非洲马瘟研究进展

非洲马瘟病毒引起的非洲马瘟是马属动物的一种急性或亚急性虫媒传染病,在非洲撒哈拉沙漠以南是地方性流行病。传播媒介是库蠓的某些种类,其中最重要的是拟蚊库蠓(Culicoides.Imico-la)。本文概括了非洲马瘟的病原学、流行病学特征、临床表现、诊断及疫苗的研究进展,为进一步了解和研究该病提供依据。     

广西家养反刍动物蓝舌病血清学监测分析

[目的]了解广西家养反刍动物蓝舌病毒(BTV)的感染情况,为防控广西蓝舌病(BT)提供参考依据.[方法]采用琼脂免疫扩散试验(ACID)对采自广西境内的2535份山羊血清和496份水牛血清进行BTV抗体检测,并对地理、气候因素与BTV区域分布情况进行分析.[结果]广西山羊和水牛的总BTV抗体阳性率别为36.53%和43.55%,且以南宁市的山羊、水牛BTV抗体阳性率最高,分别为78.13%和85.71%.广西家养反刍动物BTV抗阳性率呈北低南高,高海拔地区BTV抗体阳性率低于低海拔地区,气温较高的南亚热带及北热带的BTV抗体阳性率高于气温较低的中亚热带,降水充沛的东部地区的BTV抗体阳性率高于降水较少的中部和西部地区.[结论]广西家养反刍动物普遍存在BTV感染,且分布受到纬度、海拔、气温与降雨量等地理、气候因素的影响.     

Month-Wise Prevalence of Subclinical Mastitis in Dairy Cows in Guangdong Province,China

To evaluate the month-wise prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SM) and its relations with climatic temperature and humidity, and to provide references for control and prevention of mastitis in dairy cows in Guangdong, China, California mastitis test method was used to determine the monthly prevalence of SM (MPSM, %) of lactating Holstein cows from 11 dairy farms in Guangdong Province, China, including about 516 cows per monthly examination. The average MPSM on a cow and a quarter basis were 30 and 13% respectively, and there was a positive linear correlation between monthly mean air temperature (MT, ?C) and MPSM on a cow basis (r=0.763, P=0.004) or a quarter basis (r=0.577, P=0.049), but there were no correlations between MT and MPSM on a cow or a quarter basis (P>0.05). There was a shift in MPSM trend that the highest MPSM (38.4%) was not for the hottest July with MT at 30.8?C, but for the later September at 27.9?C. The farms need to develop new housing conditions to control cowshed temperatures in the hot season to reduce the mastitis prevalences in the posthot months.     

不同动物粪肥的磷素形态特征及有效性分析

我国规模化养殖业的快速发展导致动物粪肥数量急剧增加,合理利用畜禽粪肥中的大量磷素,不仅可节约磷矿资源,而且避免由于粪肥直接排放和农田过量施用所带来的水体面源污染问题。本研究结合调研工作,采集了52个典型养殖场的76个动物粪肥样品,采用Hedley 磷分组方法,系统分析了不同粪肥中磷素含量及其组分特征,评价不同形态磷素在土壤中的移动性及其环境风险,为合理磷素管理提供参考。结果表明:不同动物粪肥的全磷含量差异很大,猪粪、鸡粪、鸭粪、牛粪和羊粪的平均含量分别为22.5、13.7、12.9、9.6 g P·kg^-1和7.5 g P·kg^-1,其中粪肥中的有机磷占总磷的比例分别为33.1%、41.5%、66.4%、28.1%和36.8%。非反刍动物粪肥(猪粪、鸡粪、鸭粪)中全磷含量和有机磷含量分别为反刍动物粪肥(牛粪和羊粪)中全磷和有机磷含量的1.7~3.0 倍和2.1~3.0 倍,以鸡鸭粪肥中有机磷占全磷的比例最高;非反刍动物粪肥C/P 比(19~29)明显低于反刍动物粪肥C/P 比(38~45),其中的磷素更易矿化;依次采用H₂O、NaHCO₃、NaOH 和HCl作为提取剂提取动物粪肥的磷素组分,反刍动物粪肥中H₂O-P、NaHCO₃-P、NaOH-P、HCl-P 和残余态磷分别为总磷的27.8%、32.8%、18.1%、15.2%和6.1%;而非反刍动物粪肥中的各磷素组分的比例分别为24.6%、19.4%、12.7%、34.4%和8.9%;两者主要在NaHCO₃-P和HCl-P组分存在差异。综上所述,反刍动物粪肥中活性磷(H₂O-P 和NaHCO₃-P)的比例更高,超过总磷的60%,而非反刍动物粪肥更易矿化分解的特征导致其可以很快释放活性磷,两者均具有很高的磷素有效性。因此,长期而言,在等粪肥磷投入情况下,两者的环境风险差异不大;而在等粪肥用量情况下,非反刍动物粪肥中更高的磷素含量会导致更高的环境风险。     

