Input of selected chlorinated hydrocarbons into the coastal area of East Java and adjacent waters: Distribution patterns in the dissolved and suspended phase

Selected organochlorines were analysed in water and suspended particulate matter collected at stations in two rivers on East Java, the adjacent coastal zone, the Java Sea and the Indian Ocean. The sampling period covered the dry monsoon and the beginning of the wet monsoon. Concentrations of dissolved polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were in the same range as in Western Europe and North America. In contrast, the concentrations of all measured organochlorines in suspended matter were lower and often not detectable.p,p′-DDT and its metabolites p,p′-DDD and p,p′-DDE showed the highest concentrations of all compounds determined. The rivers Bengawan Solo and Kali Porong can be considered sources of these compounds for the coastal environment, although their impact is restricted to a small area.Significant differences between the dry and wet monsoon were only observed for dissolved PCBs in the river Porong.     

Distribution of dissolved and particulate minor and major elements in the river and coastal environment of East Java during the Snellius-II expedition

The concentration and distribution of dissolved Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb and Fe, and Cu, Zn, Cd, Ni, Pb, Cr, Fe, Si, Ca, Mg, Mn and K in suspended matter have been determined in the rivers Porong and Solo and in Strait Madura (East Java), during the dry- and wet-monsoon periods. Based on element/Al ratios, the suspended matter supplied by each of the two rivers can be traced offshore. The main source of material supplied to the coastal area is the Solo river. The distribution of the trace-metal content in suspended matter collected in the rivers can be described as a mixture of metal-rich, organic-rich particles and a metal-poor, detrital fraction. Due to the presence of mud barriers at the river mouths, particles with high trace-element contents are trapped in the estuaries. Compared to European rivers the dissolved trace-metal concentrations in these rivers are relatively low. The dissolved concentrations of the different trace elements in Strait Madura show no uniform distribution pattern during the two sampling periods.     

Heavy metals (Cu,Zn, Cd,Pb) in sediment of the Java sea,estuarine and coastal areas of East Java and some deep-sea areas

The concentrations of copper, zinc, cadmium and lead were measured in the bulk sediment and the silt fraction of the surface sediment (upper 2 cm) from the riverine and estuarine zones of the rivers Brantas and Solo and in the adjacent coastal areas around East Java. The levels of contamination of the sediments with heavy metals were also determined in the Java Sea, some sites in the Bali Sea and the Indian Ocean.The concentrations of the trace elements were consistently higher in the silt fraction than in the bulk sediment. Trace element levels were higher in riverine and estuarine sediments than in sediment from coastal waters and the Java Sea. Increased copper, zinc and cadmium concentrations were measured in surface sediment from deep-sea areas.There were no or only minor differences in the metal concentrations in the sediment (both bulk sediment and the silt fraction) between the dry and the wet monsoon.     

Cyclic organochlorines in epibenthic organisms from coastal waters around East Java

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides and their persistent metabolites were identified in epibenthic animals from the estuaries of the rivers Brantas and Solo and from Strait Madura, Strait Bali and the Java Sea in July and November 1984.Samples of different phyla showed similar general geographical trends for the compounds investigated. Contamination with p,p′-DDE was of major importance in the river Porong, a distributary of the Brantas river system. Increased concentrations of PCBs were found near Surabaya.In Strait Madura, p,p′-DDE and PCBs were increased only in animals from the western part. Therefore the dispersion of the contaminants in biota appeared to be determined by the residual currents caused by the SE trade winds prevailing in both periods of sampling (July and November 1984).Generally no differences existed between the two sampling periods, except in the Java Sea, where PCBs were only detected during the November cruise. Compared to the animals from Strait Madura, the PCB patterns showed increased contributions of tri- and tetrachlorobiphenyls. This could not be related to differences in PCB-patterns of water or suspended particles.The compounds QCB, HCB, α-HCH, ß-HCH, o,p′-DDD, methoxychlor and several cyclodienes were generally below detection limits.     

