Off-farm employment and poverty alleviation in rural China

Two phenomena in the history of China's economic growth during the last four decades are the increase in the share of offfarm employment and the progress in poverty alleviation in rural China. Although both of them have been well documented in the literature, less is known about the linkage between the two. To better understand the role that off-farm employment has played in poverty alleviation in rural China is critically important not only for China but also for those countries that are trying to reduce poverty. Here, we examine the impact of off-farm employment on poverty alleviation in rural China. Using the data from two nationally representative household panel surveys(China National Rural Survey and China Rural Development Survey), this paper provides supporting evidence that off-farm employment contributes to poverty alleviation in rural China. Specifically, if household participation in off-farm employment increases by 10 percentage points, the likelihood for a nonpoor household to fall into poverty will decrease by 0.88 percentage point whereas the likelihood for a poor household to climb out of poverty will increase by 3.5 percentage points. In a word, off-employment can not only prevent rural residents to fall into poverty but also help those already in poverty climb out of it.     

精准扶贫背景下对农业产业扶贫模式的研究

本研究将高作镇作为实征对象,充分围绕高作镇实际情况,提出几点农业产业扶贫模 式,并总结了高作镇农业产业扶贫的成果,旨在希望通过本研究发挥抛砖引玉的作用。     

旅游精准扶贫助推贫困地区乡村振兴的思考

贫困地区精准脱贫是乡村振兴的重点难点和优先任务,旅游扶贫已经成为我国贫困地区乡村振兴的重要方式。推动旅游精准扶贫与乡村振兴的有机衔接,是实现贫困地区乡村振兴的有效途径。本文立足文献述评、调研认知与研究思考,探讨旅游精准扶贫在贫困地区乡村振兴中的主要作用、现实问题和推进途径。研究表明,旅游精准扶贫可以促进贫困地区乡村振兴已成为各方共识,同时也面临利益分配机制不合理、内生增长乏力、生态环境制约等诸多挑战,乡村旅游扶贫需精准识别发展乡村旅游所具备的资源、区位、市场等条件和可行性,将乡村振兴战略的思想和原则融入具体的旅游精准扶贫计划与行动之中。具体需要准确把握好适宜区域、实施主体、主导产业、资金来源和保障机制,创新乡村旅游扶贫的商业模式、聚合乡村旅游扶贫的智力资源、夯实乡村旅游扶贫的文化底蕴、坚守乡村旅游扶贫的绿色发展底线、优化乡村旅游扶贫管理和组织机制,进而从产业振兴、人才振兴、文化振兴、生态振兴和组织振兴等五个方面全方位精准有效地助推乡村振兴。     

西南地区贫困乡村地域类型划分及减贫对策研究

以国务院扶贫开发领导小组2012年最新确定的国家扶贫重点县名单中涉及西南地区(重庆、四川、云南、贵州、广西)的267个贫困县为研究对象,利用Arc GIS空间分析软件和SPSS统计分析软件,将西南地区贫困县空间数据与属性数据进行叠加分析,揭示西南地区贫困乡村的空间分异特征。通过高程、坡度、人均GDP、少数民族占比、距省府距离等因素的分级和聚类分析,划分西南地区贫困乡村地域类型,针对各类贫困乡村的关键致贫因子,提出减贫脱贫措施。结果表明:1)西南地区贫困乡村的分异表现为:地势较低,坡度相对较缓的地区,贫困的发生率及贫困乡村的密度相对较低;而地势较高、坡度变化较大的地区,贫困县的分布较为集中;少数民族比重较高、距省府较远的区域,贫困的发生率及贫困乡村分布越广泛;2)通过综合聚类分析,西南地区贫困乡村共划分成九类;3)针对九类贫困乡村的关键致贫因子提出相应减贫对策:深化三产融合发展,进一步加强区域特色产业发展,并延长产业链;促进生态、经济、社会文化互动共进与协调发展;加强基础设施与公共服务设施建设,缩短贫困乡村与经济中心时间距离和经济距离,改善其通达状况。     

Elite capture,the “follow-up checks” policy,and the targeted poverty alleviation program: Evidence from rural western China

