乌鲁木齐地区砂场废弃地生态重建与植被恢复

乌鲁木齐市城市周边砂场废弃地分布广,对生态破坏、环境污染严重,影响并制约了乌鲁木齐生态环境治理和社会经济的发展。对砂场废弃地进行植被恢复与重建,不仅在草原资源可持续发展研究和实践中具有特殊的重要性,更对国土资源的合理利用及环境的保护具有重要意义。本文从专业和管理工作方面进行了砂场废弃地恢复和重建方法的探讨。     

福州市采矿废弃地水土保持与生态恢复研究

本文分析了福州矿产资源开发利用现状和存在的问题，运用生态恢复理论讨论了矿山采石废弃地水土保持生态恢复的技术途径和模式，其生态恢复途径包括采矿废弃地前期处理、植被恢复和目标生态系统重建。     

矿区废弃地土壤生态恢复研究进展

矿山废弃地生态恢复是解决矿区生态问题的重要举措之一,积极开展矿山废弃地生态恢复对社会经济效益及环境保护均具有重要的意义。综述国内外矿山废弃地生态恢复现状,主要从土壤改良,土壤重金属污染治理,矿区植被恢复,土壤动物、微生物恢复措施等方面阐述了矿区废弃地生态恢复技术。     

南京幕府山矿区废弃地自然恢复植被的构树种群及其伴生树种生态位研究

以南京幕府山矿区废弃地自然恢复的植被优势种群为对象，对构树及其伴生树种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠进行了研究。结果表明：研究的9个树种的生态位总体比较接近，都有比较宽的生态位，从群落形成的时间分析，这些树种是在矿区废弃地上的先锋树种，对废弃地有较强的适应能力。因此，在人工恢复这一地区矿区废弃地植被时，可以选用这些树种。构树的生态位较宽。而其与其他树种的生态位重叠却不是很大，构树在一定时期内，还是矿区废弃地上植物群落的最主要的优势树种，是矿区废弃地最适应的树种之一，可以作为本地区矿区废弃地植被恢复的首选树种。     

矿区废弃地生态恢复研究进展

矿山开采破坏和占用大量土地资源,对矿区周边的生态环境也会造成严重影响。矿区废弃土地生态恢复越来越受到全球的重视。现阶段,我国对矿山土地生态恢复的研究已不仅仅是生态恢复适宜性和效益的评价,更关注矿区生态恢复治理问题。通过分析国内外矿山废弃地生态恢复现状,对国内外在矿山废弃地生态恢复中采取的治理方法与技术措施进行阐述,为今后矿山废弃地生态恢复工作提供借鉴。     

矿山废弃地水土保持生态恢复与重建对策分析

经济社会发展对矿产资源的需求不断增大,矿山大规模的开采,以及开采产生的大量废弃物使原有的地形、地貌和植被遭到严重破坏,水土流失严重,对矿区及周边的生态安全构成威胁,矿山废弃地的生态恢复与重建已成为矿区环境治理和发展绿色矿山不可或缺的一项任务。通过对矿山废弃地的环境特点和生态恢复与重建影响因素及对策进行分析,指出加强对土壤基质改良和先锋植物种类选择的研究是今后矿山废弃地生态恢复与重建的工作重点,同时开展土壤-植被系统长期的定位监测研究,探寻土壤与植物群落的演替规律与作用机制,为矿山废弃地水土保持生态恢复与重建提供科学依据。     

花垣李梅矿区废弃地植物景观恢复探讨

矿区经过密集的采矿活动后植被遭到严重的破坏,生态系统不能维持平衡,随着国内对于矿区废弃地的重视,许多地方将矿区的生态恢复作为环境整治的重点,以湘西花垣李梅矿区的植物景观恢复生态恢复为案例,着重讨论植物景观的重建,为矿区生态恢复作出贡献。     

基于生态恢复的废弃地植被群落特征研究

随着工业经济的发展,矿山的开采使局部生态系统结构遭到破坏,功能及稳定性下降。从探究矿山废弃地植被恢复与重建角度出发,探明河北省涞源县独山城矿山不同废弃地类型的植被状况,探明了独山城矿山不同废弃地植被群落特征,揭示了独山城矿山不同废弃地植被群落空间的变异特征与废弃地恢复治理的次序。     

南京幕府山矿区废弃地植被恢复对土壤侵蚀与肥力的影响研究

对南京市幕府山矿区废弃地的植被恢复对土壤侵蚀、土壤肥力等的影响进行了研究,研究表明通过城市建筑余土等对矿区废弃地进行土壤改良,是城市郊区矿区废弃地土壤改良和进行植被恢复的有效途径。     

云南省个旧锡矿山废弃地植被恢复技术

植被恢复技术为目前国内外矿山废弃地生态修复的研究热点之一,通过个旧锡矿山废弃地植被恢复试验,采用坐标综合评价法对旱冬瓜＋十大功劳、加勒比松＋莱木、清香木＋圆柏、栾树＋麻栎及杜仲5类试验样地的植物生长状况、土壤物理性质、养分状况、重金属含量进行综合研究。结果显示：旱冬瓜＋十大功劳、清香木＋圆柏和杜仲3类试验样地较其植被恢复前,其评价标准化值差异显著,植物措施能有效改善废弃地土壤通气性和透水性,提高土壤养分含量,降低土壤主要重金属污染物含量。因此,初步筛选出旱冬瓜、十大功劳、清香木和杜仲4种较适合用于锡矿山废弃地生态修复的先锋植物。     