Copper,zinc and cadmium in benthic organisms from the Java Sea and estuarine and coastal areas around East Java

A study was made of the concentrations of copper, zinc and cadmium in benthic organisms, representing the phyla Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata and Pisces, from the riverine and estuarine areas of the rivers Brantas and Solo (East Java) and the adjacent coastal area. Moreover, an assessment was made of the contamination of the benthic biota with these elements in the Java Sea and Bali Sea.Benthic organisms show a species-specific uptake pattern for each element. Compared to the same type of animals from estuaries and coastal areas in temperate regions of western Europe, the concentrations of cadmium are considerably higher, while copper and zinc concentrations are somewhat lower.There is no general trend in concentration levels of the metals in specimens from rivers, estuaries, coastal zone and open sea. In some groups of organisms (e.g. shrimp, starfish) the concentrations of copper and zinc are highest in specimens from rivers and estuaries. In contrast, cadmium concentration levels in e.g. crab, shrimp and squid are lowest in riverine and estuarine areas.Significant differences in metal concentrations in these organisms were found between the dry monsoon period (July, August) and the beginning of the wet monsoon (November, December).No relationship existed between the metal concentration of the organisms and the silt fraction of the sediment (grain size < 63 μm) or the bulk sediment.     

Soft-bottom benthic community in the estuarine waters of East Java

During the Snellius-II Expedition, both in the period July–August and in the period November–December 1984, the structure of the macrobenthic communities in the estuaries of the rivers Porong, Wonokromo and Solo was investigated. The numerical densities of the benthic organisms (>0.5 mm) from the Porong, Wonokromo, and Bengawan Solo estuaries during the Snellius-II Expedition varied between 87 and 5787 ind·m⁻²; biomasses between 0.4 and 602 g DW·m⁻². The high numerical density (1573 ind·m⁻²) found at st.2 of the Porong estuary in period I (July–August 1984) was attributed to the dense population of the bivalve Varicorbula rotalis. Consequently a very high biomass (602 g DW·m⁻²) was measured at this station.The mollusc Theora lata and the polychaetes Ancistrosyllis parva, Nepthys dibranchis, Paraprionospio pinnata, and Sternaspis laevis occurred at almost every station during the investigation periods.Paraprionospio pinnata and Theora lata, which are considered indicator species of disharmonic environments, were found at almost every station of the study areas in both periods. Species diversity at all the stations was low, ranging form 0.1 to 1.6.     

仙鹤湖重金属污染及其潜在生态风险分析

水体是重金属元素的重要载体,其含量高低能反映水环境质量现状。采集仙鹤湖水样品,分析仙鹤湖湖水中Fe、Mn、Pb、Cd、V、Zn、Ni、As、Se、Mo、Ba、Sb 12种重金属元素含量特征,并用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价其生态危害,旨在为合理预防和治理仙鹤湖的重金属污染以及仙鹤湖生态系统的修复提供基础资料。结果表明,与“全国土壤环境质量标准”对比,湖水中主要是Pb、Cd、As、Fe、Mn、Mo、V、Ba超标,重金属污染强度总体上是湖外围＞内湖。不同重金属间的相关性分析结果表明,Ni-As、As-Mo之间呈极显著相关,说明这3种元素污染源可能相同,V-Ba呈显著不相关,说明这2种元素的污染源可能不同,几种污染重金属与胶体矿物元素Fe、Mn间的相关性不大,说明在所调查沉积物中,Fe/Mn氧化物或氢氧化物共沉淀或吸附Pb、Cd、V、Zn、Ni、As、Se、Mo、Ba、Sb元素量较少。由潜在生态风险评价结果可知,仙鹤湖水已具极强生态危害,各重金属对仙鹤湖生态风险影响程度由高到低依次为：Cd>As>Pb>V>Mn>Ni>Zn。     

Recirculation in the Banda throughflow,traced with dissolved silica

The change of water-mass properties during the flow of waters originating in the Pacific Ocean through the eastern Indonesian archipelago causes an increase of dissolved silica in the layers between 100 and 1500 m depth. The time needed to build up this increase is estimated as 5 years, with contributions of basin-wide upwelling, dissolution of biogenic siliceous debris at depth and vertical diffusion. The dissolved silica distribution suggests a recirculation of Banda Sea Intermediate Water leaving the southern Banda Sea at around 1000 m depth through the Timor Sea and the Seram Sea, and flowing back into the northern Banda Sea. This recirculation is also detectable in the Molucca Sea between 250 and 500 m depth.     

