Sub-lethal effects of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) on field populations of the potato tuberworm Phthorimaea operculella Zeller in China

The potato tuberworm Phthorimaea operculella Zeller, is one of the most important potato pests worldwide including China. Several reports indicate that P. operculella could be controlled biologically by the use of beneficial fungus such as Beauveria bassiana(Bals.-Criv) Vuill. However, limited information is available under growing conditions in China. Thus, this study evaluated the sub-lethal effects of B. bassiana on the offspring of P. operculella by the age-stage, two-sex life table. First instar larva of P. operculella were treated with 1×107 conidia m L–1 of the fungus, and several biological parameters were evaluated. The fecundity, duration of the egg stage, all larval stages, pre-adult stage, and total pre-oviposition period, were significantly shorter than the control treatment. Offspring of treated parents, presented a net reproductive rate and mean generation time of 17.43 per day and 24.98 days, respectively, compared to 65.79 per day and 26.51 days for the untreated ones. This study provides basic information to help understanding the potential long-term effects of entomopathogenic fungi on P. operculella.     

沙棘木蠹蛾性信息素林间诱蛾活性试验

为比较沙棘木蠹蛾性信息素不同配方的诱集效果,该文利用人工合成的性信息素组分顺7-十四碳烯乙酸酯(Z7-14:Ac)、反3-十四碳烯乙酸酯(E3-14:Ac) 和反7-十四碳烯乙酸酯(E7-14:Ac)按照不同比例配置的4种配方进行了野外诱集试验.结果表明:4组不同配方的性信息素均具有较强的诱集效果,其中平均诱蛾量最高的达17头/诱捕器,日诱蛾量最高的为11头/d,持效期达26 d,不同配方的有效诱捕距离分别达100和150 m.通过比较两种不同诱捕器的野外诱集效果发现:沙棘木蠹蛾实用新型诱捕器的诱蛾效果稍差于三角形诱捕器,但其具有使用方便、易于操作、可长时间使用等特点,诱捕器的最佳悬挂高度为1 m.用性信息素诱杀害虫作为一种高效、无毒、无污染的新方法为沙棘木蠹蛾的综合防治提供了一条崭新的途径.      

马铃薯块茎蛾性信息素化学合成研究现状

马铃薯与小麦、水稻和玉米同列为我国四大主粮之一,为确保国家粮食安全战略、合理调整农业种植业结构以及实施脱贫攻坚战略发挥着关键作用.随着马铃薯种植面积的不断扩大,生产和储存中发生的病虫害日益严峻.马铃薯块茎蛾(Phthorimaea operculella)为马铃薯主要害虫,是起源于美洲并快速传播至世界各地的一种茄科作物...     

金龟子绿僵菌KMa0107对马铃薯块茎蛾的侵染致病效应

采用浸渍法在室内生物测定了金龟子绿僵菌KMa0107菌株对马铃薯块茎蛾2~4龄幼虫的毒力,并运用时间-剂量-死亡率模型分析了其致死剂量和致死时间等致病效应。结果表明：绿僵菌KMa0107菌株对马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫具有良好的侵染致病作用,接种处理后各龄幼虫的感病死亡率随接种密度的升高而增加,当用1.15108 mL-1密度接种后第7天时,马铃薯块茎蛾2、3和4龄幼虫的累计死亡率分别为96.67%、90.00%和83.33%,感病顺序表现为2龄 3龄 4龄。用金龟子绿僵菌KMa0107菌株接种马铃薯块茎蛾2、3、4龄幼虫后第3~7天时,LC50估计值分别为1.85106~1.10105、6.59107~2.41105和3.69107~5.85105 mL-1,LC90估计值分别为2.43108~1.44107、7.97108~2.93107和4.34109~6.89107 mL-1。用1.15105~1.15108 mL-1孢子悬浮液接种马铃薯块茎蛾2、3、4龄幼虫后,LT50值分别为5.91~1.33、4.18~1.67和5.14~2.42 d。该研究表明：金龟子绿僵菌KMa0107菌株对马铃薯块茎蛾具有良好的侵染致病效应,在马铃薯块茎蛾生防制剂开发中具有良好潜力。     

