秸秆连续还田与化肥配施对玉米籽粒灌浆特性 及产量与品质的影响

2008~2011年度在农业部华东地区作物栽培科学观测实验站进行了秸秆全量粉碎覆盖还田与化肥配施对夏玉米灌浆特性及产量与品质影响的研究。试验结果表明,小麦玉米秸秆两季还田与化肥配施可明显提高渐增期平均灌浆速率（V1）、延长快增期(T2)及缓增期(T3)的持续时间,显著提高玉米籽粒容重和玉米籽粒油份含量,同时还可提高粒重和蛋白质及淀粉的含量,从而为籽粒千粒重和产量的提高奠定基础。     

玉米机械粒收品种籽粒灌浆特性及对种植密度和施氮量的响应

为探究黄淮海地区玉米机械粒收品种籽粒灌浆特性及对种植密度和施氮量的响应,2017—2019年采用裂区设计,以机械粒收品种‘京农科728’(‘JNK 728’)和普通品种‘郑单958’(‘ZD 958’)为主区,施氮量(120、180、240 kg/hm²)为裂区,种植密度(45 000、60 000、75 000、90 000株/hm²)为裂裂区,测定并分析不同密度和施氮量下机械粒收品种和普通品种籽粒干物质积累动态与灌浆特性。结果表明,‘JNK 728’活跃灌浆期比‘ZD 958’少2.9 d,有效灌浆期比‘ZD 958’少4.7 d,平均灌浆速率比‘ZD 958’高1.0 mg/(粒·d),单粒干重比‘ZD 958’高12.0%。随密度增加,两品种的活跃灌浆期和有效灌浆期变化不大,平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率和最大灌浆速率时的粒重均呈降低趋势,单粒干重减小;相对于45 000株/hm²,‘JNK 728’和‘ZD 958’在90 000株/hm²下平均灌浆速率分别减少6.6%和11.5%,单粒干重分...     

种植密度对全膜双垄沟播玉米籽粒灌浆及产量的影响

以‘金凯2号’玉米为材料,研究了6种植密度对全膜双垄沟播玉米籽粒灌浆进程及产量的影响.试验设36 000(JK-A)、42 000(JK-B)、48 000(JK-C)、54 000(JK-D)、60 000(JK-E)、66 000(JK-F)株/hm26个播种密度处理.结果表明:适当增加种植密度可提高全膜双垄沟播玉米单位面积的产量.全膜双垄沟播玉米籽粒干物质积累过程呈"S"型曲线,可用Logistic模型进行模拟,相关系数达0.99以上.种植密度对全膜双垄沟播玉米单粒质量的影响主要是渐增持续期、最大灌浆速率、平均灌浆速率、缓增期灌浆速率和快增期灌浆速率所致,而灌浆持续期对其影响较小.     

播种量与氮肥运筹对直播杂交籼稻抗倒伏潜力及产量的影响

以早熟杂交稻组合446A/518为试验材料,研究播种量和氮肥运筹方式对直播水稻抗倒伏能力及产量的影响,并探讨茎秆理化性质与植株倒伏指数之间的关系.结果表明,播种量和氮肥运筹方式对水稻节间茎秆理化性质、抗倒伏能力及产量均有显著影响.随着播种量的增加,植株的抗倒伏能力有一定的降低,而氮肥运筹方式对水稻节间倒伏指数的影响差异较大.当播种量小于22.5 kg/hm2时,穗肥比例的增加会加大植株倒伏的风险,而当播种量增加到30.0 kg/hm2时,增加穗肥比例有利于提高植株的抗倒伏能力,可能与其基部节间变短、扁平率及空腔面积变小、折断弯矩变大、纤维素和木质素含量较高有关.相关分析表明,在不同播种量和氮肥运筹方式下水稻茎秆理化性质与植株的抗倒伏能力显著或极显著相关.总之,在播种量为22.5 kg/hm2,底肥、蘖肥、穗肥比例为5∶2∶3时直播稻的产量相对较高,且抗倒伏能力较好,为本试验的最佳处理.     

Lignin metabolism regulates lodging resistance of maize hybrids under varying planting density

Hybrids and planting density are the main factors affecting maize lodging resistance. Here, we aimed to elucidate the mechanism of the regulation of maize lodging resistance by comparing two hybrids at various planting densities from the perspective of lignin metabolism. Our results showed that compared to lodging-susceptible hybrid Xundan 20(XD20), lodging-resistant hybrid Denghai 605(DH605) showed a lower center of gravity and culm morphological characteristics that contributed to the higher lodging resistance of this hybrid. Lignin content, activities of key lignin synthesis-related enzymes and G-, S-and H-type monomer contents were significantly higher in hybrid DH605 than in hybrid XD20. Stalk mechanical strength, lignin accumulation and enzyme activity decreased significantly with increasing planting density in the two hybrids. While G-type monomers first decreased with increasing planting density but then remained stable, S-type monomers showed a decreasing trend, and H-type monomers showed an increasing trend. Correlation analysis showed that lodging rate was significantly correlated with plant traits and lignin metabolism. Therefore, maize hybrids characterized by high lignin accumulation, high lignin synthesis-related activities, high S-type monomer content, low center of gravity, high stem puncture strength, high cortical thickness, and small vascular bundle area are more resistant to lodging. High planting densities reduce stalk lignin accumulation, relevant enzyme activities and mechanical strength, thereby, ultimately increasing the lodging rate significantly.     