Virome identification in wheat in the Czech Republic using small RNA deep sequencing

High-throughput deep-sequencing technology and bioinformatics analysis of the small RNA(sRNA) population isolated from plants allows universal virus detection and complete virome reconstruction for a given sample. In the present sRNA deep-sequencing analysis of virus-infected wheat samples in the Czech Republic, samples were firstly tested for barley yellow dwarf viruses(BYDVs), wheat streak mosaic virus(WSMV) and wheat dwarf virus(WDV) using ELISA, RT-PCR and PCR. Subsequent sRNA sequencing of these samples yielded more than ～60 million single-end 50-bp reads with high confidence for nine field samples of wheat. Overall, 16.5% of reads were virus-specific and 83.5% were mapped to the host. More 21-nt reads(～7.7 E+06 reads) were found than 24-nt(～6.20 E+06 reads) or 22-nt(～4.30 E+06 reads) reads. De novo assembly of the high-quality contigs revealed the presence of three earlier reported viruses in the Czech Republic: BYDVs(31.48%), WSMV(24.23%) and WDV(26.66%). We also showed the presence of cereal yellow dwarf virus(14.33%; two species CYDV-RPS and CYDV-RPV(family Luteoviridae/Polerovirus) and wheat yellow dwarf virus(WYDV, 3.30%; Luteoviridae). Phylogenetic analysis showed CYDV and WYDV grouped separately from BYDVs. Furthermore, several recombination breakpoints were found among the groups of yellow dwarf viruses(BYDVs, CYDV, and WYDV). Using RNA deep sequencing, we confirmed the presence of the three known viruses(BYDVs, WSMV, and WDV) and the first record of two species of CYDV and WYDV in wheat in the Czech Republic.     

