盐胁迫下大白菜吸收转运45Ca2＋的变化

在５ｍＳｃｍ＾－１和１０ｍＳｃｍ＾－１ＮａＣｌ胁迫过程中，大白菜幼苗根系膜透性、ＴＴＣ还原能力和丙二醛含量的变化显示根受到不同程度伤害。盐腔迫处理下，根系对钙的吸收速率在〔Ｃａ＾２＋〕〉０．７５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ时明显受到抑制。根系对＾４５Ｃａ＾２＋的积累能力分别在５ｍＳｃｍ＾－１ＮａＣｌ胁迫５ｈ生１０ｍＳｃｍ＾－１ＮａＣｌ胁迫３ｈ后受到抑制，而且大白菜各器官（根、茎、叶）对＾４５Ｃａ＾２＋的吸收、转运     

钙镁肥对番茄产量品质和养分吸收的影响

在黄棕壤型酸性菜园土壤上施用钙肥和镁肥，以及应用不同Ｃａ＾２＋，Ｍｇ＾２＋营养水平进行蕃茄试验中，钙、镁肥能显著提高番茄产量和果实中的抗坏血酸和还原糖含量，使滴定酸降低。在不同钙肥品种中，Ｃａ（ＮＯ３）２和Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２的较果较好，ＣａＣｌ２效果较差。钙、钙配合施用效果较好。营养液中Ｃａ＾２＋浓度以１６０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，Ｍｇ＾２＋浓度以４０ｍｇ／ｋｇ较适宜，高Ｃａ＾２＋，高Ｍｇ＾２＋浓度存在着离子间的     

^137Cs叶面污染在莴苣中的转移,积累与分布

了贫栽莴苣对＾１３７Ｃｓ的叶面吸收及其人在莴苣体内的分布及转移情况。结果表明，＾１３７Ｃｓ可以从污染叶片向污染的根、茎、叶及新生部位转移，但主要分布在叶中。＾１３７Ｃｓ在各新生叶中的积累按叶序自下而上逐渐减少，转移到茎中的＾１３７Ｃｓ主要分布在２ｍｍ厚茎皮中，上、中、下３段茎肉对＾１３７Ｃｓ的积累与叶面污染期有关。     

第四纪红粘土发育的红壤在施用石灰和石膏后元素的淋溶特征

本文利用模拟土柱试验研究了施用石灰和石膏对第四纪红粘土发育的红壤中元素淋溶过程的影响。结果表明,施用石灰后１０ｃｍ土层中除Ｃａ＾２＋以外的阳离子元素的淋失量减少,而ＳＯ４＾２－和ＨＣＯ３＾－的淋失量增加;施用石膏后１０ｃｍ土层中所有阳离子元素,特别是ＡＩ＾３＋的淋失量增加。红壤中Ｃａ＾２＋的淋失以自由态为主,施用石膏后与ＳＯ４＾２－结合的比例增加,不同处理中３０ｃｍ土层处铝的淋失以自由态为离,１０     

低盐基土壤K、Ca、Mg的交互作用对水稻生长与养分吸收的影响

本文研究了我国南方的低盐基土壤施用Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ对水稻生长,养分迁移和养分吸收的影响,结果表明,在低盐基土壤ＮＰ基础上施Ｋ,随Ｋ用量增加到一定量,水稻生长受阻,生长量和产量下降的趋势。ＮＰＫ肥基础上施Ｍｇ生长量随之增加;ＮＰＫ肥基础上Ｃａ,Ｍｇ一起补给,产生协同作用,使水稻生长量明显增加。阳离子交换树脂模拟试验表明,Ｋ－Ｍｇ、Ｋ－Ｃａ和Ｍｇ－Ｃａ在养分向根迁移过程中即存在正的交互作用。盆载试验表明     

施用石灰对酸性土壤中氧化亚氮形成的影响

对酸性红壤施用石灰和Ｎ２Ｏ生成之间的关系进行了探讨,结果表明,在好气条件下,石灰伯施用与ＮＨ＾＋４氧化过程中Ｎ２Ｏ的产生量之间的关系不明显。但随着石灰 用量的增加,厌气条件下ＮＯ３＾－３还原过程中Ｎ２Ｏ的积累量明显增加了。     

