Recent Scleractinian coral species collected during the Snellius-II expedition in Eastern Indonesia

A ship-based expedition facilitates coral reef research in areas which are otherwise difficult to reach. In nine different areas visited during the Snellius-II Expedition in 1984 approximately 350 scleractinian coral species, belonging to 75 coral genera, were collected. A survey is given of these species and the localities where they were found. The data set gives a qualitative indication of the species richness in the different areas. This aspect is discussed in some detail. It is suggested that Indonesian waters east of the Sunda shelf are richest in coral species because of the rugged geography of the region, providing ample refuge areas during Pleistocene times.     

Input of selected chlorinated hydrocarbons into the coastal area of East Java and adjacent waters: Distribution patterns in the dissolved and suspended phase

Selected organochlorines were analysed in water and suspended particulate matter collected at stations in two rivers on East Java, the adjacent coastal zone, the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean. The sampling period covered the dry monsoon and the beginning of the wet monsoon. Concentrations of dissolved polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were in the same range as in Western Europe and North America. In contrast, the concentrations of all measured organochlorines in suspended matter were lower and often not detectable.p,p′-DDT and its metabolites p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDE showed the highest concentrations of all compounds determined. The rivers Bengawan Solo and Kali Porong can be considered sources of these compounds for the coastal environment, although their impact is restricted to a small area.Significant differences between the dry and wet monsoon were only observed for dissolved PCBs in the river Porong.     

Copper,zinc and cadmium in benthic organisms from the Java Sea and estuarine and coastal areas around East Java

A study was made of the concentrations of copper, zinc and cadmium in benthic organisms, representing the phyla Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata and Pisces, from the riverine and estuarine areas of the rivers Brantas and Solo (East Java) and the adjacent coastal area. Moreover, an assessment was made of the contamination of the benthic biota with these elements in the Java Sea and Bali Sea.Benthic organisms show a species-specific uptake pattern for each element. Compared to the same type of animals from estuaries and coastal areas in temperate regions of western Europe, the concentrations of cadmium are considerably higher, while copper and zinc concentrations are somewhat lower.There is no general trend in concentration levels of the metals in specimens from rivers, estuaries, coastal zone and open sea. In some groups of organisms (e.g. shrimp, starfish) the concentrations of copper and zinc are highest in specimens from rivers and estuaries. In contrast, cadmium concentration levels in e.g. crab, shrimp and squid are lowest in riverine and estuarine areas.Significant differences in metal concentrations in these organisms were found between the dry monsoon period (July, August) and the beginning of the wet monsoon (November, December).No relationship existed between the metal concentration of the organisms and the silt fraction of the sediment (grain size < 63 μm) or the bulk sediment.     

Heavy metals (Cu,Zn, Cd,Pb) in sediment of the Java sea,estuarine and coastal areas of East Java and some deep-sea areas

The concentrations of copper, zinc, cadmium and lead were measured in the bulk sediment and the silt fraction of the surface sediment (upper 2 cm) from the riverine and estuarine zones of the rivers Brantas and Solo and in the adjacent coastal areas around East Java. The levels of contamination of the sediments with heavy metals were also determined in the Java Sea, some sites in the Bali Sea and the Indian Ocean.The concentrations of the trace elements were consistently higher in the silt fraction than in the bulk sediment. Trace element levels were higher in riverine and estuarine sediments than in sediment from coastal waters and the Java Sea. Increased copper, zinc and cadmium concentrations were measured in surface sediment from deep-sea areas.There were no or only minor differences in the metal concentrations in the sediment (both bulk sediment and the silt fraction) between the dry and the wet monsoon.     

