国内首家企业98%氯酯磺草胺原药批准登记

<正>江苏省农用激素工程技术研究中心98%氯酯磺草胺原药获农业部药检所正式登记,登记有效期至2020年9月7日。该公司同时获批的还有84%氯酯磺草胺水分散粒剂,用于春大豆田阔叶杂草防除。该公司成为国内首家获登氯酯磺草胺原药的企业。此前陶氏益农曾获得97.5%氯酯磺草胺原药登记。目前持有84%氯酯磺草胺水分散粒剂登记的企业还包括陶氏益农和江苏南通泰禾化工有限公司。氯酯磺草胺是由陶氏益农研发的磺酰胺类除草剂,是一类ALS抑制剂,主要作用位点是植物分生组织。氯     

国内企业首登大豆田除草剂氯酯磺草胺

<正>本报讯江苏省农用激素工程技术研究中心98%氯酯磺草胺(cloransulam-methyl)原药获农业部药检所正式登记,登记有效期至2020年9月7日。该公司同时获批的还有84%氯酯磺草胺水分散粒剂,用于春大豆田阔叶杂草防除。该公司成为国内首家获登氯酯磺草胺原药的企业。此前,陶氏益农曾获得97.5%氯酯磺草胺原药登记。目前持有84%氯酯磺草胺水分散粒剂登记的企业还包括陶氏益农和江苏南通泰禾化工有限公司。据了解,氯酯磺草胺是由陶氏益农研发的三唑并嘧啶类(或磺酰胺类)除草剂,为乙酰     

84%氯酯磺草胺WDG对鸭跖草的防除效果及对大豆安全性评价

氯酯磺草胺WDG是磺酰胺类除草剂,对大豆田阔叶杂草具有很好的防治效果,本文通过田间试验,研究了84%氯酯磺草胺WDG对大豆田鸭跖草防除效果及对不同大豆品种的安全性。结果表明,84%氯酯磺草胺WDG 25.2~50.4 g a.i/hm~2对鸭跖草有较好防除效果,施药后45 d对鸭跖草的鲜重防效为95.1%~100%;对吉育57,吉育64,吉育70,吉育74这4个品种安全,无药害,不影响生育期和产量。     

84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂防除大豆田阔叶杂草防效

为验证84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂对大豆田阔叶杂草的效果、最佳田间使用剂量、施药技术和对作物的安全性,于2018年开展了田间试验。结果表明,84%双氯磺草胺水分散粒剂对大豆田间禾本科杂草和阔叶杂草均有较好的防治效果,药后30 d,3 g/亩、4.5 g/亩对禾本科杂草的数量防效为90.40%～93.60%,对阔叶杂草的防效为98.34%～98.96%,药后50 d,对杂草的总体鲜重防效为90.53%～96.11%,3 g/亩对大豆安全,下茬作物为小麦时应慎用,以免产生药害。     

使用麦田除草剂须防后茬药害

氯磺隆 杀草谱广,效果好,且价格低廉.但其残效期长,对后茬作物如马铃薯、甜菜、豌豆、玉米、油菜、棉花、大豆、芹菜、胡萝卜、辣椒、苜蓿等药害明显,造成这些作物生长缓慢,畸形,甚至死苗;对水稻、烟草、向日葵、南瓜、大麦、柑橘等作物药害也比较明显;下茬也不宜作水稻秧田、直播秧田和小苗移栽秧田.用户在使用前应考虑错开后茬敏感性作物.如后茬需种植上述敏感作物,则本茬麦田最好不使用氯磺隆,尤其不能连年使用氯磺隆.     

不同除草剂及其组合对燕麦田杂草防效、燕麦生理与产量的影响

燕麦田杂草危害日趋突出,严重威胁燕麦的高效生产,目前主要依赖于化学除草等防治手段.为筛选适宜燕麦生产上使用的安全、绿色、高效除草剂组分,选用20％双氟·氟氯酯水分散粒剂与7.5％啶磺草胺水分散粒剂、96％精异丙甲草胺乳油与10％苄嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂的单剂及组合,施用于燕麦田间,探讨其对燕麦田间杂草的防除效果及对燕麦生理与产量的影响.研究结果显示,不同除草剂及组合对燕麦杂草的防除效果显著,组合防效高于单剂,其中20％双氟·氟氯酯水分散粒剂与7.5％啶磺草胺水分散粒剂组合防除效果高于96％精异丙甲草胺乳油与10％苄嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂组合.生长指标及产量统计结果表明,96％精异丙甲草胺乳油与10％苄嘧磺隆可湿性粉剂组合对燕麦具有一定的药害.综合安全性及对燕麦产量的影响,筛选出20％双氟·氟氯酯水分散粒剂与7.5％啶磺草胺水分散粒剂组合对杂草的防除效果最好.此外生理指标结果显示,施用除草剂能够引起燕麦叶片生理特性的变化,导致POD活性及MDA含量增加,因此在除草剂施用过程中注意用量,以免引起药害,进而影响燕麦产量.     