马尾松人工林近自然化改造对植物自然更新及物种多样性的影响

中国人工林面积居世界第一位,而马尾松是中国人工林面积较大的树种之一,广泛分布于中国的亚热带区域。马尾松适应能力强,耐干旱、瘠薄,是南方低山丘陵区群落演替的先锋树种,也是荒山绿化造林的主要树种,马尾松人工林对生态防护、生态治理有着重大的意义。但是,绝大部分马尾松人工林为人工纯林,生态系统比较脆弱,生态服务功能较差。人工林的近自然改造对于增加林地生物多样性,提升人工林的生态服务功能具有重要意义。2005年,对中国林业科学院热带林业试验中心1993年造林的马尾松人工林进行4种不同强度(50%、40%、30%、20%)间伐后,套种大叶栎(Castanopsis fissa)、米老排(Mytilaria laosensis)、润楠(Machilus pingii)、红锥(C. hystrix)4个乡土阔叶树种,各种套种密度皆为120株/hm²。分别于间伐前(2004年)及2010年对群落生物多样性及人工套种树种生态情况进行调查,结果表明:(1)间伐处理后,自然更新至乔木层的物种种类和数量都有显著的增加,600 m²的样方中,物种数由(2.75±2.56)种增加到(11.17±4.32)种,个体数由(5.75±4.31)株增加到(32.17±19.09)株,群落中乔木亚层的优势种变化不大,主要有南酸枣(Choerospondias axillaris)、水锦树(Wendlandia uvariifolia),枫香(Liquidambar formosana)、破布木(Cordia dichotoma)、白背桐(Mallotus paniculatus)等。新增加到乔木层的物种大都为之前群落中灌木层的种类,主要有三桠苦(Evodia lepta)、鸭脚木(Schefflera minutistellata)、白花龙(Styrax faberi)、中平树(Macaranga denticulata)、黄毛榕(Ficus esquiroliana)、华南毛柃(Eurya ciliata)、罗浮柿(Diospyros morrisiana)、猴耳环(Pithecellobium clypearia)、木姜子(Litsea pungens)、毛黄肉楠(Actinodaphne pilosa)等。(2)间伐处理前,600 m²样方中出现的灌草种类数量为(24.63±4.24)种,间伐处理后,600 m²样方中出现的灌草种类数量为(27.58±3.80)种,不同间伐强度处理后林下灌草的优势种与间伐前大致相同,灌木层优势种为三桠苦,草本层优势种为弓果黍(Cyrtococcum patens)。不同间伐强度处理林分间,灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数均无显著差异,且与间伐前林分也无显著差异。(3)间伐促进了4个乡土树种幼树的生长,随着间伐强度的增加,大叶栎、红锥幼树的高度和胸径显著增长;50%的间伐强度的林分中,阔叶树种幼树的长势要显著好于其他间伐强度,50%的间伐强度最有利于马尾松林下套种的阔叶树种生长。(4)在马尾松林下套种的4个阔叶树种幼树的初期生长有明显差异。总体而言,大叶栎与米老排幼树的早期生长速率要明显高于红锥和润楠。     

基于线粒体COⅠ基因序列的吸血蠓近似种鉴定

为了快速、准确地鉴别吸血蠓近似种,弥补传统形态学鉴定方法在种类鉴定中存在的操作繁琐、难度大等不足,提出了基于线粒体CO Ⅰ基因序列的吸血蠓近似种鉴定方法。以二囊亚属中的黑色库蠓(Culicoides pelius)、无害库蠓(Culicoides innoxius)、白带库蠓(Culicoides albifascia)、不显库蠓(Culicoides obsoletus)、东方库蠓(Culicoides orientalis)、苏格兰库蠓(Culicoides scoticus)和琉球库蠓(Culicoides actoni)等7种库蠓近似种的部分线粒体CO Ⅰ基因序列作为分析对象,基于Kimura 2-parameter模型分析遗传距离,同时应用MEGA 6.0软件以荒川库蠓(Culicoides arakawai)为外群构建系统发育树(邻接法和最大似然法)。经过Clustal X序列比对及人工校对、编辑后, 7种吸血蠓CO Ⅰ基因长度为494 bp,遗传距离在种内和种间具显著差异(P<0.05),系统发育树中不同库蠓种类各自构成单系(群),同种类不同地理种群聚为一支。本研究初步证实了线粒体CO Ⅰ基因序列可用于吸血蠓近似种的分子鉴定。     

安徽优势库蠓实验室饲养的研究

本文从研究安徽省的库蠓媒介传染病出发,调查了省内四种优势库蠓(尖喙库蠓、原野库蠓、日本库蠓、荒川库蠓)的吸血嗜性和幼期孽生地,研究了实验室饲养库蠓的配套技术,完成了日本库蠓从卵发育到成蠓的实验饲养,成虫率为4.7%。     

