Population life tables for the invasive fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda fed on major oil crops planted in China

The fall armyworm(FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, is a newly invasive, widespread agricultural pest in China. Understanding the suitability of the main field crops in Chinese agricultural system as host for this polyphagous herbivore is especially important for making control strategy. Here, after FAWs were fed three important oil-bearing crops(oilseed rape, soybean and sunflower) planted in China and resultant population parameters were compared using the age-stage, two-sex life table method, survival of larvae on soybean was significantly lower than that on oilseed rape and sunflower. Developmental duration of larvae on soybean was also the longest(23.3 days). The highest pupation rate was recorded on sunflower. The highest pupal mass(0.19 g) was attained on oilseed rape, significantly higher than on the other host plants; the lowest mass was on soybean(0.15 g). On soybean, oilseed rape and sunflower, respectively, the average generation period was 42.21, 39.10 and 40.44 d; the intrinsic rate of increase(r) was 0.0844, 0.1041 and 0.1134; the finite rate of increase(λ) was 1.0881, 1.1098 and 1.1202. While the most suitable host plant overall was sunflower, S. frugiperda completed development and increased its population on all three host plants. Thus, soybean, oilseed rape and sunflower were all suitable for FAW, and population monitoring and management of FAW in these crops should be increased.     

Fitness of fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda to three solanaceous vegetables

The fall armyworm(FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda Smith(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an important agricultural pest that invaded China in the middle of December 2018. As a polyphagous pest, FAW is identified as a serious threat to agricultural production and food security in China. Pepper(Capsicum annuum L.), tomato(Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) and eggplant(Solanum melongena L.) are three of dominant solanaceous vegetables of this country. To our knowledge, the effects of these plants on the performances of FAW have not been well studied. In this study we assessed the fitness of this pest to these three plants. Results showed that FAW can complete its life cycle when fed with tomato and pepper, but not on eggplant. The population parameters of FAW fed with maize(Zea mays L.) and the three solanaceous vegetables were compared using the age-stage, two-sex life table method. Developmental duration was significantly different in the larval stage, but not in the pupae stage. FAW fed with pepper had the longest pre-adult period(41.73 d) and the lightest pupal weight(0.1134 g); the survival rate was lower than FAW fed with tomato. Significant differences were observed in the mean fecundity of female, with the highest(943.95 eggs) laid by FAW fed with tomato. FAW had the shortest mean generation time(T), the highest intrinsic rate of increase(r) and finite rate of increase(λ) on maize, and the highest net reproductive rate(R_0) on tomato. Overall, FAW fitness on the three solanaceous vegetables was: tomatopeppereggplant. This study provides the foundation for further assessment of FAW risk to solanaceous vegetables and for establishing corresponding control strategies in China.     

Ovipositional responses of Spodoptera frugiperda on host plants provide a basis for using Bt-transgenic maize as trap crop in China

Spodoptera frugiperda, the pest fall armyworm(FAW), is widespread in more than 100 countries. To date, planting insectresistant transgenic crops is one of the main control methods in its native countries. In this study we evaluated Bt-transgenic maize(Bt maize) and non-transgenic(conventional) maize and six other host plants in greenhouse pot experiments and field trials for oviposition preference by the Chinese populations of FAW. In laboratory trials, female moths preferred to oviposit on maize with no significant preference between conventional and Bt maize. However, after conventional and transgenic maize were exposed to FAW larvae and damaged, oviposition was significantly higher on transgenic maize than on the conventional one. Field trials showed that for plants less damaged at an early stage(seedling stage), oviposition of FAW on transgenic and conventional maize was significantly higher than that on wheat, sorghum, foxtail millet, peanut and soybean while showing no significant difference between transgenic or conventional maize. FAW adults mainly laid eggs on Bt maize, while the larval density and leaf damage rating or percentage of damaged plants were significantly lower than on conventional maize. Larval density and its damage on conventional maize were significantly higher than that on Bt maize and the other five hosts. Thus, maize is a highly preferred and suitable host for S. frugiperda feeding and ovipositing, and Bt maize can be used as trap crop to protect other crops.     