3种除草剂对水稻产量·杂草防除及后茬作物安全性的影响

[目的]筛选适合水稻田的高效除草剂。[方法]采用小区试验研究50%二氯喹啉酸WP、38%苄·二氯WP和25 g/L五氟磺草胺OF 3种水稻田常用除草剂对水稻产量、杂草防除,以及后茬作物烟草、花生株高及鲜重的影响。[结果]药后15、45 d株防效及鲜重防效表现为38%苄·二氯WP25 g/L五氟磺草胺OF50%二氯喹啉酸WP;与对照相比,3种除草剂对水稻产量均有增产作用,增产效果为38%苄·二氯WP25 g/L五氟磺草胺OF50%二氯喹啉酸WP;3种除草剂处理过的土壤对后茬作物烟草、花生株高、鲜重的影响有差异,其中50%二氯喹啉酸WP和38%苄·二氯WP对后茬烟草、花生株高、鲜重有抑制作用,而25 g/L五氟磺草胺OF安全性好。[结论]考虑到二氯喹啉酸田间杂草抗药性以及土壤残留药害等因素,建议在水稻-烟草、水稻-花生等轮作区推广应用25 g/L五氟磺草胺OF防治稻田杂草。     

双氟磺草胺与2甲4氯异辛酯的联合作用及药效评价

为明确双氟磺草胺与2甲4氯异辛酯复配除草的联合作用类型及在小麦田应用的可行性,采用室内生物测定和田间药效试验,研究了双氟磺草胺与2甲4氯异辛酯对播娘蒿、荠菜的联合毒力,对当茬小麦的安全性及田间除草效果。结果表明,双氟磺草胺与2甲4氯异辛酯混用对播娘蒿、荠菜的杀灭活性均为加成作用,二者配比在1∶105附近比较适宜。42.4%双氟磺草胺·2甲4氯异辛酯油悬浮剂(混配比例为1∶105)对当茬作物小麦的安全性较好,不同剂量处理区小麦产量与人工除草区均无显著差异。该药剂有效剂量480~640 g/hm2对小麦田阔叶杂草防除效果较好,施药后40 d株防效和鲜质量防效均在90%以上。综合分析,双氟磺草胺与2甲4氯异辛酯复配效果显著,对小麦使用安全。     

防除春玉米田杂草宜选用的除草剂

1.阔草清 通用名唑嘧磺草胺,属三唑并嘧啶磺酰胺类选择性土壤处理除草剂,常用药剂为80％水分散粒剂.阔草清对反枝苋、凹头苋、藜、小藜、繁缕、风花菜、遏蓝菜、龙葵、铁苋菜、地肤、酸模叶蓼、苘麻、香薷、水棘针、苣荬菜、苍耳、大蓟、荠菜、刺儿菜等一年生及多年生阔叶杂草有较好防效,对幼龄禾本科杂草也有一定抑制作用.施药时注意风向、风速,不要让药液飘移到棉花、高粱、向日葵等敏感作物田,以免造成药害.施药后的田块,后茬不能种植甜菜、油菜及叶菜类蔬菜等敏感作物.在春玉米播种前或播后2天内,每亩用80％阔草清水分散粒剂3～4克加72％异丙甲草胺(都尔)乳油100～ 240毫升均匀处理垄面.     

7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂与459g/L双氟·2,4-D异辛酯悬浮剂混用对小麦的安全性研究

为了论证7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂(优先(除草剂和阔叶除草剂459g/L双氟·2,4-D异辛酯悬浮剂混用,观察其对小麦的安全性,确定最佳使用剂量。结果表明,采用7.5%啶磺草胺水分散粒剂+459g/L双氟·2,4-D异辛酯悬浮剂混用能有效提高小麦产量,且对小麦安全。     

