4个白三叶材料遗传变异初探

对4个白三叶材料（肇东白三叶、牡丹江白三叶、鸡西白三叶、龙风白三叶）的主茎生长期、匍匐茎生长期（发叶期）、开花期、结实期、成熟期用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶柱状电泳测定了其过氧化物酶同工酶。结果表明，不同生育期酶谱带条数发生变化，随生育期延伸而上升，到开花或结实期达高峰，然后稳定或下降，最高达到6条，4个材料有差异但不大。酶谱带相对迁移率随生育期变化而变化，肇东白三叶、牡丹江白三叶、鸡西白三叶是曲折发展，成熟期达最高；龙风白三叶随生长期延伸逐步上升，成熟期达最高。4个材料有9种类型同工酶谱带，其中1号、2号、3号带是基本谱带，说明它们有共同的祖先，但又发生了变异。     

三种豆科牧草中过氧化物酶同工酶及脂酶同工酶的比较试验

采用板状聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法，获得紫花苜蓿、黄花苜蓿和红豆草三种豆科牧草盛花期和结实期的过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱及结实期脂酶同工酶酶谱。经比较可知，过氧化物酶同工酶在不同种、不同发育期、不同器官的酶谱表现不同：结实期过氧化物酶同工酶酶带丰富，与盛花期比较有新酶带出现，且活性增强；酶带增加较多的是黄花苜蓿和红立草。结实期脂酶同工酶在果实及茎中含量丰富。     

18个三叶草品种耐热性综合评价

对18个三叶草品种耐热性进行了比较,并结合芽期和成苗试验,综合评价了各品种的耐热性强弱。结果表明：发芽率、发芽指数随温度的升高而降低,在40 ℃时种子不发芽;叶片灼伤率、植株存活率和叶片相对含水量在各品种之间差异较大。对耐热性综合评价表明,18个品种中特特里红三叶属强耐热品种;新西兰白三叶耐热性较强;海法白三叶、胡依阿白三叶、G18白三叶、戈伦红三叶、雷托白三叶、巴东红三叶、帕韦拉红三叶、鄂牧1号白三叶、罗汤地红三叶、新西兰杂三叶、2-2-1杂三叶为中等耐热品种;克劳白三叶、皮陶白三叶、奥罗拉杂三叶和蒂特拉杂三叶品种耐热性较弱,耐热性最弱的是路易斯安娜白三叶。建议在长江流域及长江以南地区选择耐热性较强的几个品种进行推广示范。     

新疆桑品种资源研究

本文对分属于白桑、黑桑、雄桑、粉桑、药桑类型的58份新疆桑品种资源的染色体倍数性和结实性以及10份新疆桑品种资源的过氧化物酶同工酶进行了初步研究。结果表明：白桑类型中有23个材料为三倍体，药桑为二十二倍体，其余材料均为二倍体。从每椹种子数和发芽率来看，粉桑的结实性高于黑桑，黑桑高于白桑；二倍体材料的结实性高于四倍体，四倍体又高于三倍体。用淀粉凝胶电泳法分析过氧化物酶同工酶，发现第6酶带为特征酶带，各品种酶谱有一定的相似性和相异性、这些研究结果为探讨新疆桑品种资源的起源、进化、分类和亲缘关系提供了科学依据。     

新品系Dy-2006苜蓿同工酶酶谱表征及与其它苜蓿品种的差异

对新品系Dy-2006、龙牧801、中苜1号和肇东苜蓿的酯酶(EST)、过氧化物酶(POD)酶谱表征进行了分析.酯酶分析共检测到9条酶带,新品系Dy-2006检测到4条酶带,2条特征谱带,其它3个苜蓿品种分别检测到6条、5条和4条酶带,特征谱带依次为1条、1条和0条;过氧化物酶分析共检测到13条酶带,Dy-2006共检测到6条酶带, 3条特征谱带,其余3个苜蓿品种检测到的酶带依次为7条、4条和4条,特征谱带均为 1条.新品系Dy-2006与其它3个苜蓿品种存在明显的遗传差异.     