人工饲料对大草蛉生长发育和繁殖力的影响

【目的】研究应用米蛾卵和以黄粉虫蛋白为主要成分的人工饲料对大草蛉的饲养效果。【方法】用米蛾卵饲喂大草蛉幼虫,用基于黄粉虫蛋白的人工饲料饲养成虫,记录相关生物学参数,以米蛾卵和大豆蚜分别饲喂大草蛉幼虫至成虫为对照。【结果】米蛾卵饲喂大草蛉效果良好,茧的大小、成虫体长、结茧率、羽化率、成虫获得率、卵孵化率、成虫寿命和总产卵量均和对照无显著差异,但幼虫发育历期、茧的发育历期和产卵前期延长,发育整齐度稍下降。以人工饲料饲养的大草蛉成虫寿命、成虫产卵前期和产卵天数明显延长,卵孵化率明显上升。但是成虫存活率,雌虫产卵率显著下降,总产卵量略有降低。【结论】米蛾卵可以作为实验室繁殖大草蛉的人工饲料,以黄粉虫为主要成分的大草蛉成虫人工饲料具有开发价值。     

寄主植物对小菜蛾实验种群生物学参数的影响

实验观察了小菜蛾取食不同种白菜和油菜的主要生物参数，包括幼虫，蛹的历期，蛹质量，化蛹率，羽化率和雌虫产卵量。结果表明：（1）取食苔菜（Brassica camelina)幼虫历期最短，取食花椰菜（B.oleracea var.botrytis)幼虫历期最长；（2）取食不同蔬菜化蛹率变化明显，其中以白芥（Brassica alba)最高达90．7％，羽化率变化很大，以欧洲油菜（Brassica napus)最高达84％；（3）蛹质量也因寄主不同而异，取食蔬菜B.napus最低为5.68mg,取食香花芥菜（E.sativus)最高为7.54mg。（4）取食香花芥菜雌虫产卵量最高为165．50粒；（5）蛹质量和寄主含氮量，产卵量和寄主含氮量，产卵量和蛹质量分别相关性显著，并建立了回归方程分别为：Y＝4．027＋0．6505N，Y＝－118．5740＋57．5625N和Y＝－379．420＋71．881X。     

Two-way predation between immature stages of the hoverfly Eupeodes corollae and the invasive fall armyworm(Spodoptera frugiperda J. E. Smith)

Since its 2018 invasion of eastern Asia, the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has become a key pest in local maize production. Though pesticides have been widely used to mitigate the initial S. frugiperda attack, biological control is receiving ample attention as a desirable, environmentally-sound alternative to chemical control. Hoverflies(Diptera: Syrphidae) are abundant natural enemies in Chinese maize fields and have been observed to consume S. frugiperda larvae. In this study, we use laboratory assays to study the two-way interaction between immature stages of S. frugiperda and the endemic syrphid Eupeodes corollae. To mimic natural conditions, assays were performed in the presence of fresh maize leaves. Those 2 nd or 3 rd instar larvae of E. corollae preyed on 1 st and 2 nd instar S. frugiperda larvae with a Holling type III response, consuming a respective theoretical maximum of 43.48 and 83.33 larvae over a 24-h period. Conversely, once S. frugiperda larvae reached 3 rd instar, they exhibited aggressive behavior and equally preyed on syrphid larvae with a Holling type III response. Those 5 th and 6 th instar larvae of S. frugiperda consumed a respective 16.39–19.23, 6.02–19.61 and 6.76–8.26 of 1 st, 2 nd and 3 rd instar E. corollae larvae per day. Though our results await field-level validation, S. frugiperda agonistic(i.e., defensive) and consumptive behavior towards resident natural enemies such as E. corollae possibly degrades biotic resistance and raises its invasion potential. Our findings shine new light on the interaction between lepidopteran herbivores and their natural enemies, and can help advance the development of conservation biological control and other integrated pest management(IPM) strategies against S. frugiperda in China and abroad.     