影响山西夏季降水的水汽输送研究

利用山西省58个代表站近50年的夏季降水资料和NCAR/NCEP逐月再分析资料,分析影响山西夏季降水的水汽输送特征,应用SVD方法等探讨影响山西夏季降水异常的水汽源地和水汽输送关键区。结果表明：山西夏季降水与热带西太平洋—南海的东风气流,热带印度洋越赤道气流以及南海—华南的水汽输送带有关,同时也受到中纬度西风带中水汽输送影响。夏季水汽输送与山西夏季降水具有显著的遥相关关系,山西夏季降水异常的水汽异常来源包括副高南侧的热带西太平洋—南海的偏东风水汽输送异常,和印度洋—阿拉伯海地区越赤道气流的偏西风水汽输送异常,山西夏季降水的水汽输送“关键区”位于云贵高原中部到四川盆地东部的矩形区域。由整层水汽输送通量标准化处理建立的水汽输送源指数和水汽输送指数,可以表征水汽输送异常对于山西夏季降水的影响。研究结果可以为山西汛期降水异常分析和汛期预测提供参考依据。     

Physical aspects of the flushing of the east Indonesian basins

The flushing of the deep basins in the east Indonesian archipelago is studied by means of water mass analysis, current observations and simple theoretical models. The Banda Sea and its secondary basins appear to be flushed from the Pacific Ocean with a typical flushing time of the order of 40 years. This fast flushing is made possible due to the high vertical diffusivity which is estimated to be of the order of 10⁻³ m²·s⁻¹. Theoretical models to descrive the vertical distribution of tracers due to mixing and basin wide upwelling turn out to fit the data very well. The observations cannot be used to confirm the horizontal structure of the deep circulation which results from a simple β-plane model. The vertical structure of the Aru Basin and the Timor Trench is more complicated due to the presence of water from the Indian Ocean, the Pacific Ocean and the Banda Sea. But also here simple models can be applied.     

不同修复技术去除水中锑的研究进展

为了研究锑修复技术，综述了国内外近10年的研究。本综述首先介绍了环境中锑的化学形态和锑的污染来源，从这些相关方面了解和发展锑修复技术。锑的常见去除技术包括：吸附法、混凝沉淀法、电化学法，它们的优点和缺点都有提及。文章主要汇总吸附法的进展详情。近几年的研究主要聚焦在有效且廉价的吸附剂上，例如碳材料、生物质、矿物和金属氧化物，各种材料吸附Sb(III, V)的吸附容量和其他的详情都准确罗列于表中，其他方面包括经济性和吸附机制都已进行讨论。目前的修复方法难以满足需求，今后应加强对锑的吸附研究。因此，高效吸附剂的开发和制备是非常重要的     

Direct Alloying of High Speed Steel M2 with CaWO_4 MoO_3 V_2O_5

The principle and possibility of alloying of high speed steel W6Mo5Cr4V2 (M2) with CaWO 4 MoO 3 V 2O 5 during the steelmaking are discussed, experiments of the alloying technologcial process have been carried out, the properties of M2 product have been determined, the benefit have been analysed. The results show that the rate of recovery of W Mo V are respectively 97.08%, 96.51%, 93.79% during the steelmaking of M2 alloying with CaWO 4 MoO 3 V 2O 5 in induction furnace, the chemical composition and properties of product M2 can meet the demands that the standard of high speed steel M2 requires.     

