中国牛肉市场模型构建与基础模拟

为了解我国牛肉市场现状及大致走向,本研究构建包括牛肉生产、进出口贸易、城乡居民消费、价格传递及市场出清在内的牛肉市场局部均衡模型,拟合各方程并对市场的未来发展状况进行预测。研究结果表明:农村居民牛肉消费对价格和收入水平的敏感度高于城镇居民,居民牛肉消费对收入敏感度更高;未来我国肉牛生产和市场规模将得到不断提升;农村居民及城乡户外的消费潜力巨大;牛肉价格和肉牛出栏价格将不断上涨;牛肉进口剧增而出口不断萎缩。至2020年,我国牛肉产量将达到723.17万t,净进口量为55.40万t,城乡居民总消费量为600.35万t;肉牛出栏价格和牛肉价格分别上升至37.11和79.50元/kg。     

近10年中国牛羊肉市场特点及后市展望

近10年来,随着居民健康意识和消费能力的转变,中国牛羊肉消费呈稳步增长态势。但由于牛羊养殖比较效益差,国内牛羊养殖萎缩,牛羊肉供给增长缓慢。中国牛羊肉缺口每年大约为220万t,供需矛盾日益突出,导致价格持续攀升。总结了近10年来国内牛羊肉市场的运行特点,分析了价格上涨的原因,并对牛羊肉市场供给、需求和价格的未来走向进行了预测。     

China's meat and grain imports during 2000–2012 and beyond: A comparative perspective

This paper provides a review on China's meat trade for the 2000–2012 period and discusses its future development, with reference to China's grain trade. With marginal decreases in meat exports and slight increases in their imports, China's net imports of major meat products(including pork, beef, mutton and poultry but excluding meat offal) were just below 1 million tons in 2012, dwarfed by China's net imports of grains which reached 66.7 million tons in the same year. This slow growth in meat trade seems to contradict earlier expectations on increasing meat demand and imports, based upon projected shifts in consumption patterns driven by rapid per capita income growth. Several plausible explanations of this paradoxical trade pattern are offered, including mass imports of feed grains, persistent(but shrinking) gaps between Chinese and international meat prices, tariff barriers, and non-tariff measures. In the near future China may not be able to maintain such a lower profile on the world meat markets, as per capita income is projected to continue to rise and domestic production cost advantages erode due to rising labor costs. A model-based projection exercise indicates that under plausible assumptions China's meat imports may rise sharply by 2030.     

Economic growth and nutrition transition: an empirical analysis comparing demand elasticities for foods in China and Russia

This study provides empirical evidence on the link between economic growth and nutrition transition in two emerging economies, China and Russia. Both countries have experienced rising average incomes, accompanied by an increasing rate of nutrition-related chronic diseases in recent years. Given the regional heterogeneity between these two countries, we analyze the extent to which income growth as a major driver of nutrition transition has a significant effect on the consumption of different food aggregates and how these effects differ between Chinese and Russian consumers. Our results indicate that with increasing household incomes over time the demand for carbohydrates decreases, while the demand for meat and dairy products, as well as fruits increases. This is a development generally known as nutrition transition. Further, we estimate a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System(QUAIDS) for nine different food aggregates for China and Russia. Our results indicate that in both countries all food aggregates have positive expenditure elasticities and are thus normal goods. Moreover, our results indicate that in 2008/2009 meat is still a luxury good in China yet a necessity good in Russia. For 2009, the highest own-price elasticities in China are found for non-meat protein sources and dairy products. Within the meat group, beef, poultry and mutton have the highest price elasticities in China. In Russia, the milk and dairy group, together with the vegetable group, is the most price-elastic food group in 2008. In line with the definition of a nutrition transition, our overall results underscore the finding that income growth in China and Russia tends to increase the demand for animal-based products much stronger than, for example, the demand for carbohydrates. Despite being a positive signal for problems of malnutrition in rural China, this trend of increasing meat consumption might further increase the incidence of chronic diseases in urban areas since there is convincing scientific evidence that increasing meat consumption, especially red and processed meat, is associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases.     

我国居民肉类消费特征及趋势判断——基于双对数线性支出模型和LA/AIDS模型

为分析我国城乡居民肉类消费水平及其结构特征,判断居民肉类消费的未来趋势,基于FAO和统计年鉴等相关统计数据,运用双对数线性支出模型和LA/AIDS模型(Linear approximated/Almost ideal deal demand system模型),测算我国及城乡居民肉类消费需求的价格弹性和收入弹性。结果显示我国居民肉类消费量不断增加,且城乡居民肉类消费差距逐步缩小。居民对牛羊肉需求的收入弹性最大,禽肉次之,猪肉最小。其中,农村居民对各项肉类消费需求的收入弹性均显著高于城镇。我国居民的牛羊肉需求对自身价格及其他肉类价格变动较敏感,猪肉需求对自身价格与其他肉类价格变动敏感度较低。由此推断,未来我国居民对牛羊肉消费将呈波动增长态势,而对猪肉的消费呈缓慢增长,但消费量趋于稳定。     

