猫硬膜内髓外脊髓肿瘤的MRI诊断及手术治疗

介绍1例猫椎管内硬膜内肿瘤的诊断与治疗。患猫临床检查体温、呼吸、心率均正常;血常规、生化检查结果显示正常;头颈部MRI检查,在第2至第3颈椎之间硬膜内明显可见一占位性团块,SE序列T1加权像呈现稍高信号,FSE序列T2加权像呈现稍低信号,且前段脑脊液积聚,轴位T1加权像显示正常,脊髓被团块压迫出现变形;SE序列Gd-DTPA增强扫描可见该团块强化明显。综合各项检查结果诊断为硬膜内肿瘤,遂进行颈部背侧椎板切除手术,切除肿瘤,患猫术后恢复良好。肿瘤病理组织学检查显示为肉瘤。     

Comparison of ultrasonography, radiography and a single computed tomography slice for fluid identification within the feline tympanic bulla

Evaluation of the tympanic bulla (TB) in cases of acute feline otitis media can be a diagnostic challenge, although a feature often associated with this condition is the accumulation of fluid or material within the middle ear cavity. A technique is reported allowing optimum imaging of the feline TB using ultrasound (US) and recording of the appearance of gas and fluid-filled TB. A random number of bullae in 42 feline cadavers were filled with lubricant and rostroventral-caudodorsal oblique radiographs, single slice computed tomography (CT) images and US images were created and interpreted by blinded operators. The content (fluid or gas) of each TB was determined using each technique and the cadavers were then frozen and sectioned for confirmation. CT remained the most accurate diagnostic method, but US produced better results than radiology. Given the advantages of US over other imaging techniques, these results suggest that further work is warranted to determine applications of this modality in the evaluation of clinical cases of feline otitis media.     

High field magnetic resonance imaging anatomy of feline carpal ligaments is comparable to plastinated specimen anatomy

Feline carpal ligament injuries are often diagnosed indirectly using palpation and stress radiography to detect whether there is instability and widening of joint spaces. There are currently no reports describing normal feline carpal ligament anatomy and the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of the carpal ligaments. The objective of this prospective, anatomic study was to describe normal feline carpal ligament anatomy using gross plastinated specimens and MRI. We hypothesized that MRI could be used to identify the carpal ligaments as previously described in the dog, and to identify species specific variations in the cat. The study was conducted using feline cadaver antebrachii that were radiographed prior to study inclusion. Three limbs were selected for MRI to confirm repeatability of anatomy between cats. The proton density weighted pulse sequence was used and images were acquired in transverse, dorsal, and sagittal planes. Following MRI, the limbs were plastinated and a collagen stain was used to aid in identification of carpal ligament anatomy. These limbs were sliced in sagittal section, and a further six paired limbs were included in the study and sliced in transverse and dorsal planes. Anatomic structures were initially described using MRI and then subjectively compared with gross plastinated specimens. Readers considered the transverse MRI plane to be most useful for visualizing the majority of the carpal ligaments. Findings indicated that MRI anatomy of the carpal ligaments was comparable to plastinated anatomy; therefore MRI appears to be a beneficial imaging modality for exploration of feline carpal pathology.     

Normal feline brain: clinical anatomy using magnetic resonance imaging

The purpose of this study was to provide a clinical anatomy atlas of the feline brain using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Brains of twelve normal cats were imaged using a 1.5 T magnetic resonance unit and an inversion/recovery sequence (T1). Fourteen relevant MRI sections were chosen in transverse, dorsal, median and sagittal planes. Anatomic structures were identified and labelled using anatomical texts and Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, sectioned specimen heads, and previously published articles. The MRI sections were stained according to the major embryological and anatomical subdivisions of the brain. The relevant anatomical structures seen on MRI will assist clinicians to better understand MR images and to relate this neuro-anatomy to clinical signs.     

Characterization of normal feline renal vascular anatomy with dual-phase CT angiography

Helical computed tomography angiography was used to evaluate the renal vascular anatomy of potential feline renal donors. One hundred and fourteen computed tomography angiograms were reviewed. The vessels were characterized as single without bifurcation, single with bifurcation, double, or triple. Multiplicity was most commonly seen for the right renal vein (45/114 vs. 3/114 multiple left renal veins, 0/114 multiple right renal arteries, and 8/114 multiple left renal arteries). The right kidney was 13.3 times more likely than the left to have multiple renal veins. Additional vascular variants included double caudal vena cava and an accessory renal artery. For the left kidney, surgery and computed tomography angiography findings were in agreement in 92% of 74 cats. For the right kidney, surgery and computed tomography angiography findings were in agreement in 6/6 cats. Our findings of renal vascular anatomy variations in cats were similar to previous reports in humans. Identifying and recognizing the pattern of distribution of these vessels is important when performing renal transplantation.     

Comparative and surgical anatomy of the calcaneal tendon in domestic mammals

The components of the common calcanean tendon were studied by dissection of ten limbs each of eight domestic mammalian species. The tendon of the bovine triceps surae muscle was found to consist of two distinct parts. This led to the suggestion, after examining the topography and trials on patients, to alter the tenotomy procedure (after Götze , 1932) for the treatment of spastic paresis.     