浮游植物群落对海南小水电建设的响应

为探讨浮游植物群落对海南省小水电建设的响应,分别在海南省主要河流的上游支流已建小水电的蓄水水域与河道、规划(未建)小水电河段采集浮游植物样品进行比较分析.共鉴定出浮游植物种类62个属178种,曲壳藻(Achnanthaceae)、异极藻(Gomphonema)、菱形藻(Nitzschia)、颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulat)、席藻(Phormidium)、颤藻(Oscillatoria)、小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)、平裂藻(Merismopedia)、舟形藻(Navicula)为主要的优势藻类,浮游植物丰度在5.1-163.6×104个/L之间,浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数在2.73-4.53之间.研究结果表明,小水电建设对浮游植物的种类组成、优势种、丰度及多样性均有较大的影响.就浮游植物优势种而言,规划小水电河道以蓝藻及部分硅藻为主要优势种,已建小水电河道曲壳藻、异极藻、菱形藻等大型硅藻为主要优势种.在浮游植物组成及生物多样性上,未建小水电河道浮游植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数略高,且种属分布更加均衡,而已建设水电站均趋向某一类藻占主导优势种.就浮游植物丰度而言,规划小水电河道浮游植物丰度均保持在20-30×104个/L内,已建小水电河段浮游植物保持在5-160×104个/L内且浮游植物丰度差异性较规划小水电大,小水电建设促进了浮游植物丰度的提升,但降低了浮游植物群落结构的稳定性、均衡性.虽然存在水电站阻隔,同一河流水系浮游植物种属来源仍可表现一定的趋同性,梯级水电特别是相邻水电间浮游植物群落组成存在较大的相似性.     

宁夏部分地区犊牛7种腹泻相关病毒的检测及分析

【目的】调查分析宁夏地区规模化奶牛场牛腹泻相关轮状病毒(BRV)、牛冠状病毒(BCoV)、牛病毒性腹泻病毒(BVDV)、牛环曲病毒(BToV)、牛诺如病毒(BNoV)、牛星状病毒(BAstV)、牛库布病毒(BKV)的感染情况。【方法】用RT-PCR方法对采集自宁夏部分地区的6个规模化奶牛场共计81份犊奶牛腹泻粪便样本进行检测,同时扩增相关基因进行分析。【结果】81份样本中BRV阳性率为16.05%,BCoV阳性率为13.58%,BToV阳性率为2.47%,BKV阳性率为2.47%,BVDV、BAstV、BNoV均无检出。BRV和BCoV的混合感染率为3.70%,BKoV和BToV的混合感染率为1.23%。遗传进化分析表明宁夏地区流行的BRV有G6型毒株,并且BCoV毒株具有不同的遗传进化趋势。【结论】BRV、BCoV仍是宁夏规模化奶牛场内最主要的犊牛腹泻病毒,同时检测到BToV和BKV,丰富了宁夏地区牛腹泻病原谱,为宁夏地区奶牛腹泻的综合防治提供了依据。     

我国南亚热带几种人工林生态系统碳氮储量

以我国南亚热带格木(Erythrophleumfordii)、红椎(Castnopsis hystrix)和马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林为研究对象,对其碳氮储量及分配格局进行研究.结果表明,不同树种体内碳的分布与器官年龄的关系不明显,而氮的分布与年龄的关系则较为密切,表现为幼嫩器官中的氮含量大于老化器官,而老化器官的C/N比值大于幼嫩器官.格木人工林生态系统内各组分的氮含量均高于其他两种人工林生态系统,并且3种人工林生态系统碳氮在土壤表层具有明显的富集作用.格木、红椎和马尾松人工林碳储量分别为236.22、267.84、200.57 t/hm2,氮储量分别为17.91、12.38、10.59 t/hm2.乔木层碳储量分别占42.57％、36.31％和40.28％,0-100 cm土壤碳储量分别占55.77％、62.52％和57.83％;氮储量则是土壤占绝对优势,分别为92.00％、93.72％和95.53％.说明3种人工林生态系统碳氮储量主要分布在土壤中,且红椎人工林生态系统具有较高的固碳能力.     