Flight activity promotes reproductive processes in the fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda

The fall armyworm(FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has invaded many countries in Africa and Asia since 2016, posing a major threat to world food security. Long-distance migration and strong reproductive ability form the biological basis of its rapid population expansion, but the relationship between the flight and reproduction of FAW has not been studied in depth. Here, an empirical assessment of this relationship in an invasive FAW population in China found that 1–3-day-old adults which had undergone 10-h tethered flights had a significantly shorter pre-oviposition period and greater oviposition synchronization, but did not show any differences in fecundity, oviposition period, mating percentage or other reproductive variables. Further studies on moths after 1.25–15-h tethered flights indicated that the reproductive process of adults could be fully triggered by flight activity longer than 2.5 h. Dissection of the reproductive organs also showed that tethered flight promoted ovarian and testicular development of FAW. These results show that appropriate moth flight activity significantly speeds up the reproductive process of FAW, which increases our knowledge on its migratory biology in relation to regional outbreaks.     

Adult nutrition affects reproduction and flight performance of the invasive fall armyworm,Spodoptera frugiperda in China

Floral resources, such as carbohydrate-rich nectar or pollen, can bolster fitness and raise reproductive output of adult lepidopterans. Here, we used laboratory experiments to assess how those plant-derived foods impact adult fecundity, reproductive physiology and flight performance of an invasive strain of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda(FAW; Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in China. More specifically, supplementary feeding on bee pollen and honey enhanced FAW flight duration, testis size, ovarian development, longevity and adult fecundity. FAW adults attained the longest pre-oviposition(10.8 days) and oviposition period(6.8 days) and longevity(19.2 days) on 5% acacia honey. Upon access to 2.5% acacia honey and 2.5‰ pine pollen, S. frugiperda attained the highest mating rate(79.7%), fecundity(644.9 eggs/female) and egg hatching rate(82.3%). Feeding on honey further delayed decay of male testes, while ovarian development was enhanced when female moths were allowed access to 2.5% honey and 2.5‰ pine pollen. Upon feeding on 5% honey solution, S. frugiperda engaged in flight over the longest duration(9.5 h), distance(29.9 km) and speed(3.1 km h~(–1)). Honey had a comparatively greater effect on the above parameters than pollen. Our findings help decipher FAW invasion patterns and population dynamics, facilitate the development of nutritional attractants, and contribute to integrated pest management of this newly-invasive pest in eastern Asia.     

重庆地区取食高粱的草地贪夜蛾与玉米粘虫肠道细菌比较

草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)于2019年5月被发现已经入侵至重庆地区, 6月底在江津地区的高粱地中也发现了少量的草地贪夜蛾,同时还发现了大量玉米黏虫(Mythimna seperata).通过分离培养同一生境内的草地贪夜蛾和玉米黏虫的肠道细菌,结合16S rDNA测序完成了这两种害虫肠道优势菌属水平的鉴定,共分离得到了19个细菌分离株,其中分离自草地贪夜蛾肠道细菌归为5个属,分别为欧文氏菌属(Erwinia),不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter),肠杆菌属(Enterobacter),肠球菌属(Enterococcus),假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas).分离自玉米黏虫肠道细菌归为6个属,分别为克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella),不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter),寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas),肠球菌属(Enterococcus),金黄杆菌属(Chryseobacterium),芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus).同时我们也对采自玉米地和高粱地的草地贪夜蛾肠道微生物优势菌进行了比较分析,在江津高粱地中的草地贪夜蛾中没有发现克雷伯氏菌,但该菌在巫山、巫溪玉米地的草地贪夜蛾中大量存在.结论为进一步研究草地贪夜蛾幼虫肠道核心微生物群奠定了基础.     

