小型水库风险管理与响应对策

小型水库是我国水库管理薄弱环节,其风险管理正在成为基层水库管理者的重要责任.结合几年基层水库管理经验,从水资源管理、水质管理和溃坝风险管理3个方面,简述了小型水库风险管理问题及响应对策,重点在于溃坝风险管理,并以沙田水库为例,探讨了减少小型水库风险和若干安全管理措施.     

小型水库管理情况调查报告

通过对山东、河北和黑龙江3省小型水库管理情况的调查，以详实资料反映了小型水库管理的典型状况及工程管理经验和存在问题，在当前加强小型水库安全管理的要求下，对研究改进小型水库安全管理工作有很好的借鉴作用。小型水库分布广泛，在保障农业灌溉供水、农村饮水安全和社会主义新农村建设中占有重要位置。调研反映小型水库普遍建设标准低、工程质量差、老化失修严重，加上防汛设施差、管理水平低、安全隐患较多。建议针对小型水库工程问题和管理状况，提高认识、加强监管，特别是应以地方政府为主导，加快除险加固步伐、全面推进达标治理，同时积极推进小型水库管理体制改革，完善小型水库管理机制。     

我国小型水库现状及整治对策

根据大坝安全定期检查资料,这些水库大坝普遍存在着防洪标准低、稳定性差、渗漏严重、破损严重、管理缺位、设施不全、维修资金欠缺等问题。据统计我国小水库中病险水库2.90万座,病险率高达35%,制约了当地经济的发展,给人民群众的生命财产安全造成威胁。针对我国小型水库的安全现状和存在的问题,分析了病险小水库的特点与机理,提出了相应的整治措施。     

小型水库安全分级监管模式与云平台研究

针对我国小型水库数量众多,受资金、人员、技术所限开展安全监管工作难度大、安全风险高的问题。在梳理和分析小型水库安全监管特点和要点的基础上,探讨并提出了小型水库安全“单一水库-区域/流域库群-科研院所托管”的分级监管模式;并结合不同层级用户需求,利用云计算、物联网、大数据等现代信息技术优势,设计了小型水库安全分级监管云平台架构,以依托科研院所托管的方式构建成都市小型水库大坝安全监测监管云平台,应用情况良好,有助于提高小型水库安全监管能力。     

我国小型水库管理中的问题和对策探讨

水库对于人们的生产生活有着重要的意义,防洪、储水等功能对于降低不确定因素对社会的危害具有重要的作用,灌溉、养殖、发电等功能能够维持社会经济水平的稳定。其中小型水库多位于偏远地区的城乡县镇等,偏向于私营的管理模式,小型水库的管理内容包括日常检修、工况监察、数据调度等等,在承包、租借等自营手段成为当下水库经营模式的背景下,技术人员的技术水平无法得到一定程度上的保障,导致水库工程的日常监管不到位,责任追究意识薄弱,引发一系列水库安全事故的发生。为了解决水库管理的安全隐患问题,分析了当下小型水库经营和管理模式存在的问题,并提出解决对策,为水库技术的发展提供参考意见。     

福建省山区小型水库建设与管理中存在的问题

山区水库建设的高质量把控是保障其安全和高效运行的基础,但由于山区水库所处的自然环境一般较为恶劣、建设周期较长、涉及项目众多,容易出现建设与管理方面的问题。阐述了目前福建省山区水库建设与管理中存在的问题,并从充分做好前期准备工作、加强现场监管和保障施工质量、加强人员把控和完善管理体制、重视水库建设后期的管理与维护等4个方面提出了质量提升对策,为山区小型水库建设与管理提供借鉴与参考。     

基于水利改革发展总基调的小型水库安全管理研究

为提高小型水库安全管理水平,在分析小型水库安全工程短板以及监管不足的基础上,根据相关法规和规范性文件,从补短板和强监管两个角度,给出了改进小型水库安全管理的典型流程及其每个环节的方法、主要内容和细节,并就强监管提出了相关建议,为实现小型水库安全管理标准化和精准化提供了参考。     

农村小型水库管理问题

小型水库常见于农村地区,有调节洪水保护居民安全的作用,关系到下游人民的人身安全以及经济收益,是农村不可或缺的基础设施.然而,在小型水库的管理上仍然存在一些问题,这导致其自身的性能不能完全地发挥出来,在服务居民上起到的作用大打折扣.本文通过分析小型水库管理中常见的制度不完善以及人才、理念、设施和经费不足等问题,提出科学的...     

小型水库存在的安全问题与解决对策

富顺县童寺片区水务站所辖三个乡镇共有小型水库19座，大部分建于20世纪60年代初，建时受各方面的条件限制，工程设计标准较低，且普遍存在老化和损坏，安全状况令人担忧。加强小型水库安全管理已刻不容缓。本文就笔者所在的片区站所辖的小型水库工程管理上存在问题的症结和解决的对策作些探讨。     

干旱区小型水利工程管理体制的研究——以新疆昌吉三宫镇为例

结合2008年在昌吉三宫镇调研的情况,分析了干旱区小型农田水利工程管理体制中存在的问题:产权没有改制,小型水库老化失修较为严重,激励机制不健全,修渠农民技术差.并提出了加强管理,加大地方财政支持力度,为农田水利基本建设筹工建立起长效机制,推行"村集体承包土地+转包小型水利"管理模式,加大技术培训力度等对策.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。