Soft-bottom benthic community in the estuarine waters of East Java

During the Snellius-II Expedition, both in the period July–August and in the period November–December 1984, the structure of the macrobenthic communities in the estuaries of the rivers Porong, Wonokromo and Solo was investigated. The numerical densities of the benthic organisms (>0.5 mm) from the Porong, Wonokromo, and Bengawan Solo estuaries during the Snellius-II Expedition varied between 87 and 5787 ind·m⁻²; biomasses between 0.4 and 602 g DW·m⁻². The high numerical density (1573 ind·m⁻²) found at st.2 of the Porong estuary in period I (July–August 1984) was attributed to the dense population of the bivalve Varicorbula rotalis. Consequently a very high biomass (602 g DW·m⁻²) was measured at this station.The mollusc Theora lata and the polychaetes Ancistrosyllis parva, Nepthys dibranchis, Paraprionospio pinnata, and Sternaspis laevis occurred at almost every station during the investigation periods.Paraprionospio pinnata and Theora lata, which are considered indicator species of disharmonic environments, were found at almost every station of the study areas in both periods. Species diversity at all the stations was low, ranging form 0.1 to 1.6.     

The partition of trace metals between dissolved and particulate phases in european coastal waters: A compilation of field data and comparison with laboratory studies

The recent literature on trace metal distributions in water and suspended particulates is examined and partition coefficients calculated. The extent to which this is possible is limited since most surveys do not determine trace metals in both phases and record the suspended solids loading.The results indicate that for most metals the partition coefficient is dependent on solids loading. This finding is in agreement with previous laboratory based experiments. Partition coefficients from the field are, however, generally greater than those obtained in laboratory experiments. Possible sources of difference between laboratory and field studies are discussed.It is concluded that in estuarine and coastal waters particle-water interactions are important and that studies which examine only one phase are unlikely to further our knowledge of trace metal behaviour in such environments.     

Vertical distribution of suspended particulate matter in the Zaire river,estuary and plume

Light transmission and hydrographic data were measured in situ simultaneously in the Zaire river estuary and on the shelf off the river extending to the Angola Basin. Profiles of light transmission indicate that the majority of the particles derived from the river are transported offshore into the Angola Basin through deep waters under the surface plume. The Zaire river is associated with a submarine canyon which extends well into the Zaire estuary and cuts across the shelf. Bottom nepheloid layers were well developed along the canyon axis. The sediments along the canyon axis were mostly sands, and thus the submarine canyon appears to provide an efficient transport route of fine-grained material to the Angola Basin across the shelf.The surface plume is so highly stratified that vertical mixing appears very limited across the plume boundary, and downward transport of suspended particles must be accomplished by particle settling. Profiles containing small-scale layers of turbid water under the surface plume are considered indications of settling particles from the surface river plume.     

Particulate and dissolved organic carbon and chlorophyll A in the Zaire river,estuary and plume

Data were collected on POC, DOC and phytoplankton in the Zaire river, estuary and plume. Mean river value for POC was 1.1 mg·l⁻¹, 4.7% of the suspended matter. Average DOC content of the river water was 8.5 mg·l⁻¹. These values are in accordance with the calculations of TOC input from rivers to the world's ocean. Within the estuary POC and chlorophyll decreased regularly up to a salinity of 20. Between salinities of 20 and 32 small phytoplankton bloom occurred resulting also in higher POC values.DOC mixed conservatively up to a salinity of 25; at salinities above 25, values indicate DOC production. This DOC production occurred partly in the bottom water of the canyon where low oxygen values indicated mineralization and conversion of the accumulated POC into DOC. Another area of DOC production observed inside and outside the surface waters of the plume, was partly related to autolysis and degradation of the phytoplankton bloom.This study shows that the influence of rivers on the organic carbon in the ocean will not be confined to the amount introduced directly, but that we have to add the amounts of POC and DOC resulting from enhanced phytoplankton primary production by nutrient input from rivers and by river induced upwelling.     

Minor and major elements in suspended matter in the Rhine and Meuse rivers and estuary

Suspended sediment in the Rhine-Meuse estuary contained as little as one third of the trace metal content of the river-borne suspended matter. It is shown that the strong seawardly decreasing gradient in the trace metal content of the suspended particulate matter is not due to desorption processes, but can be explained simply by the mixing of river-borne and marine-derived suspended sediments.     