巴彦淖尔地区主要作物生产成本与收益分析

针对巴彦淖尔地区6种主要作物(小麦、玉米、花葵、油葵、籽瓜、白瓜籽)的生产成本、收益、净收益、产出投入比的变化进行了对比分析,结果表明:巴彦淖尔地区主要作物的生产成本总体上均呈略有增长的趋势,变化幅度不大,其中,花葵和生产成本最高,玉米其次,籽瓜最少;主要作物净收益差异极显著,其中,花葵净收益最高,白瓜籽其次,小麦最低;主要作物产出投入比差异显著,其中,白瓜籽产出投入比最高,花葵其次,小麦最低。6种主要作物中,花葵和白瓜籽的生产效益较高,小麦效益则最低。提出了选择优质高产品种、加大财政投入力度、强化科技支撑作用、适当地调整作物结构等提高作物生产收益的相关措施。     

黑龙江省长残留除草剂应用及残留药害情况调查

目前生产上使用的长残留除草剂主要有氯嘧磺隆、咪草烟、氟磺胺草醚、异噁草松和莠去津。涉及药害的作物有大豆、水稻、玉米、亚麻、马铃薯、白瓜、甜菜及一些经济作物。为改善农业生态环境和促进农业生产,对黑龙江省长残留除草剂的使用及产生残留药害的情况进行了调查。结果表明:2012年黑龙江省长残留除草剂使用商品量7 659.2t,有效量2 473.8t,可用面积305.72万hm2次。2012年全省使用有效量比2011年增加18.16%。2012年全省长残留除草剂造成的残留药害面积达65.81万hm2次,药害发生面积最多的是黑河地区,达21.09万hm2次,其次是佳木斯地区18.88万hm2次,哈尔滨地区11.17万hm2次。建议限制和减少长残留除草剂的生产和使用,推广应用降低除草剂残留的新技术。     

Molecular and biological characterization of melon-infecting squash leaf curl China virus in China

It has been reported that squash leaf curl China virus (SLCCNV) infects some Cucurbitaceae crops except for melon (Cucumis melo L.). A new disease of melon exhibiting severe leaf curl and dwarfing was observed in Hainan Province of China. In this study, the pathogen was identified as SLCCNV through biological and molecular characterization. The isolate (SLCCNV-HN) possess a bipartite genome, DNA-A (HM566112.1) with the highest nucleotide identity (99%) to SLCCNV-Hn (MF062251.1) pumpkin and SLCCNV-Hn61 (AM260205.1) squash isolates from China, whereas DNA-B (HM566113.1) with the highest nucleotide identity (99%) to SLCCNV-Hn (MF062252.1). Phylogenetic analyses based on the full-length SLCCNV-HN DNA-A and -B sequences indicated that SLCCNV-HN melon isolate is clustered with SLCCNV-Hn pumpkin, SLCCNV-Hn61 and SLCCNV-SY squash isolates from southern China, forming an independent cluster. Infectious clone of SLCCNV-HN was constructed and the melon plants were inoculated and the infection rate is 100%, the systemic symptoms in melon showed identical to those of melon plants infected in fields. Additionally, melon plants transmission of this virus by Bemisia tabaci with a transmission rate of 95% (19/20) showed leaf curl and dwarf symptoms 15 days post transmission, thereby fulfilling Koch's postulates. Analysis of genomic organization and phylogenetic trees indicated that SLCCNV-HN melon isolate belongs to the Begomovirus genus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first characterization of melon-infecting SLCCNV through its genome, infectious clone and transmission.     

保水剂对不同作物水分利用效率及产值的影响

为鉴别保水剂对不同作物水分利用效率及产值的影响,以便于保水剂的应用与推广,在干旱半干旱区选择了西瓜、马铃薯和玉米3种作物,在干旱区选择了春小麦、向日葵、玉米和番茄4种作物,以不同作物不施保水剂为对照,分析比较了不同作物施用保水剂的水分利用效率、水分产出率、产量和产值。结果表明干旱半干旱区西瓜的增产值最大,但马铃薯的增值率最高且节水效果最好。干旱区向日葵的增产值最大,但玉米的增值率略高于向日葵且有很好的节水效果。根据不同作物施用保水剂的水分利用效率和增产值情况,建议干旱半干旱区推广、应用保水剂应优先选择马铃薯、西瓜,干旱区应优先选择向日葵、玉米。     

河南省主要农作物比较优势分析

为了了解河南省主要农作物的比较优势,以比较优势原理为依据,建立了效率比较优势指数、规模比较优势指数和综合比较优势指数3个指标体系,对河南省主要农作物的比较优势即生产能力进行了分析。结果表明,小麦、花生、烟叶、果用瓜在河南具有极强的比较优势,芝麻、棉花具有较强的比较优势,玉米和蔬菜具有较弱的比较优势,水稻、谷子、高粱、大豆、薯类、油菜籽、糖料则不具备比较优势。因此,建议扩大具有比较优势的小麦等作物的种植面积,压缩没有比较优势的水稻等作物的种植面积。     