小麦和玉米叶面标记尿素态15N的吸收和运输

以15N标记的尿素作为叶面施肥和根系后期追肥的N肥品种,分别采用土培与砂培研究小麦与玉米拔节后至灌浆初期不同生育期、不同N、P和K肥叶面配施后作物对叶面N肥利用效率、叶面施用N肥的分配及对全株N、P和K养分状况的影响。无论是小麦还是玉米叶片均能有效地吸收N素并将其迅速转移。玉米拔节期下位叶（第5叶）施肥,植株吸收的15N转移到根部的比例平均为9.0%,而中位叶（第8叶）处理,分配到根系的比例仅为2.4%。叶面施用尿素态氮肥的N在小麦地上部的回收率一般在54.5%～68.9%,在玉米全株体内的回收率可达59.9%～75.3%。随生育期推迟,两种作物叶片吸收N的回收利用率均明显提高。与单施氮肥相比,N,P和K肥配施均有提高氮素回收率和改善作物地上部N素营养的作用,尤以中位叶（第8叶）配施尿素＋KH2PO4的效果最佳,表明植物的叶面营养仍应注意平衡供应和适宜的施用时期与施肥部位。叶面大量元素营养不仅改善了所施肥料成分中相应元素的营养状况,同时也促进了对其他两种成分的吸收,并且提高了N、P转运到籽粒中去的比例。玉米吐丝期根系追施的尿素态N有56%积累在籽粒中,而叶面施肥所利用的N分配在籽粒中的比例为70%。     

有机肥与无机肥配合施用对蔬菜作物N肥流向的影响

通过＾１５Ｎ标记示踪试验,研究了常规施肥和不同种植方式露地栽培黄瓜,番茄,花郴菜,大白菜,菜豆的Ｎ肥利用率及其流向,有机肥与无机肥配合施用对Ｎ肥流向的影响。结果表明,５种蔬菜地栽培Ｎ肥利用率平均为２８．６３％,土壤Ｎ素残留率为３９．０７％,Ｎ素亏损率４１．２５％,有机肥与无机肥配合施用,当年蔬菜作物无机Ｎ肥吸收减少,但土壤Ｎ素残留率增加,Ｎ素亏损率下降。     

应用~（15）N示踪法研究芹菜的硝酸盐积累

本文用１５Ｎ示踪法研究了不同条件下芹菜对氮素的吸收利用与硝酸盐积累的变化。结果表明：芹菜的产量、总氮量、硝酸盐、ＮＯ３含量、硝酸还原酶活性（ＮＲＡ）均随施氨量的增加而增加;施用硝酸铵比施等氨量的硫铵、碳铵,使芹菜产量、总氨量、ＮＯ３－、ＮＲＡ明显增加;在等量氨肥的基础上,增施有机肥使芹菜ＮＯ３－含量增加,增施钾肥使芹菜ＮＯ３－含量下降。采收期芹菜体内累积的硝酸盐主要来自土壤。     

光呼吸抑制剂亚硫酸氢钠的增产效果研究

通过科小麦、辣椒等作物叶面施用亚硫酸氢钠的结果表明，亚硫酸氢钠具有增加叶绿素含量、抑制单位时间ＣＯ２的释放量，从而增加单位时间干物质积累数量，使作物产量增加。田间和盆栽试验表明，冬小麦叶面施用１５０～２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ亚硫酸氢钠、辣椒施用１５０～２００ｍｇ／ｋｇ时，均有较好的增产效果。     

Effect of zinc on some important macro‐ and microelements in blackgram leaves

Abstract

Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.) plants were grown in glasshouse earthen pot experiment. Zinc (Zn) was applied to the soil at different concentrtions. Plant leaf samples were analysed at the age of 30, 45, and 65 days after sowing. The accumulation of Zn in the plant increased with the applied Zn concentration to the soil. Also a variation in the uptake of Zn by the plant with age has been observed. The excess accumulation of Zn in the plant induced a reduction in the content of some macro‐ [calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), and sodium (Na)] and micro‐elements [iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu)] in the plant leaves. Furthermore, the Ca: Zn ratio decreased with increasing Zn concentration which clearly indicates a toxic Zn effect on blackgram plants.     

施氮水平对烤烟根冠平衡及氮素积累与分配的影响

在盆栽条件下,设不施氮（CK）,每株施N 5.45g（N1）和8.18g（N2）3个施氮水平,运用15N示踪技术,研究了不同施氮量条件下烤烟根冠平衡及氮素在不同器官间的积累与分配。结果表明,移栽至打顶期烤烟地上部干物质累积量随施氮量增加而增加,根系干物质积累量以N1处理最高;打顶至成熟期地上部干物质累积量N1处理最高,根系干物质积累量随施氮量增加而增加。打顶期根冠比随施氮量增加而降低,成熟期根冠比随施氮量增加而提高。打顶至成熟期烟株氮素积累量以N1处理最高;期间N1处理各器官均有一定氮素积累,而 N2处理和CK下部叶及中部叶有一定量的氮素输出。打顶期氮素在根系中的分配比例随施氮量增加而降低。随施氮量增加,烤烟积累的氮素中来自肥料氮的比例增加;积累的肥料氮中来自基肥氮的量增加。在本试验条件下,施氮（N）5.45 g/plant可促进根冠平衡,使烟株稳健生长。     