Issues of Expansion of China Rural Resident Consumption

The international financial crisis on our economic development resulted in the inevitable impact on Chinese economy. In order to get rid of the impact, the expansion of domestic demand has been a crucial means of steady economic growth in China. However, the farmers over seven million account for a large proportion should be the main consumers in China. On the contrary, the current lack of domestic demand in China, which is mainly in rural consumption, is the lack of the critical issues of our efforts to expand domestic demand. This paper clarified the factors restricting China rural residents’ consumption demand expansion, and on this basis explored the expansion of rural residents’ consumption demand countermeasures. Empirical analysis was used to prove the low level of income of rural residents’ constraints, and also to expose the fact that social security system was imperfect. Meanwhile, rural infrastructure restricted the consumption level of rural residents. The consumer market is an effective way to improve rural residents’ consumption demand.     

2015—2030年中国食糖消费量预测和供需缺口分析

50年来食糖消费量发展状况表明,中国食糖消费呈稳定增长态势。国际经验和未来发展趋势表明,食糖消费稳定增长态势仍会持续。基于消费总量分析法和6种时间序列分析方法预测了2015--2030年中国食糖消费量的发展前景：2015年中国食糖消费量在1600万t左右,2020年达到1800万t,2030年达到2200万～2450万t。在此基础上,预测了中国食糖供需缺口的变动,即2020年后食糖供需缺口日益增加,产业风险日益加大。为此,只有依靠技术实现节能增效、促进产业升级,提高单产并增强自然风险的防御能力,才是食糖产业发展的出路。     

基于ELES模型的中国城镇居民食品消费结构实证分析

基于ELES模型,利用2012年31个省份城镇居民家庭人均可支配收入和食品消费支出数据,对中国城镇居民食品消费结构情况进行研究,回归得到各类食品的边际消费倾向、收入弹性和自价格弹性。研究表明,城镇居民食品消费边际倾向中,在外用餐最高,其次为水产品、肉禽及制品;水产品、糕点类、在外用餐类的需求增长率高于收入增长率;蔬菜、粮食、肉禽及制品等基本食品消费的自价格弹性较低,水产品、糕点类、外出用餐的自价格弹性较高。     

2015—2035年中国水产品需求展望

在分析当前中国水产品消费需求现状的基础上,通过建立需求模型对未来中国水产品需求量进行模拟。结果显示,2035年中国水产品需求量将达到10 588.47万t,约为2011年的1.8倍,其中鲜活水产品和加工水产品食用需求均有较大的增幅,将分别达到4 429.24万t和3 785.99万t。     

The dynamic impact of income and income distribution on food consumption among adults in rural China

Previous studies have demonstrated that income has a significant effect on food demand in rural China. However, little research has focused on the dynamic impact of income and income distribution on food demand in rural China. Using China Health and Nutrition Survey data, this study employs a consistent two-step quadratic almost ideal demand system model, with addressed problems of endogeneity of total expenditure and zero shares, to estimate the food demand elasticities among adults in rural areas with regard to the different income strata. The results show that changes in income and income strata have significant effects on food demand in rural areas. Except for grains, all other food groups, including vegetables, oils and fats, animal products, and other foods, have positive income elasticities, and the rise in the income strata will lead to declining income elasticities for grains, vegetables, oils and fats, and animal products. Based on the estimated income elasticities, the food consumption projections indicate that reducing income inequality in rural society can improve the living standard of low-income people in terms of nutrient intakes.     

2012/13年度玉米市场分析及2013/14年度展望

2012年中国玉米产量创下20561万t的历史新高,201213年度进口玉米到货预计达到280万t,而国内玉米市场采购需求不旺,市场供应增幅超过采购需求增幅,尽管国家收购近3100万t临储玉米,但市场价格依旧呈现高位走低局面。2013年国内玉米播种面积增加,产量有望再获丰收,进口玉米预计同比大幅提高,而市场采购需求预计难有明显起色,预计201314年度国内玉米市场延续供过于求局面。国家明确2013年继续实施临储玉米收购政策,并将临储玉米收购价格提高120元t,这奠定了未来市场价格的底部区间。     

中国城乡居民牛肉需求量预测分析

运用2000-2009年中国31个省(自治区、直辖市)城镇居民(分8个收入阶层)的家庭内牛肉消费量及收入数据,以及各省份各年度的牛肉价格数据,通过建立并估计独立混合横截面模型和变截距随机效应综列数据模型,分别得出31个省(自治区、直辖市)的城镇居民家庭内人均年牛肉需求量的需求函数方程,并对中国2015年和2025年牛肉总消费量进行了预测.结果显示:2015年中国牛肉总消费量将达到900万t,2025年将达到1 338万t,且随着居民人均收入的提高,牛肉需求量将有较大幅度的增长.     