Ecological effect analysis of pumpkin and oil sunflower intercropping in arid area of northwest Hebei Province: I. moisture analysis

Experiments were conducted during 2007–2008 at the Zhangbei Agricultural Resource and Ecological Environment Key Field Research Station, Hebei Province, China to study water-efficient pumpkin planting patterns in this area. Four treatments of pumpkin and oil sunflower intercropping were used to study the problem of water resource scarcity and inefficient water use in the plateau of northern Hebei Province. The four treatments were: pumpkin sole cropping (Sp), oil-sunflower sole cropping (So), intercropping one row oil sunflower (IC₁) or two rows (IC₂) between pumpkin rows. The results showed that oil sunflower competed for soil water with pumpkin during late growth stage of pumpkin in IC₂, but there was no water competition in IC₁. Total rainfall during the growing season was 201.6 mm and the soil water balance differed between treatments. In all cases the water percolation was low and soil moisture storage always negative. Nearly all water loss was through evapotranspiration, which varied by treatment. The seasonal evapotranspiration of IC1 was less than So, Sp and IC₂, 46.57%, 41.22% and 46.73%, respectively. Economic yield of pumpkin decreased from 30.00% (IC1 ) to 71.42% (IC₂). However, yield per plant of intercropping oil sunflower increased from 190.71% to 241.26%, as compared with So, because oil sunflower showed remarkably partial advantage. The Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) of pumpkin-oil sunflower was 1.08–1.22, and the Water Equivalent Ratio (WER) of pumpkin-oil sunflower was 1.07–1.26. Economic value of sole pumpkin was greatest but did not differ from treatment IC1. Other treatments had significantly less economic value. In this region of rain-fed dry land farming, a sparse planting of sole pumpkin with high efficiency production could realize water resources most effectively in the Plateau of northern Hebei Province.     

镉对农作物种子萌发·幼苗生长及2种氧化酶同工酶的影响

[目的]为了研究镉对农作物种子萌发、幼苗生长及POD和COD同工酶的影响。[方法]用不同浓度(10、20、40、60和80mg/kg)的镉溶液处理沙窝青萝卜、西葫、玉米、旱萝卜4种作物种子,测定了各自的发芽率、幼苗高度及主胚根长度。[结果]玉米与旱萝卜的发芽率,沙窝青萝卜、玉米和旱萝卜的幼苗高度均随镉浓度的增加而降低;镉对4种作物的胚根伸长抑制效应十分明显。经80mg/kg镉溶液处理的玉米和西葫根系中POD同工酶谱带数量明显减少,沙窝青萝卜和西葫根系中COD同工酶谱带变化明显。[结论]不同作物的发芽率、幼苗高度和根系生长对镉害的反应不同,镉对不同作物POD和COD同工酶也有不同的影响。该研究为早期检测镉对作物幼苗生长的有害效应及选择抗镉作物品种提供了依据。     