栗蚕幼虫酯酶同工酶酶谱多态性及应用于品种间亲缘关系的分析

栗蚕是珍稀的野蚕资源。采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法,测定栗蚕幼虫不同发育时期、不同组织器官的酯酶同工酶酶谱,并依据酯酶同工酶酶谱的多态性分析纯黑、纯绿2个品种的亲缘关系。检测结果表明:栗蚕幼虫中肠的酯酶同工酶活性和酶带数随龄期而增加,且同一龄期以盛食期的酶表达量最高;幼虫中肠及脂肪体中的酯酶同工酶活性较强,并且酶带数较多;2个供试品种间的酯酶同工酶酶谱明显不同。根据酶谱差异分析2个品种的遗传相似系数为0.86,表现出较近的亲缘关系。研究结果提示:栗蚕幼虫酯酶同工酶的酶活性和酶带数与生长发育和组织功能有关,幼虫酯酶同工酶酶谱可以作为分析品种间亲缘关系的依据之一。     

红豆草空间诱变突变体叶片同工酶及细胞超微结构分析

经神州4号飞船搭载的红豆草种子,当代出现匍匐型突变体,其叶片同工酶谱及细胞超微结构的分析结果表明:匍匐型突变体、空间诱变直立型植株及对照之间过氧化物酶同工酶酶带数没有明显差异,其中匍匐型突变体脂酶同工酶酶带数与对照相同,空间诱变直立型植株酶带数多于对照;空间诱变的红豆草,叶片细胞壁不规则增厚,细胞质稀薄,液泡大,叶绿体变小,形状多不规则,叶绿体内淀粉粒细小、数量多,基粒片层直径小,但数量明显多于对照,匍匐型突变体表现尤为明显.     

披碱草与野大麦杂交种BC_1F_2代的同工酶分析

采用不连续聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直平板电泳方法,对披碱草、野大麦及其杂种BC1F2代分蘖期叶片的过氧化物酶(POD)和酯酶(EST)同工酶进行分析,结果表明:杂种BC1F2代的POD、EST同工酶谱表现为双亲的互补类型;杂种BC1F2代的POD和EST同工酶谱中亲本的个别酶带有丢失现象,在EST同工酶谱中产生了1条杂种带(Rf=0.11);BC1F2代POD同工酶谱的酶带基本相同,EST酶带特征差异较大,出现双亲互补带和杂种带;BC1F2代的POD和EST同工酶谱明显地受轮回亲本野大麦的影响,说明回交使野大麦的某些性状在BC1F2代进一步加强。聚类分析结果表明,Y1F2-5(7号)与P1F2-1(12号)及Y1F2-3(5号)与Y1F2-4(6号)有极其近的遗传关系,野大麦与BC1F2代多数株系有较近的遗传关系;POD与EST同工酶具多态性,可作为遗传标记用于杂种鉴定和目标性状植株的检测。     

氯化钠胁迫对桑树超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的影响

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳研究了氯化钠(NaC l)胁迫下桑树超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)同工酶酶谱,分别测定其酶活力。结果表明:在低浓度NaC l胁迫时,桑树叶片SOD的活性升高,CAT活性稍有降低,在高浓度NaC l胁迫时桑树叶片SOD活性降低,CAT活性随NaC l浓度增加活性升高;随着NaC l胁迫时间的延长,SOD的活性呈下降趋势,CAT活性在胁迫初期降低,随NaC l胁迫时间延长活性升高,胁迫超过一定时间后活性降低。同工酶酶谱分析显示,在NaC l胁迫下桑树SOD、CAT同工酶酶谱不仅有活性的变化,也有谱带的消失和新的谱带形成。     

5个苏丹草品种酯酶同工酶比较研究

应用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对我国审定登记的5个苏丹草Sorghum sudanense品种进行了幼苗叶片和根酯酶同工酶研究.结果表明,5个品种幼苗叶片酯酶同工酶谱带较少,介于28～46条,宁农与乌拉特1号苏丹草谱带特征较相似,在Rf为0.84处酶带呈红褐色,而在该位点其他2个品种酶带呈棕色,奇台苏丹草该位点酶带缺失;新苏2号与盐池苏丹草无论谱带数量还是谱带颜色均很相似,很难区分;根酯酶同工酶谱带较多,介于35～49条,谱带特征为宁农、乌拉特1号一类,在Rf为0.84处酶带呈红褐色;新苏2号与盐池一类,在Rf为0.84处酶带棕褐色;而奇台苏丹草在Rf为0.84位点红褐色谱带消失呈特异性.利用酯酶同工酶电泳图谱能够快速而有效地区分5个苏丹草品种,为苏丹草种质资源保护和利用提供快速的鉴别方法.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.