灌浆期低温对夏玉米光合性能及产量的影响

以郑单958为供试品种,设置了6月15日(对照)、6月25日和7月5日3个播期,研究灌浆期低温对夏玉米光合性能、干物质生产转运及产量的影响,以期为华北平原夏玉米充分利用热量资源、指导生产实践和实现高产稳产提供理论依据。结果表明:6月25日和7月5日播期的夏玉米在灌浆期均遭遇不同程度的低温胁迫,且随着播期的推迟受胁迫程度随之加剧,这2个播期的玉米光合性能、干物质积累量与转运量、群体生长率均较对照呈逐渐降低趋势。3个播期的单位面积总粒数之间差异不显著,但千粒重在不同播期间差异显著,最终6月25日和7月5日播种的玉米产量较对照分别显著下降了17%和31%。因此,应该选择适宜的夏玉米播种时间,降低玉米在灌浆后期遭遇低温逆境的几率,进而保障玉米生育后期的正常灌浆,最终实现玉米抗逆高产的目标。     

Effects of different mechanical direct seeding methods on grain yield and lodging resistance of early indica rice in South China

Direct seeding of rice has become a main planting method due to the low labor input and high economic benefit in South China. Dry direct seeding(DDS) has been widely used for single-season rice planting establishment. However, few studies have examined the performance of early-season indica rice under mechanical dry direct seeding. A two-year field experiment was conducted with two indica rice cultivars(i.e., Zhongjiazao 17 and Zhuliangyou 819) to study lodging characteristics and grain yield formation under DDS, flooded direct seeding(FDS) and wet direct seeding(WDS) patterns. The results showed that the annual grain yield in DDS was higher by 14.42–26.34% for cultivar ZLY819 and 6.64–24.58% for cultivar ZJZ17 than in WDS and FDS, respectively, and these increases were mainly attributed to the improvement of the panicles. The DDS pattern significantly increased the seedling emergence rate of early indica rice cultivars, and increased total dry weight and crop growth rate. Meanwhile, shorter basal internodes, better stem diameter and stem wall thickness and lower lodging index were found in DDS in contrast to FDS and WDS. In particular, DDS improved the stem lodging resistance. Our results suggested that the appropriate direct seeding method was beneficial for improving the grain yield and lodging resistance of early indica rice.     

玉米籽粒灌浆速率研究进展

玉米的产量很大程度上受灌浆阶段干物质积累量的影响,灌浆期长短和灌浆速率决定了粒重和产量水平,而灌浆速率受相关基因或QTL以及栽培条件共同调控,表现出复杂的动态变化特征。从灌浆速率的生理代谢、关键酶活性以及遗传与环境等方面概述了玉米籽粒灌浆速率的研究进展。探究玉米籽粒灌浆的分子调控机制将为玉米高产育种提供必要的理论依据。     

玉米杂交当代子粒灌浆特性的研究

对粒重不同的２个纯合稳定普通玉米自交系和２个爆裂玉米自交系及各自间正,反交４个杂交组合杂交当代的子粒灌浆特性研究结果表明：（１）各组合杂交当代的百粒重均高于母本自交系,超母本优势均为正值,平均及超父本优势依父,母本粒重的相对大小不同而异;（２）不同部位子粒百粒重均表现下部．〉中部〉上部,且授粉后２０ｄ差异较小,之后差异较大;（３）灌浆速率的高低和有效灌浆期 的长短时导致不同材料及不同部位子粒百粒重     

Differences of yield and nitrogen use efficiency under different applications of slow release fertilizer in spring maize

