响应面法优化微波辅助提取五倍子单宁工艺研究

通过单因素及响应面法对微波辅助提取五倍子单宁的工艺条件进行了优化,考察了液固比、微波提取时间、提取温度3个自变量对响应值单宁酸提取得率的影响.结果表明,单宁酸最佳微波辅助提取条件为:五倍子粉末10 g,微波功率600 W,液固比32∶1(mL:g),提取时间7 min,提取温度62℃,在此条件下单宁酸提取得率为65.13％.     

微波辐照提取板栗壳棕色素的研究

以板栗壳为原料,在微波条件下,以乙醇溶液作溶剂直接从板栗壳中提取天然棕色素.探讨了各因素对板栗壳天然色素提取效果的影响.确定了在微波条件下从板栗壳中提取天然色素的最佳工艺条件:5 g板栗壳粉在微波辐照时间13 min、浸提温度75 ℃、乙醇溶液的体积分数40 %、料液比1:20(g:mL)的条件下得率为7.02%.通过对色素的定性实验和稳定性实验,表明该板栗壳色素属于黄酮类色素,其对光照、温度、还原剂、氧化剂、pH值有良好的稳定性.     

RSM法优化蓝靛果色素的提取工艺

研究不同超声时间、超声功率及料液比对提取蓝靛果色素的影响,在单因素试验的基础上,利用Design-Expert软件中Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,采用响应面法对蓝靛果色素的提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,蓝靛果色素提取的最佳工艺条件为超声时间18.75min、超声功率229.06w、料液比1∶18.84,色素最大提取量为68.82mg/g。通用仪器设备公司)。1.3提取工艺研究不同超声时间、超声功率及料液比对提取蓝靛果色素的影响,在单因素试验的基础上,利用Design-Expert软件中Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计原理,采用响应面法对蓝靛果色素的提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,蓝靛果色素提取的最佳工艺条件为超声时间18.75min、超声功率229.06w、料液比1∶18.84,色素最大提取量为68.82mg/g。     

微波辅助提取酸枣仁皂苷A的工艺优化

为了优化微波辅助提取酸枣仁皂苷A的工艺,采用单因素试验和L9(34)正交试验设计,研究了提取条件对酸枣仁皂苷A产率的影响。结果表明酸枣仁皂苷A的最佳提取工艺为:5 g酸枣仁粉末用体积分数70%乙醇提取2次,提取温度60℃,提取时间8 min,液固比16∶1(mL∶g),微波功率800 W,此条件下酸枣仁皂苷A的得率为0.526 mg/g。与其它传统提取方法相比,微波辅助提取在获得较高提取得率的同时,能有效缩短提取时间,节约资源,显示了良好的应用前景。     

微波辅助法提取滁菊花水溶性成分的试验研究

以微波处理为辅助手段,应用水浴法提取菊花中水溶性成分。对利用微波技术提取菊花水溶性成分的工艺条件进行了研究,通过单因素和正交试验,考察了影响提取得率的因素,得出微波辅助法提取菊花水溶性成分的最佳工艺条件为:料液比1g∶30ml,在微波功率为175W条件下处理时间10min,再在70℃水浴锅中浸提30min,得到总水溶性成分提取得率在43.1%。     

不同工艺提取栀子黄色素的比较研究

比较研究了热提取、超声波提取、微波提取3种不同工艺对栀子黄色素提取效果的影响.热浸提正交试验的最佳工艺条件:70%的乙醇(体积分数,下同)提取1.5 h,提取温度30 ℃,料液比1:25(g:mL,下同),产品的色价为66.45.超声波提取正交试验的最佳工艺条件:80%的乙醇提取20 min,料液比1:20,产品的色价为87.77.微波提取单因素试验的最佳工艺条件:提取功率800 W,用50%乙醇提取30 min,提取温度50 ℃,料液比1:5,色价为64.14.结果表明:热浸提、超声波提取、微波提取3种方法提取栀子黄色素的色价明显不同,超声波提取的效果最好.     

响应面优化化香树果序中鞣花酸超声波提取的研究

在单因素试验的基础上,利用响应面分析方法优化了化香树果序中鞣花酸的超声波提取条件.利用中心组合设计研究液固比、超声波作用时间、超声波提取温度3个自变量对响应值鞣花酸得率的影响.用Design-Expert 7.0软件进行结果分析,鞣花酸最佳超声波提取工艺条件为:液固比22.5∶1(mL∶g),超声波提取时间40min,...     

核桃花粉微波提取黄酮工艺研究

采用微波技术提取核桃花粉中的黄酮,在单因素试验的基础上进行正交试验设计,研究微波功率、微波时间、花粉浓度和乙醇体积分数对黄酮提取率的影响,黄酮的最佳工艺条件为乙醇体积分数80％、微波功率600 W、花粉浓度0.07 g/mL、提取时间3 min,提取率可达2.0％.     

微波辐照提取板栗壳棕色素的研究

以板栗壳为原料，在微波条件下，以乙醇溶液作溶剂直接从板栗壳中提取天然棕色素。探讨了各因素对板栗壳天然色素提取效果的影响。确定了在微波条件下从板栗壳中提取天然色素的最佳工艺条件：5g板栗壳粉在微波辐照时间13min、浸提温度75℃、乙醇溶液的体积分数40％、料液比1：20（g：mL）的条件下得率为7.02％。通过对色素的定性实验和稳定性实验，表明该板栗壳色素属于黄酮类色素，其对光照、温度、还原剂、氧化剂、pH值有良好的稳定性。     

微波法提取西藏芫根多糖的工艺研究

采用单因素试验和正交试验,对微波法提取芫根多糖的工艺进行研究,得到了最佳工艺条件：料液比1∶24,微波处理时间10min,微波功率450W,浸泡时间90min。在此条件下,芫根多糖的提取率为9.13%。试验结果显示微波法与热水浸提法比较,具有提取时间短、提取效率高的优点。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.