植被恢复与重建理论体系的构建

通过对恢复生态学等相关理论的研究以及植被恢复和重建实践经验的总结,构建了植被恢复与重建的理论体系。该体系包括理论基础、方法体系、技术体系和工程体系等四部分,并对植被恢复与重建的目标、原则、模式、步骤和评价进行了详细描述。     

植被恢复对岩溶石漠化区土壤有机碳及轻组有机碳的影响

[目的]通过分析石漠化治理区不同植被恢复年限对土壤有机碳(SOC)及其组分影响,为该地区石漠化的治理提供一定的基础数据。[方法]以重度石漠化土地作为对照,运用空间代替时间的方法,研究了广西壮族自治区平果县果化岩溶石漠化区植被恢复5,10,15,20a后土壤(0—30cm)SOC和土壤轻组有机碳(LFOC)的变化。[结果]石漠化土地在进行植被恢复后,SOC和LFOC含量明显增加;植被恢复使表层0—10cm的SOC和LFOC储量明显增加,且随着恢复时间的增长逐渐变大,同时植被恢复对表层(0—10cm)SOC和LFOC储量的影响要远高于下层(20—30cm);植被恢复后LFOC储量的增幅远高于SOC储量。[结论]在石漠化区进行植被自然恢复可以有效防止土地石漠化,增加碳的流通。     

门头沟山区矿产废弃地及公路边坡植被恢复技术适应性研究

对在北京市门头沟区典型矿产废弃地和裸露公路边坡实施的8种植被恢复技术的效果进行了调查与分析,结果表明:对潭柘寺及妙峰山石灰窑废弃地进行的人工景观修复效果最佳,植被覆盖度达85%以上,美景度达优级,居民满意度最高;付家台公路上边坡绿化笼砖裸岩生态修复技术和黄土台无土碎石边坡创新生态修复技术的植被恢复效果也较好,冲蚀量及入渗速率都有明显的改善,但无土碎石边坡植被恢复中,容器苗修复技术存在着植株成活率较低的问题;百花山景区公路沿线采用客土移栽修复技术植被恢复效果显著,但这种技术对土质及坡度都有较高的要求,具有一定的局限性;植生袋及保育棒修复技术虽然植被盖度较高,但所用植株较低、绿期短,且存在建设成本较高的问题;挂网喷播修复技术具有较大的局限性,在坡角大于50°时,由于土壤冲蚀量大,坡面挂不住土层,所以植株无法正常生长,而在坡角小于50°时,一般无需使用这种技术,因为它的建设成本及维护成本较高。     

晋北丘陵风沙区不同植被恢复模式的土壤化学特征与生态恢复效应

通过对山西省右玉县从高家堡乡至右卫镇的公路两侧乔木林(小叶杨、樟子松、油松和华北落叶松)、灌木丛(沙棘、柠条和乌柳)及各种乔木、乔灌混交林的土壤化学特征分析,评价了乔、灌恢复模式的生态恢复效应。结果表明:(1)不同植被恢复模式的生态恢复效应差异显著,混交林生态恢复效果优于纯林;(2)灌木沙棘、柠条、乌柳在本区生态恢复中的作用突出,特别是豆科植物柠条的生态恢复效果优于其他非豆科植物;(3)乔木种樟子松、油松,灌木种沙棘、柠条、乌柳耐旱、耐寒,生态适应性强,在本区生态修复中作用明显,可用于本区人工植被恢复的植被重建优先物种;(4)本区土壤洁净,适宜发展有机农业。     

广东大宝山矿区尾矿库植被演替分析

对广东大宝山4个尾矿库环境特点和植物群落进行了调查和分析。结果表明,广东大宝山尾矿库区内植物种类总体上较为稀少,不同尾矿库区内植物群落组成差异比较大,其中禾本科植物种类较多,其次为菊科植物和豆科植物,表明这3个科的植物较其他科植物更容易适应尾矿库环境,特别是禾本科的五节芒（Miscanthusflondulus）、类芦（Neyraudiareynaudiana）和狗牙根（Cynodondactylon）表现出较强的适应能力。从样地1到样地4,物种多样性指数也依次增加,表现出由较少先锋物种种类组成的简单群落向稳定复杂群落方向演替的趋势,反映了植物群落结构随演替时间的延长越来越趋向复杂化。研究还表明物种多样性与有机质、有效磷、碱解氮含量显著正相关,与重金属含量（Cd、Cu和Zn）显著负相关,尾矿库区的高浓度Cd、Cu和Zn是影响植物群落物种多样性进一步恢复的主要限制因子。     

The influence of patch area and connectivity on avian communities in urban revegetation