Remote sensing of water parameters in Madura Bay

During the Madura Bay Remote Sensing Experiment, which was conducted as part of the Snellius-II Expedition in August, 1984, space-borne, air-borne and ship-borne radiometric data were collected. They have been analysed in terms of chlorophyll, suspended matter, yellow substance and sea-surface temperature to map the distribution patterns and temporal variability of different water masses.A general correlation analysis between ship-borne radiance measurements and biochemical data (sea truth) indicates that the dominant factors which determine the reflectance spectra are the total amount of scattering and absorbing substances in the water, sun and sky glitter, and the chlorophyll and phaeophytin concentration. For a coastal area strongly influenced by river run-off, the chlorophyll concentration is comparatively low. As a result, the chlorophyll fluorescence is weak, but can still be detected.The blue/green colour ration and the fluorescence line height along the flight tracks derived from the Ocean Color Radiometer (OCR) over three consecutive days indicate at least three different types of water, viz. clear ocean water in the eastern part of the Bay, mixed water with moderate contents of chlorophyll and suspended matter in the middle and western parts of the Bay and finally estuarine and river water containing large amounts of inorganic and dissolved organic matter near the mouths of Solo and Brantas rivers and in the Strait itself. Distribution patterns change from one day to the next, possibly as a result of tidal effects.Vertical radiation profiles derived from aircraft flights at different altitudes and from modelling the radiative transfer through the atmosphere give an indication of how well ocean colour/chlorophyll fluorescence can be monitored through a typical tropical atmosphere from satellite altitude. Model calculations and comparative measurements show that even the small fluorescence signals (corresponding to a low pigment concentration) can still be detected above the atmosphere, while colour ratios, especially in the blue part of the spectrum, are heavily masked by aerosol and Raleigh scattering and have to be corrected carefully prior to any interpretation. At all wavelengths, upwelling spectra contain a considerable amount of light specularly reflected at the sea surface.     

Book Reviews

Book Reviewed in this article:
Meier, B., Pflanzenschutz im Feldbau — Tierische Schädlinge und Pflanzenkrankheiten.
Ammon, H. U., L. Stalder und U. Niggli, Pflanzenschutz im Feldbau — Unkrautbekämp-fung.
Pharis, R. P., and D. M. Reid; with contributions by F. D. B eall , D. E. B ilderback , M. L. B renner , D. C anary , J. V. C arter , D. J. C halmers , W. K. C oleman , D. S. F ensom , W. P. H ackett , H. I maseki , M. J. J affe , J. O. J ohnson , W. L. K oukkari , N. G. M arinos , J. P. M ascarenhas , T. O'B rien , J. H. P almer , G. F. P egg , R. P. P haris , B. G. P ickard , D. M. R eid , F. B. S alisbury , H. S mith , T. A. T horpe , D. V ince -P rue , R. L. W ample , S. B. W arde , R. J. W eaver , R. H. Z immerman . Hormonal Regulation of Development III; Role of Environmental Factors. Vol. 11 of Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, New Series (Eds.: A. P irson and M. H. Z immermann ).
Renner, E., Statistikprogramme in Basic.     

Structure and energy demand of the benthic soft-bottom communities in the Java Sea and around the islands of Madura and Bali,Indonesia

In July 1984 benthic research was carried out in the Java Sea and around the islands of Madura and Bali.The aim was to describe the structure of the benthic communities in terms of numerical density (numbers of dominant macrofaunal groups and meiofauna per square metre) and biomass (g ashfree dry weight (AFDW) per square metre), and in relation to geographical position and main ambient factors, i.e. water depth, bottom temperature and sediment characteristics.In addition attempts were made to estimate the activity of these benthic ecosystems, and to show their relation to the pelagic.Box-core samples, collected along west-east axis in the Java Sea and in the Strait of Madura, showed relatively poor benthic communities. The average densities of macrofaunal organisms (> 1 mm) did not exceed 250 specimens·m⁻²; the total biomass was below 1 g AFDW·m⁻²; small polychaetes and crustaceans were the dominant groups.A number of larger organisms have developed very remarkable adaptations to the muddy environment. Meiofaunal organisms (nematodes being the dominant group) numbered 0.06·10⁶ to 0.46·10⁶ specimens·m⁻². In general there is a trend from west to east towards somewhat richer communities. The actual carbon demand of the benthic ecosystem in the area investigated is tentatively estimated at an average of 38 g C·m⁻²·y⁻¹, which amounts to about 40% of the primary production.Both the very soft fluid-mud bottoms in the central Java Sea and in Strait Madura, and the relatively low amount of energy available for growth, probably prevent the establishment of well developed benthic communities.     

The control of trace metal concentrations in coastal seawater through partition onto suspended particulate matter

The distribution of total metal concentration between dissolved and particulate phases in coastal seawater has been examined as a function of suspended particulate matter (SPM) loading. Partition between dissolved and particulate phases, as defined by a distribution coefficient, is demonstrated to be an important control on the concentration in each phase. The possible impact of anthropogenic inputs on trends in coastal water concentrations are contrasted for waters with a high (Netherlands), and a low (U.K.), SPM loading. For a given increase in input trends will be more readily detected in areas with a slow SPM loading. It is concluded that trends in coastal seawater concentrations will only become apparent after river inputs have dramatically increased. Monitoring coastal water concentrations of dissolved and particulate phase trace metals is not therefore likely to be a sufficiently sensitive technique to detect trends.     

