秀水620对褐稻虱抗生性的研究及其抗性评价

 测定了秀水620对褐稻虱的一些抗生性指标，从实验室所得的各种参数来估计褐稻虱的种群趋势指数和内禀控制率；同时调查了秀水620对褐稻虱的田间控制作用。(1)抗生性作用中． 秀水620品种上褐稻虱分泌蜜露的面积为感虫品种秀水48的37.8％；饲养一代后，刚羽化的成虫体重比感虫品种上的成虫体重显著减轻。秀水620品种上，成虫平均产卵量为191粒／♀；秀水48品种上为3l6.2粒／♀；IR64品种上仅87.5粒／♀；在秀水620、IR64品种上的存活率比秀水48品种上存话率减少约50％，羽化率明显比秀水48品种上低。(2)褐稻虱种群趋势指数，秀水48为139.6，秀水620为30.30，IR64为19．09；秀水620对褐稻虱的内禀控制率为0．7829，IR64为0.8632；秀水620对褐稻虱田间控制率为77.23％。     

8个水稻品种的条纹叶枯病抗性特征

利用强迫饲毒、集团接种、非嗜性测验、抗生性测验的方法研究与分析了8个抗条纹叶枯病水稻品种对条纹病毒和介体灰飞虱的抗性,发现不同水稻抗性品种的抗性特征并不完全相同。IR36、Kasalath、窄叶青8号、道人桥、DV85既抗条纹病毒又抗介体灰飞虱,对条纹叶枯病所表现的抗性是条纹病毒和介体灰飞虱抗性共同作用的结果; 爱知97和Kenta Nakan抗条纹病毒,但不抗介体灰飞虱,对条纹叶枯病所表现的抗性是品种对条纹病毒的抗性;而IR24对条纹病毒和介体灰飞虱仅表现中等抗性。     

若干粳稻品种（系）抗褐稻虱特征评价

 就一些粳稻抗性品种对褐稻虱(BPH)Nilaparvata lueens抗性进行了评价，水稻品种秀水48作感性品种对照。结果表明：1)褐稻虱在感性品种上分泌的蜜露面积显著地大于抗性品种；饲养在不同品种上褐稻虱一生产卵量(粒／♀)： 秀水48为316．2，秀水620为191，嘉23为165.2，IR64为87.5；不同品种上褐稻虱若虫的存活率：秀水48为100%，秀水620为44%，嘉23为28.22%；相对取食量与抗性等级、田间累计虫量、若虫存活率及产卵量呈正相关。2)不同抗性品种上褐稻虱的种群增长率，秀水48为0.1221，秀水620为0.088，嘉23-2为0.083．3) 供试品种上逻辑斯蒂模型的K值,秀水48为81.58．秀水620为30.54。4)本试验各品种对褐稻虱的内禀控制率(%)秀水48为0，秀水620为78.79，嘉23为8494，IR64为0.8632。5)各品种对褐稻虱田间控制率（%）秀水48为0，秀水620为77.23，嘉23-2为76.68。     

水稻条纹叶枯病发病原因分析及防治对策探讨

条纹叶枯病是由灰飞虱传播的毁灭性的水稻病毒病。调查结果表明,近几年该病在浙江省北部粳稻区呈上升扩大趋势,农业种植结构调整和耕作栽培制度改变、水稻感病品种种植、灰飞虱种群数量持续上升和带毒率提高、主冶药剂防治效果下降,是导致病害流行的主要原因。笔者分析预测了2007年条纹叶枯病的发生趋势,提出了“切断毒源、治虫防病、综合治理”的防控对策和农业、生物、物理和化学防治相结合的综合防治与可持续可控制技术,以控制水稻条纹叶枯病发生和流行。     

射阳县水稻条纹叶枯病的防治策略浅析

2004~2005年,射阳县种植2.66万hm2左右条纹叶枯病感病品种武育粳3号,面对水稻条纹叶枯病的大流行,该县通过完善耕作制度、改变栽培方式、加强田间管理、注重杂草防除、全程药控和统防统治等综合措施,有效地抑制了灰飞虱的发生危害,使大面积水稻条纹叶枯病的发病株率总体控制在1%以下。     

不同水稻品种条纹叶枯病抗性筛选

通过田间抗病性鉴定,不同水稻品种条纹叶枯病发病率存在差异。与对照嘉991相比,HZ586等4个品种未见发病,属高抗品种;台03216、宁04—05发病率低,抗病性好;粳制07等8个品种发病率较低,抗病性较好;浙大510等20个品种发病相对较重;绍糯04—46、嘉粳3648等5个品种发病率最高,为感病品种。对田间灰飞虱虫量与带毒率测定结果表明,水稻品种间发病率与田间灰飞虱虫量和带毒率有密切关系。     

灰飞虱成灾原因剖析及防治对策探讨

从五个方面简要剖析了本地灰飞虱特大暴发造成水稻条纹叶枯病成灾的原因,提出了灰飞虱的防治应注重强化农业措施、主攻压低虫量、推广抗病品种、坚持综合防治等关键技术环节。     

玉米粗缩病发生程度与灰飞虱消长规律的关系

通过7个播期种植感病品种掖单13，分别记载了不同播期玉米粗缩病发生程度、灰飞虱的落虫量，明确了玉米粗缩病的发生与传毒昆虫灰飞虱消长规律间的密切关系，指出凡玉米出苗后与第一代灰飞虱成虫峰期相遇则粗缩病发病严重，并结合生产实际，探讨了适宜的防治措施。     

室内不接触农药的褐飞虱种群对农药的敏感性和对水稻品种的适应性

在室内研究了经连续多代未接触农药的田间褐飞虱种群在不同抗性水稻品种上的生态适应性。结果表明,田间种群经室内连续多代未接触农药饲养后其对吡虫啉的抗性从F1代的359.94倍降到F14代的6.50倍,其中F4到F8下降快,F10到F14代基本趋于稳定;而其对毒死蜱的抗性下降趋于平缓,从F1代的9.90倍降到F14代的5.94倍。若虫历期和雌成虫体质量均显著受水稻品种和连续饲养代别数及代别×品种的影响,而若虫存活率只受代别数影响。雄虫中短翅型比例受代别和代别×品种的影响,而雌虫中短翅型比例不受代别、品种以及代别×品种的影响。在三种水稻品种上褐飞虱若虫历期均随着代别增加而延长,其中F1和F4的若虫历期较短,其余均较长。在感虫水稻品种TN1上的雌虫若虫历期明显短于在抗虫品种IR26和IR36上的历期,TN1上的雌成虫体质量明显比抗虫品种上的高。这些结果表明褐飞虱种群不接触农药后其对农药的敏感性上升,但对水稻抗性品种IR26和IR36的适应性并未增强。这些结果对于合理使用农药和水稻抗性品种治理褐飞虱具有重要意义。     

北方冬季室内饲养灰飞虱的方法

以水稻苗和小麦苗作为灰飞虱寄主植物,探讨了北方冬季室内饲养灰飞虱的方法。结果表明,该技术简便易行,能够准确把握虫龄,可大量扩繁也可单头饲养,具有成本低,易操作,灵活性好等特点;试验测定了在28℃条件下,若虫存活率可达到95.36%,单雌产卵量达到177头。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).