草地贪夜蛾在玉米与水稻寄主转换过程中的适应性及生理响应

为评估草地贪夜蛾从玉米转移为害水稻的风险，将室内以玉米叶继代饲养10代以上的草地贪夜蛾初孵幼虫分别饲喂玉米叶和水稻叶，其后代为CnC1和CnR1;Cn R1组用水稻叶继代饲养8代后再分为2组，一组继续饲喂水稻叶并繁殖1代(CnR8R1)，另一组取食玉米并繁殖1代(CnR8C1)，分别观察、记录这4个种群幼虫的历期，计算其存活率、繁殖力，测定其营养效应和中肠消化酶活性。结果表明：CnC1组的幼虫历期最短(17.46d)，而CnR1幼虫历期最长(23.24d)，这两者间差异显著；Cn R1组存活率显著低于其他处理组；CnC1组单雌产卵量最高(693粒)，CnR1组的单雌产卵量最低(384粒)；CnR1组和CnR8R1组幼虫的相对取食量均显著低于CnC1组和CnR8C1组的；4个处理组间幼虫食物利用率和转化率的差异不显著；寄主转换过程中幼虫中肠的胃蛋酶活性的差异显著，但脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性的差异不显著。由此可见，从幼虫的存活率、繁殖力、营养效应、中肠消化酶活性综合来看，取食水稻叶的种群重新转移为害玉米后不会影响其在玉米上的种群增长速率；水稻虽不是草地贪夜蛾的最适寄主，但草地贪夜蛾从玉米转移至水...     

重庆地区草地贪夜蛾幼虫肠道真菌的分离鉴定

草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)是一种洲际迁飞性农业害虫,食谱广泛. 2019年5月已迁飞至重庆地区,对农作物造成严重危害.为了解入侵重庆地区草地贪夜蛾(Spodoptera frugiperda)肠道真菌菌群的组成,本研究以采集自重庆巫山玉米田及重庆江津高粱田中的草地贪夜蛾幼虫为材料,运用传统培养方法分离其粪便中的肠道优势真菌,并对其进行形态学观察和分子生物学鉴定.实验通过分离培养不同地区、不同食物的草地贪夜蛾肠道真菌,结合形态学观察及rDNA ITS测序完成了属水平的鉴定,共分离得到了5个属10个真菌分离株,其中分离自重庆巫山玉米田的草地贪夜蛾肠道真菌归为3个属,分别为念珠菌属(Candida)、掷孢酵母属(Sporobolomyces)和帚枝霉属(Sarocladium);分离自重庆江津高粱田的草地贪夜蛾肠道真菌归为3个属,分别为念珠菌属(Candida)、莫氏黑粉菌属(Moesziomyces)和毛霉属(Mucor).初步分离获得入侵重庆地区的草地贪夜蛾肠道真菌,丰富了对入侵草地贪夜蛾肠道微生物的认识.     

Expression profiles of Cry1Ab protein and its insecticidal efficacy against the invasive fall armyworm for Chinese domestic GM maize DBN9936

The fall armyworm(FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda, which originated in the Americas, is advancing across China and threatening the nation's maize crops. Currently, one widely used tool for its control is genetically modified(GM) Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt) maize. Sufficient content of Bt protein in appropriate plant parts is crucial for enhancing resistance against insect pests. In this study, we conducted a systematic investigation of Cry1 Ab levels in Chinese domestic GM maize DBN9936, which has recently obtained a biosafety certificate, and evaluated its efficacy against FAW. Quantification of expression levels of Cry1 Ab, via ELISA, indicated a spatio-temporal dynamic, with significant variation of mean Cry1 Ab, ranging from 0.76 to 8.48 μg g–1 FW with the Cry1 Ab protein level ranked as: V6–V8 leafR1 leafR4 leafR1 silkVT tasselR4 kernel. Among the nine locations, the Cry1 Ab levels in DBN9936 of the Xinxiang, Langfang, and Harbin fields were significantly lower than those from Wuhan and Shenyang, and were slightly, but not significantly lower than those from the other four fields. Furthermore, the artificial diet–Cry1 Ab mixture and plant tissue feeding bioassays revealed that DBN9936 has high efficacy against FAW. The insecticidal efficacy of different tissues against FAW larvae reached 34–100% with a descending order of lethality as follows: VT leafR4 leafR1 huskR1 silkVT tasselR4 kernel. Taken together, our results showed that Bt-Cry1 Ab maize DBN9936 has potential as a promising strategy to manage FAW.     