苹果蠹蛾性信息素田间应用技术研究

【目的】探讨苹果蠹蛾性信息素田间应用中的技术问题,为苹果蠹蛾性信息素的科学应用提供理论依据。【方法】采用三角式、飞翼式、水盆式和圆筒式4种诱捕器,较系统地研究了诱捕器类型和悬挂高度、苹果蠹蛾性信息素剂量和纯度等因素对诱捕效果的影响。【结果】三角式和飞翼式诱捕器的诱捕效果较佳;诱捕器设置在树冠中上部的诱捕量极显著高于下部及顶部;每诱芯中苹果蠹蛾性信息素含量为0.75 mg时诱捕效果最佳,剂量低于每诱芯0.25 mg或高于1.5 mg时,诱捕量显著下降;性信息素纯度对诱捕效果影响较大,在每诱芯1.00 mg剂量下,纯度为75%的性信息素诱捕效果较佳。【结论】田间宜采用三角式粘胶诱捕器;每诱芯中含0.75 mg苹果蠹蛾性信息素处理的诱捕效果最佳;性信息素纯度不低于75%即可达到制备诱芯的要求;诱捕器设置在树冠中上部诱蛾效果更好。     

Potato/Maize intercropping reduces infestation of potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller) by the enhancement of natural enemies

The potato tuber moth(PTM), Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller), is one of the most economically significant insect pests for potato in both field and storage worldwide. To evaluate the infestation, reduction of potato yield and the control efficacy for PTM, field tests were conducted in two seasons by intercropping of potato as the host plant with maize as a non-host plant of PTM. Three intercropping patterns were tested, which were 2 rows of potatoes with either 2, 3, or 4 rows of maize(abbreviated 2 P:2 M, 2 P:3 M, and 2 P:4 M), and the monocropped potato as the control, 2 rows of potatoes, without maize,(abbreviated 2 P:0 M). Results showed that the population and infestation of PTM in the 2 P:3 M intercropping pattern was significantly lower than those in 2 P:2 M, 2 P:4 M and the monocropping pattern of 2 P:0 M, due to the enhancement of natural enemies. Cumulative mines and tunneling in potato leaves in 2 P:3 M intercropping were significantly lower than those in 2 P:2 M and 2 P:4 M patterns. The population of parasitoids and the parasitism rate of PTM in intercropping pattern of 2 P:3 M were significantly higher than that in intercropping pattern of 2 P:2 M, 2 P:4 M and monocropping pattern of 2 P:0 M. We conclude that the potato intercropped with maize reduced the adult and larva populations, and reduced the damage from PTM by enhancing the number of parasitoids and the level of parasitism. The greatest population density of parasitoids and parasitism rate were in the intercropping pattern of 2 rows of potatoes with 3 rows of maize. These data indicate that the host/non-host intercropping patterns can be used as a biological control tactic against PTM by enhancing the density of natural enemies in the agro-ecosystems.     

性信息素诱杀防治甜菜夜蛾的技术效应

采用不同密度性诱盆处理与常规化学防治处理的对比试验方法,综合评估性信息素防治甜菜夜蛾的作用和效应.结果显示:性诱盆放置密度直接影响诱获雄蛾的频次与平均日单盆诱蛾量,低密度处理(1 hm2放置3个性诱盆)与高密度处理(1 hm2放置15个性诱盆)诱获雄蛾频次分别为71.22%与48.50%;平均日单盆诱蛾量在3头以上和3头以下的天数,低密度处理分别为29 d和38 d,分别占总诱蛾日的43.30%和56.70%,而高密度处理平均分别为7 d和60 d,分别占总诱蛾日的10.50%与89.50%;按单位面积诱捕雄蛾量计算,高密度处理雄蛾诱杀效果较低密度处理提高93.90%;在甜菜夜蛾主害代以1 hm2放置15个性诱盆的密度进行性诱防治,性诱防治区累计诱捕雄蛾874头,对幼虫的控制效果与常规化学防治相当.表明,应用昆虫性信息素诱杀防治主害代甜菜夜蛾可作为减少化学农药的无公害防治手段列入甜菜夜蛾综合防治体系中.     