Decentralized methods for targeting poverty are widely adopted in developing countries to improve the performance of various poverty alleviation programs. A common challenge for implementing successful decentralized targeting is the existence of elite capture. China has recently implemented a nationwide decentralized poverty targeting program, the targeted poverty alleviation(TPA) policy, to achieve the national goal of eliminating absolute poverty by the end of 2020. As the largest decentralized poverty targeting program in the world, TPA's successful implementation was believed to be threatened by elite capture in some earlier reports. Since 2015, a targeting correction mechanism, called "follow-up checks" policy, has been introduced. With the "follow-up checks" policy, the elites and other ineligible households who receive benefits under TPA were removed from the program. This paper investigates the elite capture phenomenon in TPA using village census data from a poverty-stricken county in 2017-two years after implementing the "follow-up checks" policy. We find no evidence of elite capture in TPA. The elites are unlikely to become beneficiaries or receive more benefits than non-elites. Our results contradict earlier findings that reported elite capture in TPA. We argue that the reason is the accountability emphasized by the central government in the "follow-up checks" policy. Our findings imply that having proper accountability is critical for improving targeting performance by global antipoverty initiatives.     

黑龙江省农村金融扶贫水平分析及对策建议

农村金融扶贫突破了传统的经济扶贫模式,在农村扶贫工作中作用显著,并且政府扶贫资金可以通过金融扶贫方式实现效用最大化。基于2016年黑龙江省28个贫困县的农村金融扶贫相关数据,通过因子分析法,研究现阶段黑龙江省贫困地区农村金融扶贫水平。结果表明,农村金融扶贫效率、农村内生性金融资源、农村金融扶贫规模对全部影响因素的累计解释程度为94.50%,是影响黑龙江省农村金融扶贫水平的主要因素。而黑龙江省农村金融扶贫水平相对较高的贫困县占比为10.71%,相对较低的贫困县占比为67.86%,各个贫困县之间的农村金融扶贫水平存在明显差距,并且多数贫困县的农村金融扶贫水平相对较低。为充分发挥黑龙江省农村金融在扶贫工作中的作用,提高农村金融扶贫水平,本文结合相关理论及研究结果,从农村金融扶贫对象、贫困人口的还款能力、农村金融扶贫的覆盖面、农村信贷风险管理、农村金融扶贫监管5个方面进行完善,以期提高黑龙江省农村金融扶贫水平。     

探讨精准扶贫视域下农业技术的创新

随着我国社会的发展,科学技术水平不断提升,在农业精准扶贫中,科学技术得到了广 泛应用,为农民群众带来了真正的福利,并逐步成为扶贫工作中最为重要的一项环节。精准扶 贫的关键在于如何做到“精准”二字,要对不同地区进行量体裁衣式的扶贫,只有这样才能让扶 贫工作更加有序地开展。本文以甘肃会宁县为例,对精准扶贫视域下农业技术的创新进行探 讨,希望能够为相关从业者提供参考意见。     

农村医疗保险精准扶贫效果研究

在大力推进精准扶贫政策的背景下,农村医疗扶贫是其中重要的一环,打好脱贫攻坚 战,解决农村人口因病致贫、因病返贫的问题,是实现小康奋斗目标的有力保障。本文从医疗保 险的视角切入,分析其在精准扶贫方面发挥的作用效果和存在的问题,结合目前成功的范例思 考讨论相应的解决方案,为后续医保扶贫的精准落实提出合理意见。     

Poverty alleviation through e-commerce: Village involvement and demonstration policies in rural China

The diffusion of e-commerce has played a significant role in recent rural economic development in China. E-commerce is also considered as an efficient channel to alleviate poverty in rural China. Voluminous studies have investigated the contribution of e-commerce to agricultural development, yet it is lacking empirical evidence as to the effects of e-commerce on rural poverty alleviation. Since the year of 2014, in order to develop rural e-commerce, Chinese government launched the National Rural E-commerce Comprehensive Demonstration Project. This gradual involvement policy offered a natural experiment for evaluation of e-commerce. Based on village-level survey data from rural China and Heckit method, our study finds that rural e-commerce has a significantly positive effect on rural income. Moreover, the effect is inverted U-shaped for the relative-poverty villages. The estimation of the propensity scores matching model confirms that the results are robust. The following policy recommendations are proposed:(1) policy support to rural e-commerce should prioritize the povertystricken villages. By doing so, the marginal income effects of e-commerce will be maximized.(2) Investment in internet infrastructure and establishment of human resources for e-commerce in rural areas will have spillover effects, increasing rural income through the "digital dividend".     