人工饲养的红脉穗螟繁殖扁股小蜂的研究

以人工饲料饲养的红脉穗螟为寄主,室内繁殖扁股小蜂,观察扁股小蜂寄生和繁殖能力,评价人工大量繁殖的可行性。结果表明,人工饲料饲养的红脉穗螟幼虫发育速度、幼虫平均存活率、成虫羽化率、单雌平均产卵量及卵孵化率均达到或优于天然饲料,可替代天然饲料大量饲养寄主。在人工繁殖条件下寄主被寄生率达97.19%。在26.0±0.5℃时,扁股小蜂完成一个世代仅需约13 d,成蜂产卵率达95.05%,单雌平均产卵量为35.25粒。2日龄蜂蛹在8.0±0.5℃条件下贮藏2周,其羽化率为91.57%,产卵量为30.74粒,成虫寿命为11.05 d。可实现扁股小蜂的人工大量繁殖。     

入侵重庆地区的草地贪夜蛾种群生物型鉴定

草地贪夜蛾是一种跨国迁飞性农业重大害虫,目前已在重庆的巫山、巫溪、云阳、北碚、潼南等地区出现并有迁飞的趋势.利用两个分子标记基因COI和Tpi对重庆地区采集的样本进行遗传特征比较,结果表明COI基因的亚型全为"水稻型",而Tpi基因的亚型既有"水稻型"又有"玉米型",说明入侵到重庆地区的草地贪夜蛾来源可能并不单一,暗示了重庆地区的草地贪夜蛾有可能存在分化为"水稻型"的风险.分析了入侵重庆地区的草地贪夜蛾相关的遗传特征,其结果不仅有助于认识草地贪夜蛾在中国大面积迁飞过程中发生的种群差异变化,也有利于农业部门根据重庆地区的地理环境属性,开展有针对性的监测防控工作.     

Effect of Host Plants on Development,Fecundity and Enzyme Activity of Spodoptera exigua （Hübner）（Lepidoptera：Noctuidae）

The beet armyworm,Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae),is an economically important pest of crops worldwide,attacking plants from over 20 families including trans-continental agricultural cotton,corn and citrus crops.In this study,performance and subsequent enzyme activity of beet armyworm reared on host plants from five families were investigated.Significant differences were found in development,fecundity and enzyme activity on different host plants.Survival rate was the highest (42.8％) on asparagus lettuce (Lactuca sativar var.asparagina) and the lowest (17.0％) on sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum).Larval duration was the shortest on asparagus lettuce (12.0 d),and was 43.4％ longer on sweet peppers (21.2 d).The activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) and carboxylesterase (CarE) in 3rd instar larvae,and soluble carbohydrate and crude protein contents in different host plants were determined.AChE activity was the highest in the larvae feeding on Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa),but declined by nearly 60％ on maize (Zea mays) seedlings.The ratio of soluble carbohydrate content to crude protein content in host plants was found to have a positive effect on oviposition and a negative correlation with larval duration and life time (from larval to adult stages) of the insect.     