Percentage contribution of inputs from the Atlantic,Irish Sea,English Channel and Baltic into the North Sea during 1988: A tracer-based evaluation using artificial radionuclides

A sampling cruise carried out in the North Sea in July 1988 has enabled the construction of general maps showing the distribution of salinity and temperature as well as the activities of the radionuclides ¹²⁵Sb, ¹³⁷Cs and ¹³⁴Cs. An inspection of the raw data and the distribution patterns so obtained shows the important role of meteorological fluctuations in the movement of near-surface waters throughout the North Sea.A simple mixing model is used to interpret the North Sea dataset in terms of four contributory water-masses (the Atlantic, Irish Sea, English Channel and Baltic), each of which can be identified by its specific characteristics. Maps are drawn up which indicate the contribution factor in percentage of each of these water masses at all points in the North Sea to a precision better than 15%. It is also possible to extract the contribution of direct fallout resulting from the Chernobyl accident; comparison with previously obtained results allows an evaluation of the rate of renewal of surface waters in the North Sea over a period of two years. In all areas, this value appears to be better than 75%.     

以PCR为目的的大豆叶片DNA提取方法的比较研究

模板DNA的质量直接影响PCR扩增的结果,而不同提取方法及其缓冲液的成份与浓度对提取DNA的质量有重要影响。本文以5个栽培大豆品种的叶片为材料,比较分析了SDS与CTAB两种提取方法以及不同浓度CTAB提取缓冲液对所提取的DNA质量的影响,并通过PCR进行检验。实验结果表明：用1％(W/V)、2％(W/V)浓度的CTAB提取缓冲液和1．25％(WV)SDS提取缓冲液所提取的大豆叶片DNA的质量较好,均能满足PCR扩增模板的需求,其中以1．25％(W／V)SDS提取得到的大豆叶片DNA质量最好,以其为模板扩增的效果最佳,而4％浓度的CTAB不适宜提取大豆叶片DNA。     

Elementary composition of suspended particulate matter in the North Sea

The concentrations of the elements Al, Si, Ti, Fe, Mn, Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, V and of particulate organic carbon (POC) were determined in 210 samples of suspended matter collected at 119 stations in the North Sea in January-February 1980. The distribution of these 15 elements and POC in the suspended matter in the North Sea was studied, as well as their relation with total suspended matter concentrations and salinity. The interrelationships between these elements were found to differ in different regions of the North Sea, which is related to the origin of the suspended material and the degree of mixing. A cluster analysis including all determined elements at all stations showed that the suspended matter in the North Sea consists of three clearly separated, specific types. One type was found in the northern part of the North Sea, the second in the southern part of the North Sea, while the third type was mainly observed in the Norwegian Channel, Skagerrak and eastern English Channel.The observed distributions are in agreement with what is known on the dispersal and deposition of suspended matter in the North Sea. Material from the southern North Sea hardly reaches the central and northern North Sea and the northern parts of the Norwegian Channel. The distribution of Mn is very strongly related to the accumulation of Mn in the top layers of finegrained bottom sediments and to the resuspension of Mn-enriched particles.     

Buoyant river plumes and mud deposition in a rapidly extending tropical delta

The Solo river, East Java, Indonesia, is a typical monsoonal river. The major part of river discharge and sediment transport is realized during the four or five months of the wet season. River outflow essentially has the character of a buoyant jet. The buoyancy of the effluents gives rise to the development of buoyant river plumes. The properties and behaviour of these plumes are of fundamental importance in the depositional processes which govern delta growth.Deposition rates near the river mouth have been calculated by modelling river outflow and plume dimensions. Simulations of ‘banjir’ events (periods of high discharge) suggest that the average, areal deposition may range from 1 to 10 cm·d⁻¹. The estimated annual changes in bed level exceed values of 1.0 m, even if consolidation is taken into account. Measured changes in bed level, as deducted from echosoundings, show good agreement with model calculations.