原料含水率对筒仓式反应器堆肥氮素转化的影响

为研究原料含水率对工程规模筒仓式反应器堆肥过程中氮素转化的影响,提高堆肥产品中有效氮养分含量,以污泥和稻糠为主要原料,设置堆肥起始物料含水率(质量比)为57%、60%、63%和66%,分析堆肥过程中温度与种子发芽指数等基础指标和不同形态的氮素指标变化。结果表明:原料含水率为60%~63%时,堆肥物料在反应器内升温较快,堆体温度可达60 ℃以上且在不同物料深度分布较均匀,种子发芽指数达到80%以上。随着原料含水率的增加,总氮和硝态氮含量先增加后减少,铵态氮含量逐渐下降,有机态氮和酰胺及氰氨态氮含量逐渐增加。原料含水率为63%时总氮养分含量最高(14.20 g/kg),原料含水率为60%时有效态氮养分含量最高(9.53 g/kg)。综上,筒仓式反应器堆肥过程中原料含水率为60%~63%时有利于提高堆肥物料中氮养分含量。     

利用保水剂调节污泥发酵起始水分的研究

为解决生活污泥资源化利用中好氧堆肥的水分过高问题,采用添加保水剂的方法对堆体的初始水分进行调节。试验将生活污泥和木屑按C/N为16∶1混合后,通过添加不同量的保水剂,设置成理论初始含水率分别为46%、54%、56%、58%和68%的5个处理。在堆肥过程中,对堆体温度、p H值、EC值、有机质、总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮以及产物的腐熟度指数(GI)等指标进行了测定。实验结果表明:通过添加保水剂调节污泥堆肥的起始水分含量对促进堆肥的好氧发酵过程是完全可行的;适宜的起始堆体含水率有利于发酵过程温度的升高和养分的转化,也有利于产品各项理化指标和养分指标的实现;根据原料和辅料的碳氮比确定混合配比后,可依据拟采用的保水剂在污泥中的吸水倍率,通过理论计算得到将混合原料起始含水率调整到适宜值时所需添加的保水剂量。根据本试验结果得出,在利用保水剂调节污泥堆肥起始水分时,将理论初始含水率设定在54%左右是较为合适的。     

The influence of temperature and moisture content on the longevity of bio-coated rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) during storage

用生物型种衣剂进行包衣处理 ,以未包衣种子作对照 ,把 3种不同含水量的油菜种子分别密封贮藏在高、中、低 3种不同温度条件下 ,分期取样测定种子发芽率的变化 ,结果表明 :含水量为 4 1 %的未包衣种子在所有贮藏温度条件下均能保持较高的发芽率 ,而含水量为 8 6%的在 2 5℃、3 5℃条件贮藏后种子发芽率均有所下降 ,含水量为 1 1 1 %的种子则劣变加快 ,在贮藏温度 3 5℃条件下经 3个月贮藏后发芽率降为 0 生物型种衣剂包衣油菜种子在所有贮藏条件下劣变速度均低于未包衣种子 相对于种子含水量和贮藏温度的提高 ,包衣种子的发芽率下降较慢 ,经 1年贮藏后所有的包衣种子均能保持75 %以上的发芽率 包衣种子的发芽势与发芽指数也均高于未包衣的对照种子     

贮藏期间温度和水分对生物型包衣油菜种子寿命的影响

用生物型种衣剂进行包衣处理,以未包衣种子作对照,把3种不同含水量的油菜种子分别密封贮藏在高、中、低3种不同温度条件下,分期取样测定种子发芽率的变化,结果表明:含水量为4.1%的来包衣种子在所有贮藏温度条件下均能保持较高的发芽率,而含水量为8.6%的在25℃、35℃条件贮藏后种子发芽率均有所下降,含水量为11.1%的种子则劣变加快,在贮藏温度35℃条件下经3个月贮藏后发芽率降为0.生物型种衣剂包衣油菜种子在所有贮藏条件下劣变速度均低于未包衣种子.相对于种子含水量和贮藏温度的提高,包衣种子的发芽率下降较慢,经1年贮藏后所有的包衣种子均能保持75%以上的发芽率.包衣种子的发芽势与发芽指数也均高于未包衣的对照种子.     

The effects of soil moisture and salinity as functions of groundwater depth on wheat growth and yield in coastal saline soils

In the coastal saline soils, moisture and salinity are the functions of groundwater depth affecting crop growth and yield. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were to: 1) investigate the combined effects of moisture and salinity stresses on wheat growth as affected by groundwater depth, and 2) find the optimal groundwater depth for wheat growth in coastal saline soils. The groundwater depths (0.7, 1.1, 1.5, 1.9, 2.3, and 2.7 m during 2013–2014 (Y1) and 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 1.8, 2.2, and 2.6 m during 2014–2015 (Y2)) of the field experiment were maintained by soil columns. There was a positive correlation between soil moisture and salinity. Water logging with high salinity (groundwater depth at 0.7 m in Y1 and 0.6 m in Y2) showed a greater decline towards wheat growth than that of slight drought with medium (2.3 m in Y1) or low salinity (2.7 m in Y1, 2.2 and 2.6 m in Y2). The booting stage was the most sensitive stage of wheat crop under moisture and salinity stresses. Data showed the most optimal rate of photosynthesis, grain yield, and flour quality were obtained under the groundwater depth (ditch depth) of 1.9 m (standard soil moisture with medium salinity) and 2.3 m (slight drought with medium salinity) in Y1 and 1.8 m (standard soil moisture with medium salinity) and 2.2 m (slight drought with low salinity) in Y2. The corresponding optimal soil relative moisture content and conductivity with the 1:5 distilled water/soil dilution, in the depth of 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm in coastal saline soils, were equal to 58.67–63.07% and 65.51–72.66% in Y1, 63.09–66.70% and 69.75–74.72% in Y2; 0.86–1.01 dS m^–1 and 0.63–0.77 dS m^–1 in Y1, 0.57–0.93 dS m^–1 and 0.40–0.63 dS m^–1 in Y2, respectively.