Landscape restoration through revegetation is being increasingly used in the conservation management of degraded landscapes. To effectively plan restoration programs information is required on how the landscape context of revegetation influences biodiversity gains. Here, we investigate the relative influence of patch area and connectivity on bird species richness and abundance within urban revegetation patches in Brisbane, Australia. We carried out bird surveys at 20 revegetation sites, and used hierarchical partitioning and model selection to test the relative importance of patch area (the area of revegetation including all directly connected remnant vegetation) and landscape connectivity (the vegetated area connected by less than 10 m, 20 m, 30 m, 40 m and 50 m cleared gaps). We controlled for a number of possible confounding variables within the hierarchical partitioning procedure. Both the hierarchical partitioning and model selection procedures indicated that connectivity had an important influence on bird species richness. Patch area in combination with connectivity were important influencing factors on overall bird abundance. We also carried out the hierarchical partitioning procedure for bird abundance data within a range of feeding guilds, yielding results specific to species groups. Overall our data suggest that greater connectivity enhances the habitat area that colonists can arrive from (resulting in greater species richness), whereas increased patch area allows for increased abundance by expanding the habitat available to species already present in a patch. A combined approach where connectivity and overall habitat area is enhanced across the landscape is likely to be necessary to meet long-term conservation objectives.     

Successional Trajectory Over 10 Years of Vegetation Restoration of Abandoned Slope Croplands in the Hill‐Gully Region of the Loess Plateau

Revegetation has been the primary management approach for solving the problems caused by severe soil erosion in the Loess Plateau. The objectives of this work were to explore the successional trajectory of the different types of restoration and discuss their potential effectiveness for the control of soil erosion. The presence and coverage of plants in 40 permanent plots were investigated during two periods (2003–2006 and 2013). The naturally and artificially revegetated communities studied in the two surveys were classified using two‐way indicator species analysis, and their relationships were analyzed using detrended correspondence analysis. Under natural revegetation, the communities succeed in the following order: annual plants → perennial plants → short rhizome tufts and subshrubs. Under artificial revegetation, succession was interrupted by artificial planting, and a Gramineae herb layer persisted through the years with few changes in species composition. Additionally, species richness, diversity, and evenness increased, while ecological dominance decreased during succession in both revegetation types. Succession rate was rapid at the initial stage and then slowed down gradually. Succession followed different trajectories under natural and artificial revegetation, and based on the potential effects of the two approaches on soil erosion and soil desiccation, we suggest that natural revegetation is preferable over artificial revegetation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

云南小湾水电站边坡治理研究

通过分析云南小湾水电站2#公路边坡地质地貌及生态系统的现状,总结了初期边坡治理的经验教训,并以生态恢复工程学为基本方法,结合植被混凝土护坡绿化技术,提出了小湾水电站2#公路边坡护坡绿化治理方案。经工程实践证明,该治理方案正确,效果显著。     

Eucalypt plantings on farms: Use by insectivorous bats in south-eastern Australia

To guide tree planting for restoration in southern Australia bats were sampled in revegetation from a wide variety of shapes, sizes, age and isolation. Young and old age-classes were sampled and these were stratified by size and shape. Where possible, revegetated categories were compared to remnant native vegetation with the same patch sizes, as well as very large remnants (>1000 ha) and grazed paddocks. In total 120 sites were surveyed, with 10 replicates in each stratum. All bat species used revegetation sites, often with high activity (passes/night) levels. However, activity and species richness in revegetation was not greater than that recorded in the paddock matrix and activity in revegetation was less than a third of that recorded in remnants. Old, large plantings were an exception, recording twice the activity of paddocks, indicating that this was the only revegetation treatment that was used by bats more frequently than paddocks. The tree stand structure of old plantings was usually patchy, including the presence of gaps induced by drought and grazing associated mortality. Bats were generally insensitive to the effects of patch size and shape as well as the amount of remnant vegetation in the landscape. A negative relationship with understorey cover (including eucalypts if <5 m high) was the most consistent predictor of total activity and species richness. The avoidance of clutter by many species of bats suggests that efforts to restore woodland communities should use lower stem densities. Improvements to revegetation programs to benefit bats are recommended and more broad-based studies that consider the varied requirements of a diverse fauna are encouraged.     

大型煤矸石山植被重建的土壤限制性因子分析

煤矸石是我国第一大固体废弃物,巨量煤矸石堆积压占了大量土地,并影响矿区及周边水土环境,煤矸石山的植被重建是解决上述问题的经济而有效的途径。国内外研究与实践表明,表层土壤特性是矸石山植被重建成功与否的决定性因素。由于表层物料组成以及所处地域等因素,目前对煤矸石山各限制性因子及其重要性看法有所不同,从而影响了措施设计及植被效果。本文以抚顺西露天煤矿等煤矸山为例,对大型煤矸石山植被恢复的诸多限制性因素进行了分析论述,认为表层风化物的主要限制性因子依次为质地、水分、养分、pH、盐分、表层温度、重金属等,这与以往研究有所不同,体现了该煤矸石山的区域特色。研究结果可为制定适宜的煤矸石山及其类似废弃物堆场的植被恢复措施提供依据。