多民族地区农村贫困群体识别与扶贫效果研究-基于k-medios聚类与关联规则方法

文章基于多维贫困理论，对贵州省少数民族聚居D乡扶贫数据进行分析。首先通过多因子方法得到“家庭背景”、“民族与自身发展”、“地理环境”、“健康与劳动力”四个重要贫困维度，并基于k-medios聚类识别得到5个差异贫困群体。并基于关联规则，得到不同扶贫手段在差异群体中效果关系。分析发现（1）不同群体扶贫效果存在显著差异；（2）各群体中，“家庭背景维度”、“健康与劳动力维度”对扶贫效果影响最大；（3）教育扶贫在“弱势”及“一般”状态贫困群体中没有收到好效果，但对少数民族群体效果显著。相关建议包括:（1）针对少数民族占优群体，推广“教育+产业”扶贫模式；（2）采取预防干预，防止“良势”群体向“弱势”群体转化。     

Synthesize dual goals: A study on China's ecological poverty alleviation system

How to break the vicious cycle of poverty and ecological degradation is widely concerned and discussed. In the poverty alleviation practices in China, ecological poverty alleviation(EPA) is regarded as an important way to synthesize the dual goals of poverty reduction and environmental protection and to achieve the win-win outcomes. Many Chinese researchers have fruitful research achievements on EPA yet they do not recognize that EPA is not a simple combination of various policies, but a complex system involving multiple policy instruments, governmental agencies, social forces, and agents. However, few studies abroad illustrate EPA in detail. They focus more on specific components of EPA such as payment for ecosystem services while overlooking the integral concept of EPA and practices from China. Based on field research in Guizhou Province, China, this paper proposes a framework of EPA with an effective multi-agent and co-government system, for demonstrating the concept and practice of EPA. With case analysis, we illustrate key elements in this system and their relationships, and how they play a vital role in pursuing win-win outcomes in environmental protection and poverty alleviation. The three dimensions of this EPA system have been discussed. The first is to strengthen the interaction among the agents. Many efforts should be made for establishing an efficient communication routine and a stable relationship among their interests. The second is to reinforce the connection between diverse elements in each policy subsystem, such as the systematization and coordination of the ecological industry development, the systematization of the links before, during, and after the relocation of ecological immigrants, etc. The third is to promote the interactions between the three subsystems, so that ecological enhancement, ecological compensation, and industrial development, and migration and relocation can promote each other, and ultimately promote the coordination of poverty alleviation and ecological protection in povertystricken areas. Thus, this paper analyzes how to establish the communication routine among the relevant agents of EPA, the interaction among the internal elements of the subsystems, and the relationship between the subsystems in series, trying to reveal the basic operating mechanism of the system.     

王岩吕梁山集中连片特困地区科技扶贫的实施效果分析

为定量分析科技扶贫政策的实施效果,本研究以随机抽取的山西省汾西县佃坪乡5个行政村400份农户的2016年科技扶贫成效测度的调查问卷数据为基础,建立计量经济模型进行分析。结果表明:科技扶贫的总效应显著为正,即科技扶贫对农户的人均纯收入呈正向影响作用;科技扶贫的独立效应不显著,即单纯增加农户物质资本对农户人均纯收入影响并不显著;科技扶贫的联动效应显著,即科技扶贫基础设施完善以及农民技能水平提升对农户人均纯收入影响显著。因此在科技扶贫项目中,要充分发挥科技扶贫的联动效应,并注重农业基础设施完善与农民技能水平的提升。     

