建瓯市发展农村养殖小区和联户沼气的思考

结合建瓯农村实际,探索和创新养殖小区和联户沼气工程建设的农村沼气发展新模式,通过2 a的实践表明:与传统的户用沼气比较,养殖小区和联户沼气工程具有节约投资成本,有效解决沼气池建设土地,保障沼气发酵原料供给,便于维护维修和运行管理,改善农村生产生活环境等优势。     

农村沼气的可持续发展探析

当前在我国农村发展以沼气利用为核心和纽带的生态农业是实现农业可持续发展的重要途径之一。分析了沼气利用特点与可持续农业的关系,针对目前农村沼气发展现状和存在问题,提出了进一步发展农村沼气的对策。     

福建主推三种生态农业发展模式

记者日前从福建省农业厅获悉,福建省将把控制农业面源污染作为发展生态农业重要措施,主推节约型农业生产、畜禽生态养殖和能源生态三种模式。福建省农业厅相关负责人告诉记者,2013年,全省要新建农村户用、养殖小区、联户集中供气沼气3万户,新建大中型沼气工程20处,新建畜禽养殖污染治理示范点100个,新建"猪—沼—果(稻、菜、茶)"能源生态模式示范点1万处,新建农产品产地土壤重金属污染治理修复试点3个。     

江西九江在棉花上示范应用沼肥效果好

“十一五”以来，国家加大了对农村基础设施建设和社会事业发展的投入，江西省九江市农村沼气建设进入快车道，从2003年实施农村国债沼气项目以来，截至2011年底止，全市共安排建设沼气池156891个，在产生清洁卫生能源的同时，年产沼肥约370kt左右。为了充分发挥沼肥的利用效益，江西省九江市农业局于2011年在湖口县武山镇西桥村棉田开展了沼肥综合应用示范，面积8hm^2，平均子棉产量达到5332．5kg／hm^2，比常规植棉增产12．9％。现将其施用方法介绍如下。     

浅谈发挥农村户用沼气功能与效益的主要技术措施

农村户用沼气具有能源、环境卫生、生态和社会等方面的功能与效益,就如何提高农村户用沼气的功能与效益提出主要技术措施。     

沼液在茶园中的应用效果

正近年来,浙江省新昌县农村沼气发展迅速,全县已累计建成规模化畜禽场排泄物、农产品加工废弃物等污水处理沼气工程108处,总池容10950m~3;建成农村生活污水净化沼气工程282处,总池容24630 m~3;安装5户以上沼气集中(联户)供气工程点21处,集中供气总用户数465户。沼气工程不仅使148个村庄2万多户农民直接受益,而且在改善农村生态环境、发展循环农业、创建美丽乡村和国家级生态县方面发挥了积极的作用。但是,沼液的资源化利用率不高,不     

发展农村沼气 加快推进国际旅游岛建设

分析海南沼气产业现状及海南发展沼气的优势，指出发展沼气对推进国际旅游岛建设的作用，提出海南发展沼气的建议。     

福安绿茶系列“仙山绿”沼气炒制技术

福安是“中国茶叶之乡”,茶叶历来是福安重点扶持的三大主导产业之一,而且种类较多,有绿茶、红茶、乌龙茶、茉莉花茶等。绿茶比重约占茶叶总数的50％,加工主要以电锅手工炒制和厂家精制为主。近年来国家大力推广沼气建设,福安70％的农村都已使用沼气,既清洁又环保且供应充足、节能省电。绿茶系列“仙山绿”也称“苦茶”,主要是由福安菜茶制作而成,福安市现有菜茶面积3370亩。城阳乡仙岭村“仙山绿”茶叶精制厂通过两年试验采用沼气炒制的“仙山绿”绿茶,茶叶品质好,经济效益佳,     

沼肥在水稻上的应用

随着农村沼气建设深入开展,沼肥在水稻上的应用也逐步推广开来.由于当前水稻施沼肥方法简单,影响了沼肥在水稻上的利用效果和沼肥使用技术的推广.针对此问题,本文主要介绍了水稻生产过程中用沼液浸种、追肥以及用沼渣作基肥的技术和方法.     

浅谈“猪-沼-茶”生态茶园建设模式的应用

“猪-沼-茶”生态茶园建设模式是以农户为基本单元,以发展茶叶为核心,以建沼气池为基础,以生猪养殖为辅助,实施改圈、改厨、改厕。通过生猪产生的粪便为沼气池提供原料,沼气池中产生的沼气用于做饭照明,沼液沼渣用于茶园。通过这种循环链,达到养猪、种茶双增收,实现经济、社会、生态效益三统一。我县自2004年实施沼气国债项目和2006年、2007年实施福建省为民办实事项目一户用沼气建设以来,已完成沼气建设8300口。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。