基于APSIM模型的内蒙古四大生态区不同降水年型下主要作物适应性评价

【目的】探究内蒙古四大生态区（黄土高原、阴山北麓、燕山丘陵和大兴安岭）不同降水年型下主要作物（玉米、马铃薯、莜麦、油菜、油葵和食葵）的适应性,为优化内蒙古主要作物布局提供重要科学参考。【方法】本研究选取4个生态区的典型站点,应用验证后的APSIM模型定量6种作物的潜在产量、雨养产量和产量差,以此计算不同降水年型下作物减产率,评估其适应性并基于作物水分生产函数解析作物对水分的敏感性。【结果】（1）6种作物营养生长期、生殖生长期和产量模拟值与实测值的RMSE分别为10.1 d、8.9 d和1 322.4 kg·hm^-2,NRMSE分别为14.6%、19.2%和22.6%,表明模型能够较好地模拟不同区域各作物的生长发育和产量形成。（2）玉米、马铃薯、莜麦、油菜、油葵与食葵的潜在干重产量分别为12 024±4 874、7 315±806、6 611±906、2 424±326、2 721±205、4 905±428 kg·hm^-2,莜麦与食葵的最大潜在产量在阴山北麓,其他4种作物的最大潜在产量在黄土高原。玉米、马铃薯、莜麦、油菜、油葵与食葵的雨养干重产量分别为3 056±2 902、3 337±1 608、2 974±1 677、912±511、869±618、1 508±984 kg·hm^-2,6种作物的雨养产量自西向东递增,在大兴安岭达到最大值。玉米、马铃薯、莜麦、油菜、油葵与食葵的产量差分别为8 968±5 844、3 978±2 358、3 637±2 122、1 512±832、1 852±749、3 397±1 328 kg·hm^-2,除玉米与莜麦外的4种作物产量差自西向东递减,在大兴安岭达到最低值。（3）以雨养产量相对于潜在产量的减产率为干旱指标,并参考雨养产量的变异系数,则在雨养条件下,黄土高原区各作物均不适宜种植;阴山北麓区枯水年各作物均不适宜种植,平水年适宜种植马铃薯,丰水年则适宜种植马铃薯、莜麦;燕山丘陵区枯水年各作物均不适宜种植,平水年适宜种植马铃薯与莜麦,丰水年6种作物均适宜种植;大兴安岭区枯水年适宜种植马铃薯、莜麦、油菜与食葵,平水年与丰水年6种作物均适宜种植。（4）6种作物的相对蒸散与相对产量的线性相关均达到了极显著水平（P<0.01）,R²在0.84—0.99。作物对水分亏缺的敏感度为：油葵>食葵>玉米>莜麦>油菜>马铃薯。【结论】本研究揭示了内蒙古四大生态区不同降水年型下作物的适应性,6种作物对水分的敏感性差异较大,雨养条件下,马铃薯在阴山北麓与燕山丘陵的平水年与丰水年型以及大兴安岭的所有年型下均适宜种植,莜麦在阴山北麓的丰水年型、燕山丘陵的平水和丰水年型以及大兴安岭的所有年型下均适宜种植,油菜与食葵在燕山丘陵的丰水年,大兴安岭的所有年型下均适宜种植,而玉米与油葵仅在燕山丘陵的丰水年,大兴安岭的平水年与丰水年型下适宜种植。     

红南瓜两个品种生育性状观察

南瓜作物抗逆性强,栽培容易,管理粗放,素有救灾作物之称。南瓜不仅可以代替粮食,而且还是营养价值很高的蔬菜副食品。其碳水化合物、热量等含量高,蛋白质、维生素、矿物质亦很丰富、均衡,被称为“营养食品”。红南瓜品质更好,营养成份更高,堪称“保健食品”、“观赏佳果”,越来越受到广大消费者的青睐。本文以东升和红星两个品种的红南瓜为对象,在栽培方式、水肥条件、病虫害防治等方面都相同的条件下,分析它们的发芽率、长势、抗病能力、留瓜状况、产量等方面的差异,从而得出更适宜栽培的品种。     

Root distributions in tillage layers and yields of pumpkin and oil sunflower in an intercropping system

Studies on the distribution of roots of pumpkin and oil sunflower in tillage layers and their relations with their above-ground biomass in an intercropping system were conducted by digging roots by layers, combined with DT-Scan and the WinRHIZO root analysis system, during harvest in the plateau of the northwest part of Hebei Province, China. The results of analyzing roots and ratio of root to shoot showed that oil sunflower had an advantage over pumpkin in the intercropping system. Root dry weight of oil sunflower in treatments of pumpkin intercropped with one row (J1) and two rows of oil sunflower (J2) was, respectively, 2.5 and 1.83 times that of sole oil sunflower cropping (YD); the root length was 1.25 and 1.27 times, the root surface area was 1.20 and 1.14 times, and the root volume was 1.53 and 1.44 times that of sole oil sunflower cropping, respectively. As oil sunflower was dominant in absorbing nutrition and water in the intercropping system, the growth and development of pumpkin were restricted. Root dry weight of pumpkin in sole cropping (ND) was 1.5 and 1.9 times as much as that in treatments of J1 and J2 in a 0- to 40-cm soil layer, with the root length, surface area, and volume being 1.02 and 1.13, 1.04 and 1.26, 1.22 and 1.22 times that of treatments of J1 and J2, respectively. The root and the above-ground biomass of intercropped pumpkin with oil sunflower were lower than those in sole pumpkin cropping, while those of oil sunflower were the opposite. Root density of pumpkin decreased in power function with the soil layers, while it decreased by exponential function in oil sunflower. It was concluded that sole pumpkin cropping rather than pumpkin-oil sunflower intercropping is the suitable planting regimen in this area.