不同水分状况下施锌对玉米生长和锌吸收的影响

选择潮土(砂壤)和土(粘壤)两种质地不同的土壤,进行盆栽试验,研究不同土壤水分条件下施锌对玉米生长和锌吸收的影响。结果表明,施锌显著增加了玉米植株根、茎、叶以及整株干物质重;缺锌条件下玉米植株根冠比、根叶比和根茎比趋向增大。施锌显著提高了玉米植株各器官中锌的浓度和吸收量,并明显促进锌向地上部运移。干旱胁迫抑制了玉米植株生长,根冠比、根茎比、根叶比增大;随着土壤水分供应增加,植株生长加快,各器官生物量以茎和叶增加大于根。水分胁迫下,在潮土上玉米叶片中锌浓度上升;在土上叶片中锌浓度下降。但增施锌后,根和茎锌浓度增加幅度较大,叶片增加幅度较小;施锌和水分胁迫对根和茎锌浓度的交互作用极显著。水分胁迫下,玉米植株对锌的吸收总量减少。水分胁迫和锌肥施用对玉米叶片、茎锌吸收量的交互作用十分显著,但对根锌吸收量的交互影响不显著。     

MODULATION OF MACRONUTRIENTS UPTAKE AND TRANSLOCATION IN Mn-TREATED RICE IN EARLY STAGES OF VEGETATIVE GROWTH

The effect of increasing manganese (Mn) concentrations on calcium (Ca), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and phosphorus (P) absorption and translocation was studied in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Safari), before and after the end of mobilization of seed reserves. Rice plants were grown over a 15-, 21-, and 28-day period in nutrient solutions containing Mn concentrations varying between 0.125 and 32 mg L^?1. It was found that increasing Mn concentrations in the nutrient solution was coupled to an increasing net uptake, total shoot accumulation, and root and shoot contents of this metal during all the experimental periods. Concerning the translocation rates, in 15-day-old plants a decrease was found after the 2 mg L^?1 Mn treatment, but from the 21st day onward an increase was found until the highest treatment. The modulating action of Mn in macronutrient accumulation displayed different patterns among the experimental periods. In the root tissues of 15-day-old plants, Ca decreased significantly until the 2 mg L^?1 treatment and Na increased. In the shoots, the contents of P and Na decreased, but K and Mg showed significant increases. Until the 32 mg L^?1 Mn treatment, the ratio between root and shoot concentrations of K and Mg decreased in these plants. A similar pattern was also found for Ca until the 2 mg L^?1 Mn treatment. That ratio increased for Na. Plant total amount of Ca sharply decreased. Shoot total amount of Na and P also decreased, but the pattern of Ca increased until the 2 mg L^?1 Mn treatment. The concentrations of K increased in the root tissues 21 days after germination, but the levels of Ca, Mg, Na, and P decreased. In the shoots, the concentrations of Ca and Mg decreased significantly. Until the 32 mg L^?1 Mn treatment, the ratio between root and shoot concentration of Na and P increased, whereas those of Ca and Mg decreased. An increase was found for the plant and shoot total amount of Ca, K, and Mg until the last Mn treatment, but an opposite trend was found for Na and P. Additionally, until the 32 mg L^?1 Mn treatment, an increase was found for the proportions of Ca and Mg translocated to the shoot, but an opposite trend was detected for P. It was concluded that before and after the end of the mobilization of seed reserves, the net uptake rate of Ca is reversed, and, moreover, a similar trend is shown for the net translocation of Mg. A major implication of this process is the alteration of the related pattern for shoot accumulation. Eventually a different selectivity of the K⁺:Na⁺ ratio is also developed in the roots.     

土施L-色氨酸对甘蓝产量和养分吸收的影响

本文就土施Ｌ－色氨酸即Ｌ－ＴＲＰ对盆栽甘蓝产量和养分吸收的影响进行了研究。结果表明，在移植前一周土施Ｌ－ＴＲＰ，能明显提高甘蓝产量和干物质积累，并明显促进了甘蓝植株对Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ的吸收，提高了Ｎ、Ｐ在球叶中的分配，降低了Ｋ在球叶中的积累。     

