger the promoting effect. The government should encourage green finance to promote green technology innovation and promote the green development of the regional economy. These findings provide new insights for developing countries to achieve sustainable development under environmental constraints.     

Species assemblages and phenotypes of mushroom corals (fungiidae) related to coral reef habitats in the Flores sea

Corals belonging to the family Fungiidae were studied at coral reefs in and around the Flores Sea. Our aims were (1) to obtain a better insight into the factors affecting species richness and (2) to investigate the relations between reef habitats and coral phenotypes. Some fungiid species occurred on almost all reefs, others on very few. Examples are given of coral reefs which are characterized by extreme environmental conditions. Bottom inclination, water turbulence and substratum type appear to be important environmental factors controlling fungiid species composition. Areas with a great variety of reef habitats are usually rich in species, some of which are rare. Three major reef types are recognized in relation to ecomorphological variation: (1) reefs in open sea, (2) sheltered coastal reefs facing open sea and (3) reefs in inland bays. Field observations suggest that growth forms are primarily related to light intensity but also to water turbulence and type of substratum.     

新型绿茶酸牛乳发酵工艺的开发研究

探讨了绿茶酸牛乳的发酵工艺,确定了最佳菌种组合及种间比为V_((Lb)):V_((St))=1:2,并通过正交试验确定发酵的最佳工艺条件为:接种量3%;促生长物质为胡萝卜汁,添加量4%;稳定剂为羧甲基纤维素钠,添加量1.5%;在37℃下培养24 h,所得到的绿茶酸牛乳体系稳定、色泽均一、有较明显茶香、无不良苦涩味。     

内蒙古环境污染水平与经济增长的库兹涅茨关系分析

为了给内蒙古环境政策提供依据,以进一步促进内蒙古环境与经济之间协调发展,笔者研究了内蒙古环境污染与经济增长之间的关系。基于环境库兹涅茨曲线模型,采用1986-2009年内蒙古环境经济数据,建立内蒙古工业污染物排放与人均国内生产总值(GDP)之间的评价模型。结果表明,在研究区间内,内蒙古固体废弃物与工业废气排放量产生量急速上升,与人均GDP之间的关系处于倒“U”型曲线的左半部分上升阶段：2009年的固体废弃物产生量比1986年增长了10508.32万t,平均年增长率为9.17%。2009年的工业废气排放量比1986年增长了22828.36万t,平均年增长率为11.54%;其中,SO2排放量与人均GDP之间已存在拐点,并呈现完全的倒“U”型关系,拐点发生在人均7793.76元时。工业废水排放量增长率变化较缓,平均年增长率为0.35%;烟尘和粉尘排放量在研究时段内逐年递减。通过工业污染物排放及其可能影响因子之间的灰色关联度分析,探究了1986年后内蒙古工业污染物排放的库兹涅茨曲线的成因。结果表明,内蒙古市环境污染的主要关联因子包括产业结构、GDP总量、单位GDP能耗、城镇人口比例。本研究结果将为内蒙古经济在不断增加的环境压力下保持可持续发展、协调经济增长与环境污染之间的关系提供参考。     

中国粮食主产区农业科技进步贡献率的测算与分析

为了深入研究农业科技进步对中国粮食主产区农业经济增长的影响,揭示中国农业科技进步在农业经济增长中的作用机理,探讨农业科技进步对农业经济增长影响的区域差异及其产生原因。作者基于C-D生产函数的一般形式,建立固定效应变参数面板数据分析模型,并依此对中国粮食主产区农业科技进步贡献率进行了详细地测算和分析。研究表明：中国粮食主产区农业科技进步贡献率存在明显的区域差异,反映出中国农业科技发展水平呈现区域不均衡状态;1978—2012 年间全国13 个粮食主产区的农业科技进步贡献率分别在17.28%~33.82%之间,全国粮食主产区平均水平为26.22%;在生产要素的投入中,资本存量的科技含量水平对农业科技进步贡献率的影响较大;农业科技进步在中国粮食主产区农业经济增长过程中所起的作用仍然较小,中国农业经济增长所依赖的传统的高投入、高消耗、低效益、低产出的粗放式增长方式并没有发生根本性的改变。     

International Comparison of the Relationship between Outflow FDI and Economic Growth and Its Inspiration to China

International direct investment improved the world economic development greatly, and the level of capital transaction of a country indicates its degree of integration into world economy. In China, there exists a serious unbalance between outflow FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) and inflow FDI, and the former is of a extremely small scale. The relationship between outflow FDI and a country's economic development, as well as the relationship between outflow FDI and TFP (Total Factor Productivity) growth rate is analyzed with international comparison and econometrics model. The results show that a obvious positive correlation between outflow FDI and GNP exists, and outfolw FDI of a country improves its GNP growth a lot. Meanwhile, as to the contribution elasticity to TFP, outflwo FDI is much higher than international trade. It is revealed that China not only has necessities, but also has great potentialities to invest in foreign countries. Finally some suggestions are put forward.     

常州水稻“12连冠”中气象条件的贡献效应

为研究气象条件在常州水稻单产“12 连冠”中发挥的效应,应用2003—2014 年间水稻单产数据及气象观测资料,采用数理统计、文献查阅以及SPSS软件中曲线估计等方法,结合水稻生长指标,对该期间气象要素适宜程度、农业气象灾害发生等级以及气象产量贡献作用进行综合分析。结果表明：（1）气象要素总体适宜：0℃以上积温较常年偏多;日照时数较常年偏少,但90.9%年份在常年-15%范围内;降水量一半年份少于常年,但拔节—孕穗期降水的偏多和抽穗—成熟期降水的偏少则利于水稻的高产;（2）农业气象灾害影响偏轻：基于水稻生育期农业气象灾害发生等级定量预警阈值分析,期间灾害发生等级多为轻度危害,但拔节—孕穗期中度、重度危害有增多趋势;（3）气象产量总体呈正贡献：计算线性、二次项、三次项3 个最佳拟合方程,显示多数年份气象产量为正产量。气象条件在常州水稻“12 连冠”中起到了增产的贡献效应。