沙蒿木蠹蛾性信息素野外诱捕效果测定

为了明确沙蒿木蠹蛾性信息素的诱捕距离和效果,在受害的黑沙蒿林外,主要风向的上风向、下风向及侧风向区域分别等距离设置7个诱捕器.诱捕结果表明:上风向的诱捕效果最好,诱捕量占到诱捕总量的60%,侧风向的效果好于下风向;在上风向设置的不同距离的诱捕器中,距林缘30～210 m处均能诱捕到成虫,但以60 m处诱捕到的数量最多;...     

Potential of Steinernema carpocapsae(Weiser) as a biological control agent against potato tuber moth,Phthorimaea operculella(Zeller)(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

The entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema carpocapsae, was evaluated for control of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella, under laboratory conditions. We evaluated different concentrations of S. carpocapsae for control of 2 nd, 3 rd, and 4 th instar P. operculella. The median lethal concentration(LC50) of S. carpocapsae infective juveniles(IJs) to 2 nd, 3 rd and 4 th instar larvae of P. operculella was 200, 363, 181 IJs mL–1, respectively. With the extension of treatment time, the cumulative mortality increased for 2 nd, 3 rd, and 4 th instar larvae and pupae of P. operculella. Fourth instars were the most susceptible for all observation periods. Therefore, our results suggest that S. carpocapsae could be an effective biological control agent for P. operculella.     

Decoding Phthorimaea operculella(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the new age of change

Arthropods and pathogens constantly challenge potato Solanum tuberosum L. production. Scenarios of climate variation have increased the possibility of changes in pests' biological and ecological patterns by increasing or reducing overwintering length, changes in population growth rates, number of generations, crop-pest relationship, and therefore affecting their expansion. Phthorimaea operculella Zeller(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the main pests affecting potatoes worldwide. Adults oviposit single or multiple eggs in leaves, stems, and tubers, while the larvae in immature stage mine leaves or burrows into tubers turning them unmarketable. Traditional control methods are effective in controlling P. operculella, but many factors determine the success of the control chosen. This review provides key highlights of current information available that could be used as a resource to fight this pest.     

棉大卷叶野螟雌虫性信息素对雄虫的诱集作用

为生物防治棉大卷叶野螟提供科学依据,研究棉大卷叶螟雌虫性信息素对雄虫的诱集作用,在野外和室内用棉大卷叶野螟雌虫及其性信息素提取物对雄虫进行诱集试验.研究发现:1～7日龄雌成虫及相应日龄雌成虫性信息素提取物随着日龄的增高,对雄蛾的引诱力逐渐降低;随着距离的加大,其诱集作用亦逐渐下降;1～7日龄雌成虫性信息素提取物对雄成虫...     

叩甲科昆虫性信息素研究及应用

应用昆虫性信息素进行害虫监测和防治是害虫综合治理重要措施之一.金针虫是一类重要的地下害虫,食性杂,危害隐蔽,成虫期是其唯一暴露的时期,利用叩甲性信息素是金针虫种群动态监测和防治的重要手段.该文对叩甲科昆虫性信息素的提取、分离鉴定及应用现状进行了综述,以期对中国在叩甲性信息素的研究提供一定参考.     

马铃薯块茎蛾的产卵特性

 对马铃薯块茎蛾［Phthorimaes operculella(Zeller)］在马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)叶片和块茎上产卵的特征进行了一系列的室内试验。通过一个特别设计的连接活性炭过滤器的双向选择的嗅觉仪,来判断马铃薯块茎蛾在两个供试样本之间的偏爱程度。结果表明：(1)马铃薯块茎蛾在马铃薯叶片上的产卵量明显比大白菜（Brassica oleracea var.capitata),番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum)或辣椒(Capsicum annuum)叶片多。而在马铃薯和茄子(Solanum melongena)叶片之间没有明显的区别;（2）马铃薯块茎蛾在马铃薯块茎上的产卵量明显比在茄子果实和甘薯块根上多,而在马铃薯块茎和番茄果实或辣椒果实上的产卵量没有明显差别;（3）高温水煮和高压蒸汽都不能破坏马铃薯块茎吸引马铃薯块茎蛾的产卵行为,煮过后去皮的马铃薯块茎也不影响马铃薯块茎蛾的产卵行为;（4）除去块茎表皮或仅去其芽则明显减少马铃薯块茎蛾在其上产卵;（5）马铃薯块茎蛾对表皮为浅黄色、红色和紫色的块茎没有明显的产卵偏好;（6）成虫在涂有马铃薯块茎的正己烷提取液的滤纸上所产的卵明显比在只涂有正己烷溶液的滤纸上多。用相同的提取方法,在马铃薯叶片上没有提取出吸引马铃薯块茎蛾产卵的化学物质。由此推断,马铃薯块茎在储藏期,会不断的释放一些化学物质来吸引马铃薯块茎蛾在块茎上产卵,这些化学物质的其它的特征有待进一步研究。     