2株H9N2流感病毒的分离及HA基因序列分析

为掌握近年来H9亚型禽流感的流行状况和遗传变异规律,从河南、陕西发病养殖场采集病料,用鸡胚接种法分离病毒,并用RT-PCR法对分离出的H9N2AIV的HA基因进行扩增、克隆、测序及对得到的序列进行同源性和遗传性分析。结果表明:获得了2株H9N2亚型流感病毒,这2株病毒HA基因变异程度不大,核苷酸序列和氨基酸同源性分别为97.1%和97.8%,均属于BJ/1/94分支(Y280小分支)。从分子水平分析,这2株病毒均属于低致病力的H9N2禽源流感病毒。     

黑龙江省药用植物根际土壤真菌多样性

为了解黑龙江省药用植物根际土壤真菌的种群结构和区系分布特点,于2010年7月份和10月份,在黑龙江省的伊春、铁力、绥化、哈尔滨、牡丹江和佳木斯6个中药材产区共采集土壤样品220份,所采集的药用植物种类主要有五味子、平贝母、刺五加、党参、防风、柴胡、桔梗、黄芩等14种.经稀释平板法和土壤颗粒平板法分离共获得1016株真菌,经形态鉴定归为35属86种,其中接合菌7属10种,占7.78％;子囊菌1属2种,占0.69％;无性型真菌27属74种,占70.76％,其余20.77％的菌株为不产孢真菌.试验结果表明,黑龙江省药用植物根际土壤真菌的种群多样性丰富,其中青霉属Penicillium、曲霉属Aspergillus、木霉属Trichoderma、镰孢菌属Fusarium是优势种群,粘帚霉属Gliocladium、金孢属Chrysosporium、毛霉属Mucor、枝孢属Cladosporium、枝顶孢属Acremonium、根霉属Rhizopus是亚优势种群.不同药用植物根际土壤真菌区系的结构和组成存在一定的差异.除无孢类群外,青霉属Penicillium、曲霉属Aspergillus、木霉属Trichoderma和镰孢菌属Fusarium是14种药用植物根际土壤真菌的优势菌群.五味子、平贝母和柴胡是黑龙江省种植的主要中药材,它们在6个采样地点间的真菌种群的多样性水平存在差异,其中伊春地区的多样性指数(H’=2.9574)和丰富度指数(R=5.6683)最高,而佳木斯地区的均匀度指数(J=0.9200)最高.不同地区的相似性水平也存在差异,其中牡丹江与绥化的药用植物根际土壤真菌种群组成之间的相似性系数最高(Cj=0.6315),牡丹江与哈尔滨的相似性最低(Cj=0.3704).     

Tomato mottle mosaic virus: Characterization,resistance gene effectiveness,and quintuplex RT-PCR detection system

Tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV), an economically important species of the genus Tobamovirus, causes significant loss in yield and quality of tomato fruits. Here, we identified the Shandong isolate of ToMMV (ToMMV-SD) collected from symptomatic tomato fruits in Weifang, Shandong Province of China. ToMMV-SD caused symptoms such as severe mosaic, mottling, and necrosis of tomato leaves, yellow spot and necrotic lesions on tomato fruits. The obtained full genome of ToMMV-SD was 6 399 nucleotides (accession number MW373515) and had the highest identity of 99.5% with that of isolate SC13-051 from the United States of America at the genomic level. The infectious clone of ToMMV-SD was constructed and induced clear mosaic and necrotic symptoms onto Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Several commercial tomato cultivars, harboring Tm-2² resistance gene, and pepper cultivars, containing L resistance gene, were susceptible to ToMMV-SD. Plants of Solanum melongena (eggplant) and Brassica pekinensis (napa cabbage) showed mottling symptoms, while N. tabacum cv. Zhongyan 100 displayed latent infection. ToMMV-SD did not infect plants of N. tabacum cv. Xanthi NN, Brassica rapa ssp. chinensis (bok choy), Raphanus sativus (radish), Vigna unguiculata cv. Yuanzhong 28-2 (cowpea), or Tm-2² transgenic N. benthamiana. A quintuplex RT-PCR system differentiated ToMMV from tomato mosaic virus, tomato brown rugose fruit virus, tobacco mosaic virus, and tomato spotted wilt virus, with the threshold amount of 0.02 pg. These results highlight the threat posed by ToMMV to tomato and pepper cultivation and offer an efficient detection system for the simultaneous detection of four tobamoviruses and tomato spotted wilt virus infecting tomato plants in the field.     