不同人工饲料对斗米虫生长发育的影响

锈色粒肩天牛Apriona swainsoni幼虫也称斗米虫,具有较好的药用价值,对调节人体免疫功能低下有显著效果。研发饲养斗米虫的人工配方饲料是解决市场斗米虫大规模养殖的关键,以基础配方（云实Caesalpinia decapetala嫩枝粉200.0 g+对羟基苯甲酸甲酯2.0 g+蔗糖3.0 g+胆固醇1.5 g+韦氏盐10.0 g+琼脂8.0 g+动物油6.0 g+蒸馏水1 000 mL）为基础,设置了4个不同饲料配方（Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ）,以成活率、发育历期及体质量作为评价指标,确定斗米虫饲养的最佳饲料配方。结果表明:4种人工配方饲料饲养的斗米虫均可正常生长发育,但成活率差异显著或极显著（P < 0.05,P < 0.01）,体质量和发育历期上也存在差异,其中人工配方饲料Ⅱ（即基础配方+大豆粉50.0 g+纤维素0.5 g+抗坏血酸0.4 g+酵母粉13.0 g+山梨酸钾2.0 g）饲养的斗米虫成活率最高,生长量最佳,历期最短。该配方饲料可缩短斗米虫发育历期,能够提供斗米虫生长的营养物质,为最佳人工饲料配方。     

Susceptibility and tissue specificity of Spodoptera frugiperda to Junonia coenia densovirus

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, which destroys many economic crops such as rice and maize, has recently invaded China. Insect viruses as biological control agents play important roles in killing pests. One potential viral insecticide is the environmentally highly infective and virulent densovirus. We successfully rescued Junonia coenia densovirus(JcDV) using its infectious clone in different insect cell lines and larvae of three insect species. Results showed that the lysate of cultured insect cells transfected by the JcDV infectious clone killed the 2 nd instar S. frugiperda. The LD_(50) of homogenate from JcDV-infected Spodoptera litura to the 2 nd instar S. frugiperda(1.76×10~8 viral genome copies per larva during 10 d post infection) was higher than that of the 2 nd instar S. litura(7.39×10~7 Jc DV genome copies) or Helicoverpa armigera larvae(9.71×10~7 JcDV genome copies). The LT_(50) of the S. litura homogenate(2.60×10~9 viral genome copies each larva) to the 2 nd instar S. frugiperda was 6.96 d, longer than that of the S. litura(6.18 d) or the 2 nd instar H. armigera(5.94 d). JcDV could infect the fat body of H. armigera, but not S. frugiperda or S. litura. Although JcDV can infect all three lepidopteran species, their susceptibility to the virus differs. JcDV has great potential as a biological control agent against pests such as S. frugiperda.     