香蕉象甲信息化合物及其在香蕉象甲(Cosmopolites sordidus)防治中的应用

香蕉象甲(Cosmopolites sordidus)是最具破坏力的香蕉(Musa spp.)害虫。信息化合物对香蕉象甲生物学特征的调节起到了非常重要的作用,并且已被应用于其防治。这些信息化合物包括寄主植物挥发物和信息素。本文对香蕉象甲信息化合物及其应用研究的主要成果进行了综述,以此作为进一步研究的参考。这方面研究的拓展和深入将推动新的环保高效的香蕉象甲防治手段的发展及完善。     

固相微量萃取法在棉铃虫性信息素研究中的应用

简要介绍了固相微量萃取法在棉铃虫性信息索研究中的技术要点。初步比较了单个腺体提取法与固相微量萃取法在分析棉铃虫性信息索时的差异。气相色谱分析表明，固相微量萃取法收集的性信息素各组分的含量明显低于单个腺体提取法提取的性信息素各组分的含量，而且出现了一个保留时间较迟的含量较大的一个组分。各组分间的相对比例较高。统计分析表明，两种方法的收集的性信息素各组分的相对含量和比例差异极显著（P＜0．01）。     

桃蛀螟性信息素顺、反-10-十六碳烯醛的Wittig反应合成

【目的】利用Wittig反应合成桃蛀螟性信息素——顺、反-10-十六碳烯醛。【方法】以二甲亚砜钠盐为碱,以无水二甲亚砜(DMSO)为溶剂,在20~25℃的温度条件下通过Wittig反应合成目标物。【结果】利用Wittig反应合成了1.2 g桃蛀螟性信息素——顺、反-10-十六碳烯醛,产率为30%,顺/反为20/80。田间引诱试验表明,合成的化合物在50μg/诱芯剂量时对桃蛀螟的引诱效果最佳。【结论】利用Wittig反应合成的桃蛀螟性信息素不经过顺、反比例转化即可直接用于田间防治。     

A larval specific OBP able to bind the major female sex pheromone component in Spodoptera exigua(Hübner)

Odorant binding proteins(OBPs) in insects are postulated to solubilize and transport the hydrophobic odorants across the hydrophilic antennal lymph to the olfactory receptors(ORs) located on the dendrite membrane of the sensory neurons. OBPs in adult insects have been intensively reported, but those in larvae are rarely addressed. In our study, a full-length OBP c DNA, namely Sexi OBP13, was cloned by RT-PCR and RACE strategy from the heads of Spodoptera exigua larvae. The quantitative real-time PCR(q PCR) measurement indicated that Sexi OBP13 was highly expressed in larval head, but very low in other parts of larva and was not detected in any tissues of adult. The binding affinities of Sexi OBP13 to plant volatiles and female sex pheromone components were measured by competitive binding assays. Interestingly, Sexi OBP13 displayed a high binding affinity(Ki=3.82 μmol L–1) to Z9,E12–14:Ac, the major sex pheromone component of S. exigua, while low affinities to the tested host plant volatiles(Ki27 μmol L–1). The behavioral tests further confirmed that Z9,E12–14:Ac was indeed active to elicit the behavioral activity of the third instar larvae of S. exigua. Taken together, our results suggest that Sexi OBP13 may play a role in reception of female sex pheromone in S. exigua larvae. The ecological significance of the larvae preference to the adult female sex pheromone was discussed.     