宁夏贺兰山、六盘山典型森林类型土壤主要肥力特征

采用野外调查结合室内分析的方法,对该区域典型森林类型下土壤的主要剖面肥力特征进行了研究,并对主要理化指标进行了因子分析.结果表明:受森林凋落物的累积、分解和成土母质、气候条件的影响,贺兰山、六盘山主要森林土壤的剖面肥力具有明显差异.其中,土壤孔隙度(54.50％-72.22％,剖面均值,下同)受有机质影响显著,随土层加深逐渐减小,容重(0.72-1.21 g/cm3)、比重(2.55-2.68 g/cm3)随土层加深显著增大,且六盘山各样地比重大于贺兰山.受有机质归还作用影响,有机碳(24.03-65.37 g/kg)、全N(1.48-3.49 g/kg)、NO3--N(1.88-10.50 mg/kg)、NH4+-N(5.02-11.01 mg/kg)、全P (0.37-1.19 g/kg)、有效P(4.82-13.38 mg/kg)、速效K含量(82.03-244.62 mg/kg)均随土层加深逐渐降低;全K含量(18.92-26.14 g/kg)随土层加深逐渐增大,且六盘山各样地全K含量大于贺兰山.土壤C/N (11.74-19.88)旱现B层＞C层＞A层,且贺兰山各样地C/N大于六盘山.土壤CEC(23.94-40.30 cmol/kg)受有机质的主导作用明显,随土层加深显著减小,pH值(7.09-8.09)、ESP(0.59％-2.47％)及BSP(51.24％-80.57％)均随土层加深逐渐增大,且贺兰山各样地pH值、ESP大于六盘山.粘粒(5.46％-10.20％)、TDS (0.33-1.12 g/kg)及CaCO3(1.44-14.23 g/kg)均未出现明显积聚,且贺兰山各样地TDS、CaCO3含量大于六盘山.因子分析显示,对于该区域各样地土壤的肥力特征,可以应用有机质因子、环境因子和NO3--N因子进行综合描述.其中青海云杉、山杨混交林下土壤的有机质因子得分最高,贺兰山各样地环境因子得分显著大于六盘山,NO3--N因子得分则以小叶金露梅灌丛和华北落叶松天然林最高.     

Small RNA deep sequencing reveals the presence of multiple viral infections in cucurbit crops in Guangdong,China

Viral diseases are among the most critical damaging factors that impose a global threat to the cucurbit industry. China is the world's leading country for the production and consumption of cucurbits. Guangdong, a province in southern China dominated by the tropical and subtropical climate, favors the survival of different plant viruses and their vectors. Five main cucurbit crops showing various disease symptoms were surveyed and collected to identify viruses infecting cucurbits in Guangdong during 2018–2020. In the field, the incidence ranged from 5–30%, or even 60–100% in the case of severely infected cucurbits. A total of 357 symptomatic samples were collected and subsequently screened for cucurbit viruses by small RNA deep sequencing and assembly (sRSA). Seventeen virus species belonging to 10 genera were identified in the five main cucurbit crops. The most common viruses were papaya ringspot virus (PRSV; Potyvirus), zucchini tigre mosaic virus (ZTMV; Potyvirus), zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV; Potyvirus), and watermelon silver mottle virus (WSMoV; Orthotospovirus), with infection rates of 24.4, 19.0, 17.1, and 14.3%, respectively. Notably, the most prevalent viruses were melon yellow spot orthotospovirus (MYSV) in cucumber, PRSV in squash, cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV; Tobamovirus) in bottle gourd, WSMoV in white gourd, and ZYMV in luffa. Mixed infections were prevalent, and the types of mixed infections varied substantially in different cucurbit crops. Moreover, the full-length nucleotide sequences of watermelon green mottle mosaic virus (WGMMV), CGMMV, and watermelon virus A (WVA; Wamavirus) identified in bottle gourd were cloned and analyzed. This study is the first reporting WGMMV infecting bottle gourd in China mainland. In summary, the results demonstrate that in Guangdong, the most prevalent viruses belong to potyviruses, orthotospoviruses, and tobamoviruses groups. The findings will facilitate agricultural researchers and farmers to plan and implement effective disease control strategies aiming at timely detection and management of cucurbit-infecting viral pathogens.     