Excessive or insufficient application of fertilizer has raised broader concerns regarding soil and environmental degradation. One-time application of slow release fertilizer (SF) has been widely used to reduce yield gap with potential maize yield and improve nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). A 2-year field experiment (2018–2019) was conducted to evaluate the effects of SF rates from 0 to 405 kg N ha^–1 (named F0, SF225, SF270, SF315, SF360, and SF405) and 405 kg N ha^–1 of common fertilizer (CF405) on the grain yield, biomass and N accumulation, enzymatic activities related with carbon–nitrogen metabolism, NUE and economic analysis. Results indicated that the highest grain yields, NUEs and economic returns were achieved at SF360 in both varieties. The enzymatic activities related with carbon–nitrogen metabolism, pre- and post-silking accumulation of biomass and N increased with increasing SF rate, and they were the highest at SF360 and SF405. The grain yield at SF360 had no significant difference with that at SF405. However, the N partial factor productivity, N agronomic efficiency and N recovery efficiency at SF360 were 9.8, 6.6 and 8.9% higher than that at SF405. The results also indicated that the average grain yields, NUE and economic benefit at SF405 were 5.2, 12.3 and 18.1% higher than that at CF405. In conclusion, decreasing N rate from 405 kg ha^–1 (CF) to 360 kg ha^–1 (SF) could effectively reduce the yield gap between realized and potential maize yields. The N decreased by 11.1%, but the yield, NUE and economic benefit increased by 3.2, 22.2 and 17.5%, which created a simple, efficient and business-friendly system for spring maize production in Jiangsu Province, China.     

不同施氮量对春玉米籽粒蛋白质积累规律及产质量的影响

试验以春玉米品种东农250为试材,研究了不同施氮量的影响。结果表明,籽粒蛋白质积累速率呈双峰曲线变化;不同施氮水平色氨酸的含量均随籽粒的成熟而不断下降;不同的施氮水平对玉米的产量影响差异显著,以公顷施纯氮200kg增产效果显著,且成本比施氮300kg·hm-2处理低。     

不同棱型大麦品种(系)籽粒灌浆特性和产量性状分析

以河南省的主栽品种和正在培育品系为材料,通过大田试验,拟合大麦灌浆过程生长曲线,分析其参数变化情况。结果显示,大麦籽粒灌浆进程均呈“慢—快—慢”的“S”型曲线,拟合的Logistic方程决定系数均大于0.9906,并达到极显著水平;籽粒灌浆过程中缓增期持续时间较长,快增期持续时间次之,渐增期时间较短,快增期平均灌浆速率最高,其最终干物质积累量也明显高于渐增期和缓增期。二棱型品种(系)的3个时期平均灌浆速率(‘驻3’的V1除外)和最终干物质积累量均高于多棱型品种(系);各品种(系)实际千粒重均低于理论千粒重。在穗数和千粒重协同下,多棱型品种(系)穗粒数高的最终产量高,而二棱型品种(系)穗部籽粒数低于多棱型品种(系),在一定的穗数下,千粒重高的产量相应较高。     

密度对春小麦籽粒灌浆特性的影响

在河西绿洲生态条件下,以旱地春小麦‘西旱1号’为材料,在密度为18.17~520.83基本苗.m-2范围内预设12个密度处理,研究了密度对籽粒灌浆的影响.结果表明:密度处理产量的变幅为2 508.08~5 276.46kg.hm-2,千粒质量的变幅为42.20~53.82 g.各密度处理的灌浆过程可用Logistic方程模拟.渐增期、快增期、缓增期对籽粒的贡献率分别为18.08%~27.10%、55.00%~67.68%、13.10%~34.99%.随着密度的增大,灌浆持续期(T)缩短,平均灌浆速率(R)降低,其中以18.17基本苗.m-2的R最高,401.50基本苗.m-2最低,但各密度处理最大灌浆速率出现的时间基本一致.千粒质量与T(0.912**)、R(0.752**)、最大灌浆速率出现的时间(TRmax)(0.910**)、最大灌浆速率(Rmax)(0.893**)、渐增期灌浆持续时间(T1)(0.701**)、快增期灌浆持续时间(T2)(0.730**)、缓增期灌浆持续时间(T3)(0.866**)、渐增期灌浆速率(R1)(0.751**)和快增期灌浆速率(R2)(0.804**)均呈极显著正相关,与缓增期灌浆速率(R3)(-0.163)相关不显著.T对粒质量的影响大于R的影响,但R与Rmax(0.782**)、TRmax(0.739**)呈极显著正相关.     

不同氮钾肥施用方法对水稻产量及抗倒伏性的影响

水稻倒伏常发生于籽粒灌浆中后期,是高产、稳产、优质生产的主要限制因素之一。试验选用寒地超级稻品种松粳9号,研究不同氮钾肥施用方法对水稻产量性状及茎秆抗倒特性的影响,为寒地水稻超高产抗倒栽培技术的建立提供理论依据。结果表明,施氮量为90 kg·hm-2时,增加生育前期氮肥施用量有利于提高单株穗数、每穗粒数和单株粒重,但施氮量为135 kg·hm-2时,减少生育前期氮肥施用量,而提高生育后期氮肥施用量更有利于提高单株穗数、每穗粒数和单株粒重;在同等施氮量条件下,增加生育前期氮肥施用量可极显著增加第1和第2节间长度,并降低茎秆抗折力,尤其是施氮量高时这种影响更大;增加氮肥施用量时,相应增加钾肥施用量和减少生育前期氮肥施用量将有利于提高茎秆抗倒特性;增加生育后期氮肥施用量明显提高茎秆全氮含量,而增加生育前期氮肥施用量有利于促进水稻植株钾的吸收和积累,提高茎秆钾含量;茎秆氮含量与节间长度呈显著或极显著正相关,与抗折力呈负相关;茎秆钾含量与节间长度呈显著负相关,与抗折力呈极显著正相关。     