黄斑长翅卷蛾性信息素测报与诱捕作用研究

黄斑长翅卷蛾是我国北方果园的重要害虫。研究了利用性信息素在桃园与苹果园对第一代夏型黄斑长翅卷蛾的预测预报及诱捕作用,结果表明,在桃园和苹果园其诱捕数量与田间成虫羽化规律及雄虫的羽化动态表现一致,在桃园和苹果园诱捕量与雄虫羽化数相关系数分别达0.968和0.982。测报结果还表明,黄斑卷叶蛾第一代成虫羽化高峰期在桃园比苹果园早,因此利用性信息素测报与防治黄斑长翅卷蛾在果园的无公害治理中具有良好前景。     

不同化性亚洲玉米螟性信息素分析

通过气相色谱分析得出：发生在吉林省东、中、西部３个生态区的一、二化性玉米螟的性信息素组份中的（Ｚ／Ｅ）－１２－１４：ＯＡｃ异构体的相对经例没有显著变异。公主岭一化性玉米螟性信息素中含量Ｅ－１２－１４：ＯＡｃ的比例为４６．１８％,敦化一人性玉米螟为４３．４７％;公主岭二化性玉米螟为４５．９３％,白城二化性玉米螟为５０．５５％,。玉米螟发生期以人工配制的不同顺反异构体比例诱芯的田间诱蛾试验证明,诱芯中     

性信息素诱捕斜纹夜蛾雄蛾发育日龄结构的研究

目的 判断性信息素诱捕雄蛾发育状况对于客观评价群集诱杀技术的效果具有重要意义。本文通过斜纹夜蛾（Spodoptera litura）内生殖系统形态与发育日龄的研究,判断田间诱捕雄蛾的发育情况和虫源性质,为应用性信息素诱杀技术防控斜纹夜蛾提供理论依据。方法 2014—2015年,利用昆虫解剖镜对室内羽化1—10日龄斜纹夜蛾雄蛾进行解剖测量,形成依据精巢长半轴判断雄蛾日龄的发育标准;2015—2017年,对四川省眉山市东坡区、四川省成都市金堂县田间利用性信息素诱捕到的斜纹夜蛾进行逐日收集并解剖测定,进而依据该标准划分田间逐日性诱的雄蛾日龄结构,分析诱捕雄蛾对自然交配的影响。结果 斜纹夜蛾雄蛾内生殖系统由精巢、输精管、贮精囊、射精管、附腺组成,精巢结构稳定,具有一定弹性,易测量。随着日龄增长,精巢长半轴数值呈减小趋势,1日龄精巢长半轴均值为1 103.54 μm,10日龄雄蛾精巢长半轴比1日龄长半轴减少44.71%,精巢长半轴（y）与日龄（x）关系式为：y=-48.52x+1084(R ²=0.9472,RMSE=36.8)。1—5日龄组、6—8日龄组、9—10日龄组之间精巢长半轴长度差异显著。根据实验室饲养羽化斜纹夜蛾1—10日龄的精巢长半轴长度与羽化日龄间的数据关系,制定出精巢长半轴判别雄蛾日龄标准表,用于检测田间信息素诱捕雄蛾日龄组成。2015—2017年金堂县和2017年东坡区田间诱捕的雄蛾日龄结构趋势一致,日龄越大,该日龄雄蛾占总诱捕数的百分数越低。金堂县田间诱捕斜纹夜蛾雄蛾1日龄平均百分比为39.89%,2日龄为21.42%,3日龄为15.75%,1—3日龄雄蛾共计占总诱捕数72.22%—79.02%,5—10日龄占比均在10%以下;2017年东坡区田间诱捕斜纹夜蛾雄蛾中1日龄百分比为39.93%,2日龄为20.79%,3日龄为19.54%,1—3日龄雄蛾共计占总诱捕雄蛾数的80.26%,5日龄以后占比较小。各日龄雄蛾平均百分数与日龄数呈指数函数关系下降。根据逐日诱捕雄蛾数量动态,4月末至8月末,金堂县和东坡区斜纹夜蛾均发生3代,第1代、第2代诱捕的雄蛾数以1—3日龄青年蛾为主,金堂青年蛾与老年蛾比为3.32、1.54,东坡区青年蛾与老年蛾比为3.34、1.58;随着虫量增加,第3代东坡区以老龄蛾数量占优势,两者比为0.76,低于金堂的2.34。 结论 斜纹夜蛾雄蛾精巢大小能够反映雄蛾日龄,通过检测田间性诱雄蛾日龄的结果表明,利用性信息素捕获的雄蛾以1—3日龄青年雄蛾为主,有利于降低田间成虫交配率。