New strain of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vicia unijuga</Emphasis> mosaic virus revealed in the Amur oblast

A mosaic disease caused by a virus with isometric particles with a diameter of 28–30 nm has been revealed on a wild vetch species Vicia unijuga in the Amur oblast. The thermal inactivation point (TIP) of the pathogen is 73°C, longevity in vitro (LIV) is up to 3 days, and dilution endpoint (DEP) is 10^?5. Virions contain one capsid protein with molecular mass 19 kD. The antigenic relationship between the isolate and brome mosaic virus and earlier identified V. unijuga mosaic virus, a representative of the genus Bromovirus, is determined. The pathogen has been identified as a new strain of this bromovirus. The virus is easily transmitted to cultivated legumes, causing considerable damage.     

圈养大熊猫野化培训期的生境选择特征

大熊猫(Ailuropoda melanoleuca)是我国特有的珍稀物种,也是世界上最濒危的野生动物之一。为了将人工繁育的部分大熊猫个体重引入其历史分布区或复壮野生种群,中国保护大熊猫研究中心从2003年开始进行圈养大熊猫的野外放归工作,通过野化培训以提高圈养大熊猫适应和选择野外环境的能力。对野化培训大熊猫"淘淘"的生境选择研究表明:该野化培训大熊猫幼仔经常活动于新笋密度较大的区域[生境与对照:(2.68±1.14)对(1.58±0.66)],却避开成竹密度过大[(9.91±2.51)对(12.18±4.68)]、竹子较高[(4.57±1.09) m对(4.98±0.66) m]以及枯死竹过多[(2.52±0.86)对(3.39±1.33)]的区域;喜欢活动于离水源[(1.59±0.67)对(2.19±0.87)]和隐蔽场所较近[(5.37±2.14) m对(8.35±7.76)m],以及距离乔木较远[(3.09±0.69) m对(2.70±0.42) m]和郁闭度较低[(1.85±0.57)对(2.10±0.47)]的区域(P < 0.05),新笋密度大小是该栖息地在整个野化培训期间是否被利用的最重要因素。该野化培训大熊猫幼仔保持着与带仔母兽相近的生境选择特征,对竹子环境的选择也与卧龙野生大熊猫相似,野化培训对该大熊猫幼仔产生了积极的作用。野化培训大熊猫幼仔形成的家域和核域面积分别为9.21 hm² 和1.93 hm²,占野化培训圈面积的51.95%和10.89%,其中家域面积仅有卧龙野生大熊猫的1.4%-2.4%,所以在以后的野化培训过程中需要采取增加野化培训圈中环境丰富度等方式,促进野化培训大熊猫形成较大的家域面积。     

Distribution of bovine immunodeficiency virus in herds of Moscow region and Stavropol krai

The distribution of bovine immunodeficiency virus has been studied for the first time in cattle herds of Russia. This study has been done using amplification of the gag-gene in a polymerase chain reaction. High levels of bovine leucosis virus have been found on farms of the Moscow region and the Stavropol krai.