2014—2023年中国蔬菜市场展望

未来10年,中国蔬菜播种面积将微幅增长,年均增幅约为0.5%;蔬菜产量年均增幅为0.8%,至2023年将达72 991万t。人均蔬菜直接消费量将从2013年的149 kg增加到2023年的166 kg,年均增幅约为1.1%。蔬菜加工业将快速发展,预计至2023年中国蔬菜加工业需求将达17 327万t。     

2011／12年度全球棉花市场形势分析及展望

2011／12年度全球棉花收获面积增长,产量再次超过2700万t。受经济恢复迟缓等影响,同期棉花消费不足2300万t。国际棉花市场供过于求,期末库存继续增加,库存消费比达到67．4％的历史高点。受全球棉花供求关系和中国棉花临时收储政策等因素影响,国际棉花价格持续下跌,国内棉价相对稳定,国内外价差拉大。全球棉花进出口贸易加大,中国棉花进口激增。展望2012／13年度,预计全球棉花植棉面积产量下降,消费状况有所好转,但仍产大于需,库存持续增加,在基本面不变的情况下,未来国际棉价仍将保持弱势震荡格局。     

福建省城乡居民消费需求不足的原因及对策

近年来福建省呈现出消费需求不足的局面。收入是决定消费能力与消费倾向的要素之一。本文依据凯恩斯绝对收入假说,从收入和收入分配角度分析得出制约福建省消费需求的主要因素有:城乡居民收入增长相对缓慢;城乡居民收入存在差距;居民内部收入差距扩大;边际消费倾向较低等。因此从收入因素探讨进一步扩大福建居民消费需求的必要性及对策建议就具有重要的现实意义。     

中国牛羊肉消费情况及展望

牛羊肉是中国居民消费重要的畜产品。分析了改革开放后中国牛羊肉消费的变化及特点,以及城乡消费差距和与世界其他国家的比较。根据消费需求模型,分析了影响牛羊肉消费的因素。最后根据模型估计结果,预测了未来10年中国牛羊肉消费的潜力。     

2014—2023年中国水果市场形势展望

在回顾近年来特别是2013年水果供需形势的基础上,对2014—2023年水果生产、消费、贸易和价格走势进行了展望。预计未来10年,中国水果生产增速放缓,生产结构继续优化,消费需求扩大,加工率提高,总体价格持续上行,对外贸易小幅扩大。预计到2023年水果总产量达2.96亿t,水果直接消费需求量11 090万t,加工消费需求量5 719万t。气候变化、消费偏好和贸易环境的不确定性对水果供需存在较大影响。     

2013年国内外食糖市场回顾与2014年展望

2013年中国生产食糖1 283.93万t,销售食糖1 197.56万t。2013年伊始,市场普遍预期食糖增产,为稳定国内糖价,保护糖农和糖厂利益,2012/13榨季政府共收储180万t国家储备糖,收储底价为6 100元/t,但临储政策对中国糖价的支撑作用并不明显,现货和期货价格均跌破5 000元/t。随着国内原糖加工产能不断扩张,较高的国内外食糖价差刺激了食糖进口量大幅攀升,2013年国内共进口食糖454.6万t,同比增21.3%,使得国内食糖市场供给明显过剩,现货糖价跌至国内食糖生产成本以下,国内糖厂普遍亏损。展望2014年,全球食糖市场预计将连续第3年处于供给过剩状态,未来国际糖价很难出现大幅反弹;国内糖价在很大程度上将取决于全球食糖产量状况,波动区间较往年应会整体下移,并面临更多压力。     

中国玉米市场供需分析与展望

进入21世纪,中国玉米生产连年向好,除2003年和2009年因灾减产外,其他年份玉米生产总体均保持增长局面,国内供需关系基本实现了由长期短缺到总量大体平衡、丰年有余的历史性转变。玉米消费也由食用、饲用拓展到工业初、深加工领域。2012年中国玉米再创历史纪录,国内新增供给达到2．056亿t,加上急剧增加的进口玉米,国内玉米供求关系发生了较大变化,供给过剩压力初露端倪。2013年中国玉米丰收已成定局,国内供给将更加宽松,如果不考虑重大自然灾害,未来2～3年国内玉米供给将呈现宽松向平衡过渡态势。     

WTO与中国棉花10年

回顾了入世10年中国原棉及其棉制品的生产、消费和贸易情况。分析指出,中国原棉加工量占全球市场的40%,原棉进口量占全球贸易的26.9%,原棉对外依存度为24.7%;棉制品及棉制服装出口额占纺织品服装出口总额比例的28.9%～41%。入世10年国产原棉总量6 793.3万t,不仅成功地解决了大国居民的穿衣问题,而且还有约10%的国产棉通过加工成棉纺织品服装予以出口,温暖了全世界。入世10年进口原棉2 232万t,通过加工成棉纺织品服装全部出口,在实现增值230亿美元或141.3亿美元的同时还新增就业岗位,这是棉花产业对人口大国作出的重要社会贡献。植棉业是支撑现代棉纺织业的基础条件。未来发展要努力协调产量、质量和效益的关系,在资源节约和环境友好方面有更大的作为。如何处理好国产棉和进口棉、棉纺织品服装的居民消费与出口关系,仍将是当前和今后需要面对的问题。