缺磷胁迫对黄瓜体内磷运输及再分配的影响

本研究用营养液培养法定量地测定并计算了在正常供磷及缺磷后不同时间黄瓜植株体内磷的分布及再运输。缺磷处理５天后,新生叶和根系中的吸磷量明显增加,分别占植株总吸磷量的３６．１％和１３．５％,而相应的正常供磷植株的新生叶和根系中的吸磷量仅分别占植株总吸磷量的２２．４％和６．３４％,而且缺磷植株根系的生长显著快于供磷的植株。缺磷胁迫１０天后,植株地上部生长受到明显抑制,老叶中的磷通过韧皮部运向新生叶以保证新生器官的生长,使新生叶中磷的浓度比老叶中高４７％,但缺磷植株根系中磷的累积量下降不多。本研究还定量证明了即使在正常供磷条件下,随着生长时间的延长,也有大量的磷由老叶运向新叶。不论缺磷与否,植株新生叶和根中磷的浓度都保持最高,但缺磷和供磷植物体中磷的分配模式不同。     

Effects of root-zone acidity on utilization of nitrate and ammonium in tobacco plants

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv. 'Coker 319') plants were grown for 28 days in flowing nutrient culture containing either 1.0 mM NO3- or 1.0 mM NH4+ as the nitrogen source in a complete nutrient solution. Acidities of the solutions were controlled at pH 6.0 or 4.0 for each nitrogen source. Plants were sampled at intervals of 6 to 8 days for determination of dry matter and nitrogen accumulation. Specific rates of NO3- or NH4+ uptake (rate of uptake per unit root mass) were calculated from these data. Net photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area were measured on attached leaves by infrared gas analysis. When NO3- [correction of NO-] was the sole nitrogen source, root growth and nitrogen uptake rate were unaffected by pH of the solution, and photosynthetic activity of leaves and accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen in the whole plant were similar. When NH4+ was the nitrogen source, photosynthetic rate of leaves and accumulation of dry matter and nitrogen in the whole plant were not statistically different from NO3(-) -fed plants when acidity of the solution was controlled at pH 6.0. When acidity for NH4(+) -fed plants was increased to pH 4.0, however, specific rate of NH4+ uptake decreased by about 50% within the first 6 days of treatment. The effect of acidity on root function was associated with a decreased rate of accumulation of nitrogen in shoots that was accompanied by a rapid cessation of leaf development between days 6 and 13. The decline in leaf growth rate of NH4(+) -fed plants at pH 4.0 was followed by reductions in photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area. These responses of NH4(+) -fed plants to increased root-zone acidity are characteristic of the sequence of responses that occur during onset of nitrogen stress.     

Influence of photosynthetic irradiance on nitrate reductase activity,nutrient uptake and partitioning in tomato plants

The objective of the present work was to study the nutritional behavior of tomato plants (Lvcopersicon esculentum Mill.) subjected to high pressure sodium (HPS) supplementary lighting in relation to nitrate reductase activity (NRA). Tomato plants were grown with or without HPS supplementary lighting at 2 different root‐zone temperatures (RZT). Supplementary lighting combined with low RZT promoted NRA and cation uptake. Magnesium uptake appeared particularly related to the NRA daily pattern. Effects of photosynthetic irradiance (PI) at two growth stages on partitioning of 45Ca and 86Rb were also investigated. Low light level stimulated 45Ca uptake in fruiting plants but depressed 86Rb uptake. A hypothetical mechanism involving the influence of NRA and K cycling on HCO₃‐ excretion by root is proposed to explain the effects of treatments on mineral uptake.     

Effects of Antitranspirant Spray and Potassium: Calcium: Magnesium Ratio on Photosynthesis,Nutrient and Water Uptake,Growth, and Yield of Sweet Pepper

Sweet pepper plants (Capsicum annuum L.) were cultivated hydroponically under different nutrient cation ratios at both high potassium (K)/calcium (Ca) (12:2) or magnesium (Mg)/Ca (4:2) ratios, compared with half strength Hoagland's solution (K:Ca:Mg; 3.5:2:0.5). Additionally, antitranspirant (Pinolene) was sprayed every fortnight to the aerial part of the plant at 1% (v/v). The antitranspirant (AT) did not affect dry weight accumulation in the leaves, stems, roots, total plant leaf area, or leaf dry weight percentage. Net carbon dioxide (CO₂) assimilation was not impaired by the AT but the water uptake was reduced significantly independent of the nutrient solution used. The AT did not affect the cation uptake but high Mg significantly reduced Ca concentration in leaves, stems, and fruits, whilst high K had an effect only in old leaves and fruits. The AT reduced fructose and glucose concentration in the leaves but no effect was found in the fruits. Fruit yield was not affected by AT, but it was increased when plants were grown with high Mg/Ca. The percentage of blossom-end rot was reduced with the AT, whilst it was increased with the solutions having high K/Ca or high Mg/Ca. The AT significantly reduced fruit firmness in high Mg/Ca and control solution but no effect was found for fruit color, shape index, total soluble solids, or pericarp thickness.