基于浅水波方程的水动力模型应用研究

以都江堰东风渠灌区某段渠道为研究对象,以守恒型圣维南方程作为天然河道一维非恒定流控制方程,提出了灌区渠道断面几何形状快速变化条件下的变量空间重构方法,推导了基于守恒型圣维南方程的HLLC求解器通量计算式。结果表明,基于浅水波方程的水动力模型在灌区水流推演中具有较好的模拟性能和适应性,不仅可为河网复杂区域的水动力数值模拟提供一种高精度、简便的方法,还可实现对水网复杂区域水流演进的高效预测,为水资源管理与调度提供参考。     

任意曲线坐标系下二维浅水方程的数值模拟

采用拟合边界曲线的方法来构造天然河道、湖泊、港口河口以及海湾的复杂边界问题,建立任意正交曲线网格以克服由于复杂边界而引起的计算困难.在此基础上,推导出任意曲线坐标系下的二维浅水方程、湍流动能方程和湍流动能耗散方程;应用有限差分方法对该方程组进行数值离散,并用交错方向隐式格式实现在计算区域内对任意曲线坐标系下的二维浅水方程进行数值求解.为了验证在任意曲线坐标系下二维浅水方程数值求解方法的可靠性、正确性,以DeVriend的180°平面弯道水槽试验物理模型为例进行数值模拟,结果表明,数值计算的结果和DeVriend的试验结果相当吻合,最大绝对误差值约为10^-2,因此,数值计算方法合理可行,可为任意复杂边界的天然河道、湖泊等水域的水动力研究提供有效的计算方法.     

离心泵叶轮轴面流道的计算机优化设计

本文以求解离心泵轴面流道反问题的方法,通过数学分析,确定流道过流断面面积与几何参数之间的联系方程。并以此方程为依据建立在一定约束条件下,流道过流断面面积变化率为最小的目标函数,采用直接寻优法求解,由此而得到轴面流道的优解。     

马蹄形过水断面正常水深计算的遗传算法

马蹄形过水断面是无压输水隧洞中常采用的断面形式之一 ,因其几何形状复杂 ,水力计算困难。目前常采用的方法有试算法、图解法和迭代法 ,这些方法由于计算量大且精度不易保证 ,不便于在生产实践中应用推广。将马蹄形过水断面正常水深计算转化为非线性优化问题 ,采用实数编码的遗传算法进行求解 ,实例计算表明该方法精度高、通用性强、操作简便 ,便于在生产实践中应用。     

马蹄形过水断面正常水深计算的遗传算法

马蹄形过水断面是无压输水隧洞中常采用的断面形式之一，其其几何形状复杂，水力计算困难。目前常采用的方法有试算法、图解法和迭代法，这些方法由于计算量大且精度不易保证，不便于在生产实践中应用推广。将马蹄形过水断面正常水深计算转化为非线性优化问题，采用实数编码的遗传算法进行求解，实例计算表明该方法精度高、通用性强、操作简便，便于在生产实践中应用。     

无压圆管过流水跃共轭水深计算方法

基于圆形过水断面几何特征与棱柱体水平明渠的一般水跃方程,推导出无压圆管过流的水跃方程。利用提出的分界水深与分界圆心角的概念,确定了跃后水深与圆管直径的关系,通过数学变换,得到了以圆心角为参数的水跃方程,并用MATLAB语言对包含三角函数的水跃方程进行了编程求解。算例表明,本方法简单、可靠、结果精确,便于在实际工程中推广应用。     

可调式内侧充种排种器型孔的分析

通过对可调式内侧充种排种器的理论分析和实验，论述了排种器的工作原理，确定了可调型孔的几何形状及主要参数的选择方法，建立了种子的几何尺寸与型孔尺寸及可调变量的函数关系，实验结果表明，该排种器能穴播多种作物，对种子几何尺寸要求不严，在不选种的条件下能达到较高的单粒播种精度。     

三峡水库入库流量计算方法研究

应用动库容原理,充分利用三峡库区的河道大断面资料、水位站遥测资料以及水库的实时运行资料等,提出了分段河槽蓄水量计算水库合成入库流量的方法,该方法理论依据充分,物理概念明确。实际计算表明,该方法计算的入库流量过程波动幅度显著减小,且更能反映河道型水库的天然入库流量过程,方法具有普遍的推广应用价值。     

一维圣维南方程差分数值算法中稀疏矩阵求解方法比较及优选研究

【目的】寻找高效、稳定的大型稀疏线性方程组求解算法以提高圣维南方程组求解速度。【方法】归纳了4种基于四点偏心格式的圣维南方程组求解算法并加以改进,并通过仿真试验,对比了不同算法的计算效率。【结果】计算断面数较少时(小于500),所有方法的运算时间基本一致;当计算断面数较大时(大于500),4种算法的速度较传统算法有了一定的提高,在计算断面数为1520时,4种算法的计算速度是传统算法的4倍,在计算断面数为3040时,计算速度更是达到了10倍以上。【结论】改进后的高斯消元法和PM算法在计算断面数较大时计算速度较快,计算效率较高。该方法可应用于MPC控制、LQR控制等渠系自动化控制技术中,以提高仿真程序运算速度。     

Delta型并联运动激光切割机床的工作空间分析

提出了一种基于Delta并联机构的新型激光切割机床。建立了三自由度Delta并联机构的反解方程和工作空间求解模型,分析了各支链子工作空间的几何形状及其内部出现空洞的条件,从而将工作空间解析归结为可达工作空间外部边界与内部空洞边界求解。采用几何分析与数值迭代相结合的方法,探索了工作空间每一区域的边界,得到了机构工作空间的完整描述。整个求解过程直观、简明,计算速度快。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。