垄厢栽培对水稻结实期剑叶生理性状和产量的影响

选用3个水稻品种Y两优一号、黄华占和汕优63,比较了3种栽培方式(梯式窄垄、梯式宽垄、厢式宽垄)对水稻结实期剑叶生理特性和产量的影响。结果表明：梯式窄垄和梯式宽垄栽培,水稻剑叶的叶绿素含量高,叶片衰老慢,具有较高的净光合速率,且有利于保护性酶CAT、POD活性的提高;常规栽培(水种)和厢式宽垄栽培 (相当于旱种),水稻剑叶叶绿素含量低,衰老快,保护性酶活性变化较大,酶活性下降幅度分别为24%~44%、28%~46%;梯式窄垄栽培产量最高,梯式宽垄产量次之,分别比常规栽培高27.17%和12.12%,厢式宽垄栽培产量稍高于常规栽培,但差异无统计学意义。     

不同施氮量与种植密度对水稻穗上不同部位结实特性的影响

以优质食味水稻品种南粳9108为材料,研究不同施氮量与种植密度下水稻穗上不同部位结实特性的差异。结果表明,施氮量与种植密度对水稻的结实特性有一定的互作效应,低种植密度下,适当增加氮肥可降低水稻籽粒的空粒率和秕粒率。从水稻穗位上看,稻穗一次枝梗的结实特性优于二次枝梗,稻穗不同部位和一、二次枝梗不同部位的结实特性均表现为上部>中部>下部。在相同的一次或二次枝梗上不同粒位的空秕粒率一般以第2粒最高,二次枝梗不同粒位的空秕粒率以第1粒为最低,第2,3粒最高。     

Grain yield and grain moisture associations with leaf,stem and root characteristics in maize

Improving grain yield(GY) and reducing grain moisture(GM) are urgent demands for directly harvesting kernels with combine harvesters in maize production. GY and GM are both related to leaf, stem and root characteristics, but the relationships are not fully understood. To better understand these relationships, we conducted a field trial involving 12 maize hybrids with two sowing dates in 2017 and 10 maize hybrids with one sowing date in 2019. GY ranged from 6.5–14.6 t ha^–1 in early-sow...     

氮素用量对玉米籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性及产量的影响

试验研究了不同施氮水平对春玉米籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性及产量的影响。结果表明,籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性均呈单峰曲线变化,并且籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性峰值出现在吐丝后21 d(四单19 N200处理在吐丝后28 d);对3个品种来说,N200处理籽粒的酶活性较高,是最佳的氮素处理;籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶活性与籽粒产量间呈正相关关系,其中吐丝后21、28 d酶活性与籽粒产量呈显著正相关。     

猪肉可持续供应链建设的构想与实现途径

不同密度和化控制对玉米农艺性状及产量的影响试验结果表明,品种、化控剂和种植密度均对产量及农艺性状具有较大的影响,但三者之间互作相关性不显著.在使用化控剂处理条件下,玉米产量随着种植密度的增加表现为逐渐增加而后降低的趋势;不同化控剂在一定程度上提高了百粒重,且随着密度增加百粒重变化幅度很小.不同化控剂处理均显著降低了玉米株高和穗位,降低了植株倒伏率.适宜高密度和化控剂可协同提高玉米籽粒产量,表明化控剂在一定程度上降低了高密度条件对玉米倒伏率的影响;同时施用玉喜化控剂对作物的株高、穗位有更佳的调控效果,可以有效降低倒伏率.     

种植密度对玉米品种籽粒灌浆速率和脱水速率的影响

采用随机区组设计,研究了不同种植密度对玉米新品种永优1573籽粒灌浆速率和脱水速率相关性状的影响。4种种植密度分别为6.0、6.75、7.5和8.25万/hm_²,并设计了6.75万/hm_²种植密度下郑单958、先玉335作为对照。结果表明：随着种植密度的提高,各个性状总体逐渐减小的变化趋势,但未受到显著影响。通过籽粒百粒干重和灌浆速率,定位到永优1573合适种植密度,在此密度水平下,与对照品种相比,永优1573在籽粒干物质积累上处于优势水平,可以获得较高的产量水平。研究结果为进一步快速评价选育新品种产量形成机理,定位种植群体水平奠定基础。