论稳定脱贫与乡村振兴的有机衔接

新时代背景下的稳定脱贫和乡村振兴,具有目标的统一性和措施的互补性,实现二者有机衔接意义重大。本文基于贫困治理的历程与特征梳理,结合苏北地区的实地调研,分析稳定脱贫与乡村振兴有机衔接理论上的逻辑基础与实践上的认知偏差,探讨促进稳定脱贫与乡村振兴有机衔接的政策着力点。研究表明,改革开放以来,我国贫困治理依据瞄准对象经历了救济式扶贫、开发式扶贫、产业扶贫和精准扶贫四个阶段,显示出贫困治理方式从"输血式救济"到"造血式开发"转变、扶贫瞄准对象遵循"区域—县—村—户"的顺次由"面"及"点"演变、贫困治理目标由"解决温饱"到"两不愁,三保障"的"民生改善"转变三个特征。当前,稳定脱贫与乡村振兴相衔接应该遵循以乡村产业为接口,以乡土农民为主体,以乡村创业为手段的内在逻辑。苏北地区在脱贫攻坚与乡村振兴有机结合做了大量的工作,并探索出一些积极做法。但是,稳定脱贫与乡村振兴有机衔接的实践仍然存在一些认知偏差,表现为以传统工业化思维发展乡村产业,忽视彰显乡村特色;以传统城市化思维实现农民市民化,忽视农民主体地位;以传统城乡二元思维解决农民就业问题,忽视农民创业能力。因此,需要以农业为基础衍生新业态,以农民为主体提升新能力,以创业为手段积蓄新动能,才能实现稳定脱贫与乡村振兴,推动农村经济持续发展。     

贫困农户生产投入决策与贫困状态的转变

贫困农户面临脱贫机遇和陷入极端贫困风险时的生产经营投入决策,对改变贫困状态起到关键的作用。基于贫困地区农户的多期追踪调查数据,采用二分变量Logit模型,分析贫困农户的生产投入决策对贫困状态转变的影响,探讨贫困农户在资金有限的情况下摆脱贫困的方式,为贫困人口退出贫困的动力寻找理论源泉。结果表明,按照官方贫困线,样本农户的贫困发生率由2006年的20.7%下降到2009年的7.3%,每年的脱贫率为63.2%-71.7%。在农户的生产经营投入中,尽管对小商品经营活动的投入较少,但却得到较高的回报。那些有一定经济基础的贫困农户,当生产经营投入转向高风险、高回报的小商品经营活动,或提升生产经营投入的多元化水平时,脱贫的概率会显著提高。小商品经营活动中的投入增加1倍,其脱贫的概率大约会提高6%;生产经营投入由专业化转向完全的多元化,其脱贫的概率大约提高50%,但这些生产投入决策对那些处于极端贫困的农户却没有效果。研究表明,有一定经济基础的贫困农户可以通过改变生产经营投入决策退出贫困状态。因此,建议政府应该通过新技术的推广和信用支持,鼓励和引导有一定基础的贫困农户进入高收益的生产经营领域,增加农民的收入渠道。同时,通过完善社会保障体系来保障极端贫困人口的生活。     

扶贫项目资产管理对家庭脱贫增收效果的影响

为探究扶贫项目资产管理对脱贫家庭收入的作用效果，基于3省9县3 085个脱贫家庭为研究样本，通过倾向得分匹配(PSM)、分位数回归等方法进行了实证分析。研究发现：实施扶贫项目资产管理能够有效提升脱贫家庭收入，通过PSM稳健性检验后结论依旧有效；作用机制分析发现，通过对资产进行权属划分、实现就近就业、提升村集体收入等途径促进脱贫家庭收入的稳步提升；异质性分析发现，对于一般脱贫家庭的作用效果最为显著，而对于五保脱贫家庭及低收入家庭的作用效果有限。因此，在两大战略衔接的关键时期：一方面要贯彻落实扶贫项目资产管理制度，另一方面要以五保脱贫家庭等低收入群体为防返贫监测对象，降低返贫风险，从而实现巩固与拓展脱贫攻坚成果的目标。     

The impact of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme on the “health poverty alleviation” of rural households in China