不同Bt蛋白对捕食性天敌大草蛉的生态安全性评价

【目的】明确转基因棉花中表达Cry1Ac、Cry1F和Cry2Ab蛋白对我国Bt棉田中主要捕食性天敌大草蛉（Chrysopa pallens）的潜在影响。【方法】通过在大草蛉人工饲料中添加高剂量Bt蛋白的方法,评价Cry1Ac、Cry1F和Cry2Ab蛋白对大草蛉重要生命表参数（4龄幼虫体重、幼虫发育历期、化蛹率、蛹重、蛹发育历期、羽化率、成虫体重和产卵量）的影响,以不添加杀虫物质的大草蛉纯人工饲料作为阴性对照,以添加PA（砷酸二氢钾,KH₂AsO₄）的大草蛉人工饲料作为阳性对照;同时,利用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法（DAS-ELISA）测定取食Bt蛋白处理饲料后,大草蛉幼虫、蛹以及成虫体内的Bt蛋白浓度;利用ELISA法和敏感昆虫生物测定法,检测新鲜饲料和在试验环境条件下暴露2 d的处理饲料中Bt蛋白的稳定性和生物活性;此外,利用酶活性测定的方法,比较取食空白对照饲料、Bt蛋白处理饲料或PA处理饲料后大草蛉体内主要消化酶（总蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶、类凝乳蛋白酶和氨肽酶）、解毒酶（α-乙酸萘酯酯酶、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶、酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶）和保护酶（超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶）的活性。【结果】生命表评价结果表明,在大草蛉人工饲料中添加高浓度单独Bt蛋白或Bt蛋白混合物,对大草蛉4龄幼虫体重、幼虫发育历期、化蛹率、蛹重、蛹发育历期、羽化率、成虫体重和产卵量无显著性不利影响,但饲料中添加PA却能够使大草蛉幼虫和蛹发育历期极显著延长,4龄幼虫体重、化蛹率、蛹重、羽化率、成虫体重和产卵量极显著降低;大草蛉体内Bt蛋白浓度测定结果显示,大草蛉取食Bt蛋白处理饲料后,其幼虫、蛹及成虫体内均含有一定量的Bt蛋白;ELISA和敏感昆虫生物测定结果表明,新鲜准备和在试验环境条件下暴露2 d的Bt蛋白处理饲料,均含有高剂量且具有生物活性的Bt蛋白,因此,大草蛉在整个生物测定过程中接触到的均为高浓度的、具有生物活性的Bt蛋白;此外,取食Bt蛋白处理饲料,对大草蛉幼虫和成虫体内主要消化酶、解毒酶和保护酶活性无显著性影响,但取食PA处理饲料能使大草蛉幼虫和成虫体内氨肽酶活性极显著降低,其他所测消化酶、解毒酶和保护酶活性显著升高。【结论】大草蛉对3种供试Bt蛋白（Cry1Ac、Cry1F和Cry2Ab）不敏感,取食这3种Bt蛋白对大草蛉生长发育及其体内主要消化酶、解毒酶和保护酶活性没有显著不良影响,本研究所建立的生物评价体系还可用于评价其他新型转基因抗虫植物中表达杀虫蛋白对大草蛉的生态安全性。     

不同食料条件下密度因子对黄粉虫高龄幼虫生长发育的影响

分别以实用饲料和复合饲料在0.6、1.2、1.8、2.4和3.0头/cm3等5种饲养密度下饲养黄粉虫(Tenebrio molitor L.)高龄幼虫,观察了在不同饲料条件下不同密度对黄粉虫幼虫死亡率、幼虫增重、蛹重等指标的影响.结果表明,密度因子对黄粉虫高龄幼虫有显著影响,在两种不同饲料条件下饲养黄粉虫,低密度饲养时幼虫存活率、幼虫增重、蛹重及羽化率明显高于高密度饲养,但各指标间存在差异.     

重庆地区玉米叶内生细菌的分离及其与草地贪夜蛾肠道菌的比较

为进一步了解重庆地区玉米叶内生细菌的组成以及这些内生细菌与入侵重庆地区草地贪夜蛾肠道微生态的相互关系,以采集自巫山地区被草地贪夜蛾入侵的玉米地里的玉米嫩叶为材料,运用传统微生物培养方法尝试对其内生细菌进行初步的分离培养,并通过16S rDNA测序开展了优势菌的属水平鉴定.此次共分离获得了22个细菌分离株,经16S rDNA序列同源性分析,将它们归类到11个分类单元,分属克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)、微杆菌属(Microbacterium)、鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingobacterium)、金黄杆菌属(Chryseobacterium)、无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)和丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonas).与前期研究得到的该地区草地贪夜蛾肠道微生物菌群数据比较可以发现,玉米内生细菌中包括克雷伯氏菌属(Klebsiella)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、肠球菌属(Enterococcus)、鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingobacterium)和金黄杆菌属(Chryseobacterium)在内的5个属可以在草地贪夜蛾肠道中分离到,表明草地贪夜蛾肠道微生物多数可能源自其食物,但是草地贪夜蛾肠道微生物中常见的假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、肠杆菌属(Enterobacter)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)和气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)并未在玉米嫩叶中分离到,说明它们可能是主要存在于草地贪夜蛾肠道中的微生物.该研究对草地贪夜蛾所取食的玉米叶中内生细菌的种类进行了初步分析,为后续研究玉米叶内生细菌和草地贪夜蛾肠道微生物的相互关系奠定了基础.