Distribution model for particulate trace metals in the rhine estuary,Southern Bight and Dutch Wadden Sea

Suspended matter in the Dutch Wadden Sea (sampled in the period September 1972 to March 1973) and the Southern Bight including the Rhine estuary (sampled in the period September to November 1973) has been characterized by correlation of the trace metals Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu. Fe:Mn ratios can be used to distinguish coastal and offshore samples. Away from the coasts the southern part, including the Straits of Dover, is characterized by minimum amounts of suspended matter (1 to 2 mg l⁻¹). Leacheable particulate trace metal concentrations in this part are 0.4 to 1 μg l⁻¹ Mn, 6 to 17 μg l⁻¹ Fe, 1 to 2 μg l⁻¹ Zn and 0 to 1 μg l⁻¹ Cu.On a weight over weight basis (μg g⁻), concentrations of iron and manganese along the coast are high, those of copper and zinc are low compared to offshore samples. The distribution of phytoplankton and its metal concentrations cannot explain the observed levels.The combined data on trace metal concentrations in bottom sediments, particulate matter and in solution within and outside the estuary suggest that the Rhine estuary acts as a sink for particulate trace metals. Estimates of the loss of individual particulate trace elements vary between 20 and 60%. Mobilization of trace metals from suspended matter is of minor importance, if occurring at all.Additionally, river-borne dissolved Mn and Fe are precipitated, already in the early stages of mixing. As a result, considerable changes in the ratio of Mn to Fe, Zn and Cu occur in bottom sediment within the estuary and in particulate matter within and outside the estuary.Once in the coastal region, the relative particulate concentrations of the trace elements investigated remain essentially unchanged except for manganese that may be taken up from solution into the particulate phase with a time delay relative to iron.Although the relative amounts of particulate leacheable Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu in individual samples are more or less constant in the coastal and Wadden Sea area, and the amounts in μg l⁻¹ are comparable in the two areas, the absolute values for the concentrations (ppm) in the shallow Wadden Sea are usually decreased due to mixing with heavier bottom particulates with lower metal content.     

Analysis of the Soil Physicochemical Factors Affecting the Distribution of CORDYCEPS in the East Edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

[Objective] To research the effects of soil physicochemical factors on the distribution of CORDYCEPS. [Methods] Literature survey,Interview and sampling analysis were carried out in the four streets and seven villages in Hezuo City of Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture( 102°47'51″- 103°22'00″ E,35°18'50″ N). Soil layers 0- 5,5- 10,10- 15 and 15- 20 cm in 21 sampling sites were analyzed.The plant number of CORDYCEPS was recorded,as well as thevegetation component,plant coverage,density and height,distribution status and growth status. [Results]In different soil layers,pH,TN,TP and AP had no significant differences; while WC,OM,TK and AK showed extremely significant differences. In soil layer 5- 10 cm,WC significantly affected the distribution of CORDYCEPS; while pH and TK had extremely significant impacts. The number of CORDYCEPS was the maximum in soil layer 5- 10 cm. In the first principal component,TP was the major factor affecting the population distribution of CORDYCEPS. In the second principal component,pH was the major factor. [Conclusions] CORDYCEPS had strict requirements for soil layer,TP and soil acidity-alkalinity. At the same time,WC,OM and TK also affected the distribution of CORDYCEPS.     

河西走廊东部大风日数时空分布及其对沙尘天气的影响

为揭示大风日数的时空演变规律及其对沙尘天气的影响,更好地防御和减轻风沙灾害。笔者利用1971—2010年河西走廊东部4个气象站大风、沙尘暴、扬沙观测资料,采用气候统计学方法,对河西走廊东部大风日数时空演变及与沙尘暴和扬沙日数的关系进行分析。结果表明:近40年河西走廊东部年大风日数以10.77 d/10 a的速率显著减少;四季年大风日数亦均呈显著减少,递减率夏季最大,冬季最小;年、季节大风日数随年代增加呈减少趋势;大风日数春季最多,秋季最少,4月最多,9月最少。大风日数的空间分布与海拔高度、地形地貌有很大关系,高海拔山区大风日数最多,北部荒漠区以及浅山区较多,绿洲平原区最少。近40年河西走廊东部年沙尘暴和扬沙日数均显著减少。年大风日数与年沙尘暴和扬沙日数呈极显著正相关,其相关系数分别为0.878和0.888;大风日数随时间的变化对沙尘日数随时间的变化具有显著正作用,大风日数的减少可能是沙尘日数减少的主要原因之一。     