This study investigates the impact of the New Rural Cooperative Medical Scheme(NRCMS) on rural households to escape poverty. We employ the instrumental variable method, the IVProbit model, to analyze the national data from the rural-resident field survey by the China Family Panel Studies(CFPS) in 2016. Based on the large-scale data, we found that, first, the hospitalization of family members is the key factor in increasing the risk of the family falling into poverty. The NRCMS has significantly reduced the likely risk of falling into poverty. Second, the impact of the NRCMS on poverty alleviation varies among groups with different levels of income. There is no impact on the upper-middle and high-income groups; in contrast, the NRCMS has substantially improved the capacity of low-income rural families to prevent poverty due to illness, especially for the lower-middle-income group. Third, there exist significant regional differences in the impact of NRCMS on the health poverty alleviation of rural households in China. The NRCMS has successfully reduced the risk of rural households in the western region falling into poverty, simultaneously, no significant impact on those in the eastern and central regions. In order to diminish and eliminate poverty eventually and boost rural residents' capacity for income acquisition, we propose the following: raise the actual compensation ratio of the NRCMS, control the rising expense of NRCMS by promoting the payment method reform, construct the comprehensive healthcare system in the western region, strengthen the medical security for the poor in remote area, and enhance the living environment for rural residents.     

贫困户脱贫的困境研究——基于安徽中部某县农村贫困人口的调查

目前的扶贫研究总体过于宏观，对扶贫对象的微观研究显得不足，影响脱贫攻坚的精准施策与精准扶贫。贫困人口的健康状况不佳及年龄结构老化、贫困人口的性别严重失衡、文化教育程度偏低等微观层面加剧了精准脱贫的困境。尤其是劳动力受慢性疾病困扰或受残疾家庭成员的拖累严重制约着贫困家庭的收入来源，贫困地区人口的性别严重失衡加剧“婚姻挤压”，造成贫困农户的持续贫困，贫困人口文化素质短板也是脱贫攻坚内生动能的障碍。精准脱贫要以健康扶贫与生活救助兜住底线，以定向教育阻断贫困的代际传递。     

The effects of social security expenditure on reducing income inequality and rural poverty in China

Social security has, as one of its primary aims, the provision of financial support to those deemed to be poor or facing the threat of poverty. Based on China's national statistical data covering social insurance, social assistance, and social welfare between the period 1978–2018, this paper evaluates the effect of social security expenditure in reducing income inequality and rural poverty with cointegration analysis. It was found that there is a positive correlation between social security expenditure and the income gap of urban and rural residents in the long run, but the effect is very limited; nearly 99% of the changes of the urban–rural income gap come from its own contributions. Further research also shows that the elasticity of rural poverty incidence to social security expenditure is –0.2255, which indicates social security expenditure helps reduce rural absolute poverty. Based on these findings, the policy implications can be that much social security expenditure and a more equitable social security system should be encouraged. It will become one of the major anti-poverty strategies after 2020 in China when we win the battle against absolute poverty.     

四川革命老区精神扶贫对策探讨

四川革命老区贫困人口多、程度深,精神贫困现象突出,实现革命老区贫困人口脱贫致 富是我国精准扶贫工作的重点之一。近年来,四川革命老区在物质扶贫上取得了明显成效,精 神扶贫成为脱贫攻坚的一大难点,精神扶贫有利于增强贫困群众自主脱贫的精神动力,实现扶 贫“输血”功能向“造血”功能的转变。针对四川革命老区群众精神贫困的现状,扶贫从扶“志” “智”“制”“职”等角度出发,提高贫困人口就业创业能力,增强老区红色文化自信,推动四川革命 老区振兴与可持续发展。     

基于新时期我国脱贫攻坚路径的研究综述

新时期下,脱贫攻坚是农业领域助推全面建成小康社会的一项关键工作。本文梳理了不同学者对扶贫工作新认识,扶贫开发理论研究,地方扶贫开发区域实践研究,解决扶贫问题的具体举措。研究发现,相关文献注重理论创新,从国家制度层面、社会环境和个人特征等多方面对扶贫理论进行阐释,且大多研究都注重总结模式并加以推广,基于贫困地区的资源禀赋、政策支持、个人特征等因素的来借鉴选择不同的扶贫路径。此外,本文还基于我国脱贫攻坚面临的困境和制约因素,提出要充分发挥不同要素的积极作用、构建社会协同多方合作大格局、以及确保扶贫工作聚焦精准全覆盖等相关政策建议。