The river weser: Processes affecting the behaviour of metals and organochlorines during estuarine mixing

Measurements of dissolved and particulate suspended metals and organochlorine compounds were made along with studies on hydrographic and sedimentation-resuspension processes in the fresh water and the estuarine mixing zone of the tidal river Weser during typical spring tide conditions. The position of the mixing zone was 20 km upstream of its normal position as result of the extremely low river discharge in the dry summer of 1976.Concentrations of Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn and Fe in solution in the mixing zone increased by contributions from interstitially dissolved components during resuspension of botton sediments. We interpret variations in the contents of metals in seston (weight to weight) in terms of varying contributions of different fractions that had different sedimentation and resuspension characteristics (i.e. different settling velocities in situ) as well as different chemical composition.A wide range of PCB components with high and low degree of chlorination was present in solution and in suspension. Suspended particles were the most important carriers for components with higher degrees of chlorination. Concentrations of individual PCB components in fresh water varied between a few picogramgs per litre and the namogram per litre range. The only compounds present in the estuary and the Wadden Sea above the detection limit in 1 litre samples were α- and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane in the low- and sub- ng · 1⁻¹ range.     

The river Elbe: Processes affecting the behaviour of metals and organochlorines during estuarine mixing

Attempts were made to determine the relative importance of chemical or physico-chemical processes and sedimentation and resuspension processes on the behaviour of metals (Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ca, Al, Si, Ti, Mg), organic C and N and organochlorine compounds (α- and γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) in the estuarine region of the river Elbe in summer 1976. The latter processes seemed to be relatively less important than in some other estuaries. This may result from a much less pronounced mud shoal in the Elbe estuary. Such a mud shoal may act as a continuous source for tidal resuspension of bottom sediment particles. Alternating sedimentation and erosion resulted in systematic variations in the composition of suspended matter in terms of the relative contributions of two fractions. One fraction consisting of permanently suspended small and low-density particles having higher contents (weight to weight) of Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Mg and organic C and N. The other fraction consisting of resuspending larger and denser (mud) particles having higher contents of Mn, Fe, Al, Si and Ti.In addition to Al silicates, organic matter and Fe and Mn oxides may be important sites for trace elements (like Cd and Zn) in both fractions, but particularly so in the permanently suspended fraction.Evidence was found for the removal of Cd, Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe from solution into suspended particles during the initial phases of estuarine mixing. Estuarine mud, acting as sink for particulate pollutants, may thus accumulate originally dissolved components.A wide range of PCB components with high and low degrees of chlorination was present in solution as well as in suspension. Water was the most important carrier for components with low (and seston for those with high) degree of chlorination. Concentrations of individual PCB components ranged from picograms to nanograms per litre. The only compounds present in the estuary and the Wadden Sea above the detection limit in 1-litre samples were α- and γ-HCH, in the order of ng · 1⁻¹.     

Distribution and frequency of Bru1, a major brown rust resistance gene,in the sugarcane world collection

Brown rust, caused by Puccinia melanocephala, is an important disease of sugarcane worldwide. Molecular markers for a major brown rust resistance gene, Bru1, were used to screen a total of 1,282 clones in the World Collection of Sugarcane and Related Grasses (WCSRG) to determine the distribution and frequency of the gene in Saccharum species and related genera. Bru1 was found across all species within the Saccharum complex, but the frequency varied among species. Bru1 was more prevalent in S. robustum clones (59.1%), whereas it occurred in low frequency and exhibited the highest level of variability as determined by the presence of one or both markers (18.8%) in clones of S. spontaneum. Bru1 frequency was highest in the two secondary cultivated species, S. barberi (79.3%) and S. sinense (71.8%). The frequency of Bru1 was 26.4% and 21.0% in S. officinarum and interspecific hybrid clones, respectively. Knowledge of the distribution and frequency of Bru1 in the WCSRG will complement efforts to characterize diversity in the Saccharum complex for the expected expanded use of marker‐assisted selection in the future.     

Composition and distribution of dissolved fluorescent substances in the Ems-Dollart estuary

During a 24-months period (October 1978 to October 1980) fluorescence (mF1) was measured in the Ems-Dollart estuary.From the linearity of the inverse relation between fluorescence and salinity it is concluded that the fluorescence mainly originates from the rivers and behaves conservatively. During the summer, there was an increase in fluorescence at high salinity. The possible sources responsible for this increase in the outer part of the estuary are given.To establish the polymeric character of the fluorescent matter, ultrafiltration was done during 5 surveys between February and August 1980. The fraction with a M.W. smaller than 500 showed a high (39 to 76%) contribution to the total fluorescence for all dates. It was concluded that the measure of aggregation of fluorescent material can change during transport in the estuary.     

百合小鳞茎膨大发育过程中氮磷钾的吸收与分配规律

本文以周径为4～6cm的‘耀眼’（Evening Star）百合的小鳞茎为试材,研究了常规栽培条件下百合小鳞茎膨大发育过程中养分的吸收和分配规律。结果表明,百合小鳞茎在苗期以前,主要以消耗鳞茎中的养分为主;苗期后对营养元素的吸收量逐渐增大。营养元素的吸收高峰期在半枯期前后至采收期历时37天,氮、磷、钾的吸收比例为1:0.14:1.09。现蕾期以前,营养元素主要分配于茎叶中,各养分含量水平于苗期达最高;现蕾24天后养分分配以鳞茎中为主;分配于根系和新鳞茎中营养元素仅为10%左右。     

Dynamics of dissolved silicium and nitrogen-nutrients at low temperature in the Ems-dollard estuary

With salinity and natural fluorescence as conservative tracers to discriminate between fresh water contributions from two different fresh water sources (the river Ems and the river Westerwoldse Aa), deviations from conservative behaviour for silicate, ammonia and nitrate during winter conditions (4–6°C) are reported and discussed. For silicate a net removal from overlying water during transport through the estuary of 15% was found. Nitrification in overlying water (260 μmol·m⁻³·h⁻¹) was the only important process in nitrogen cycling; sediment-water exchange was of no importance during this period.     

Dissolved and particulate organic carbon in the North Equatorial current of the Atlantic Ocean

As part of a study of biological systems in the Atlantic North Equatorial Current measurements were made of carbon dioxide and dissolved and particulate organic carbon along a section off the African coast chiefly following the parallel of 20°N. Particulate organic carbon (POC) in the mixed layer showed a decrease from east to west from an average of 100 μg·1⁻¹ to 35 μg·1⁻¹ and a difference between day and night from 70 to 20 μg·1⁻¹. From this difference a minimum primary production of 450 to 1000 g C·m⁻²·a⁻¹ was calculated. These production values are much higher than earlier data obtained by ¹⁴C measurements, but they support observations made by Gieskes, Kraay & Baars (1979) and Tijssen (1979) during the same programme but with different methods.All three components measured show distinct vertical gradients. On the basic of the CO₂ gradient an average downward loss of organic metter through a reference level of 200 m was calculated of about 60 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹. For dissolved organic matter (DOC) a downward transport of 8 g·m⁻²·a⁻¹ was derived from the vertical gradient.     

Fractal geometry of in situ flocs in the estuarine and coastal environments

One- and two-dimensional fractal dimensions of in situ flocs were determined from the dependence of the are and perimeter of projection of the flocs on their greatest length, using an underwater camera and image-analysis system. Values for the fractal dimensions of flocs in the Elbe estuary and the North Sea varied among the samples: D₁ in the range of 1.03 to 1.14 and D₂ in the range of 1.41 to 1.81. D₂ as obtained here represents the three-dimensional fractal dimension of flocs, which has been obtained in previous studies from the dependence of settling velocity or porosity of flocs on their characteristic length. Comparisons of environmental factors showed no relationships between the fractal dimension and fluid shear. Salinity effects on the fractal dimension were probably also insignificant in our samples. The relationship of D₁ with the concentration of suspended matter was fairly convincing and suggests that the flocs had a rougher edge of projection at high than at low concentrations.