Arthroscopic surgical approach and intra-articular anatomy of the equine suprapatellar pouch

Objective— To describe a direct arthroscopic approach to the suprapatellar pouch (SPP), its intra-articular anatomy, and report our clinical experience with SPP arthroscopy.
Study Design— (1) Experimental study and (2) retrospective clinical study.
Animals— (1) Cadaveric equine hind limbs (n=24; 14 horses) and (2) 5 horses.
Methods— Four femoropatellar joints (FPJ) were dissected or injected with latex to document surface landmarks and topographic anatomy. (1) Arthroscopic exploration of 20 SPP (10 equine cadavers) was performed and described, followed by dissection. (2) Medical records of horses that had FPJ arthroscopy were reviewed for cases where SPP portals were required.
Results— (1) The optimal arthroscopic portal was located ∼10 cm lateral to the longitudinal patellar axis and 2 cm proximal to the patellar base in the intermuscular septum between the biceps femoris and vastus lateralis muscles. This approach allowed arthroscopic observation of the proximal aspect of the lateral and medial femoral trochlear ridges, the intertrochlear groove, the patellar base, and the synovial recess of the SPP. (2) Additional arthroscopic and instrument suprapatellar portals were used in 5 of 25 horses to complete lavage/debridement in osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) and septic arthritis.
Conclusion— Suprapatellar arthroscopy improved arthroscopic observation of structures located proximally in the FPJ and facilitated surgical access to the SPP.
Clinical Relevance— SPP arthroscopy is a safe and complementary approach to traditional distal FPJ arthroscopy that could be helpful for inspection and removal of free fragments/debris/fibrin located in the SPP, for OCD lesions extending proximally, and fracture(s) involving the proximal aspect of the patella.     

Equine thoracoscopy: normal anatomy and surgical technique

Six normal, healthy horses age 3-10 years underwent left and right thoracoscopic examination using a rigid telescope. A minimum of 30 days was allowed between procedures. Horses were restrained in stocks and sedated with a continuous detomidine infusion. After surgical preparation of the hemithorax elected for surgery, and administration of local or regional anaesthesia of the surgery sites, thoracoscopy was completed during two 15 min pneumothorax periods. During the procedures, the thoracic structures were viewed using a 57 cm, 10 mm diameter, 30 degrees rigid telescope connected to a digital camcorder to allow computer capture of digital images. The telescope was inserted into the thoracic cavity via 3 different intercostal spaces. The 8th, 10th and 12th intercostal spaces were randomly selected and used among horses. The exploration of each hemithorax started from the dorsal-caudal quadrant continued toward the cranial thorax and was completed by observing the diaphragmatic and caudal pulmonary region. Collapsed lung, aorta, oesophagus and diaphragm were viewed readily in either hemithorax. On exploration of the right hemithorax, the azygos vein, thoracic duct and pulmonary veins were also identified. Horses tolerated thoracoscopy well. Signs of discomfort, such as increased respiratory rate, coughing and decreased level of sedation, were associated with lung collapse in one horse, with pneumothorax on 2 occasions, and when the thorax was approached through the 8th intercostal space. Surgery performed via the 8th intercostal space was hindered by the rigidity of the 8th and 9th ribs, and by the presence of a greater musculature, which did not allow easy cranial and caudal movements of the telescope.     

Ultrasound imaging of the canine tympanic bulla

A procedure for imaging the canine tympanic bulla, external ear canal and adjacent structures using currently available ultrasound equipment was established. Lateral and ventral transducer positions were identified for this purpose and a 6.5 MHz curvilinear transducer was considered to be optimal. The sonographic appearance of these structures in cadavers and live dogs unaffected by ear disease is documented. Fluid was introduced into the tympanic bullae of the cadavers and its presence could be identified through the bony wall of the bulla. The ability of ultrasound to differentiate between gas and fluid within the bulla has important clinical implications as this is a common occurrence in dogs with middle ear disease. Ultrasound has several advantages over other imaging modalities and the examination procedure was well tolerated by unsedated dogs.     

Recurrent pneumothorax associated with a pulmonary emphysematous bulla in a dog: surgical correction and proposed pathogenesis

A three year old dog was affected with recurrent dyspnea for two months, due to a recurrent pneumothorax. This followed an episode of mild blunt trauma to the thorax and transient strangulation. Conservative therapy of aspiration of air by repeated thoracentesis gave only temporary relief. Thoracic radiographs indicated the presence of a bulla in the right middle lung lobe. An exploratory thoracotomy confirmed the diagnosis, and a lobectomy was successfully performed. The pathogenesis of acquired pulmonary bullae is postulated. Reasons for the predisposition of the right middle lung lobe are outlined. These are related to the anatomy of the right middle bronchus, and include its position between the right pulmonary artery and vein, its oval shape, and the absence of cartilagenous support at its origin.     

Effects of surgical sterilization on canine and feline health and on society

Surgical sterilization of dogs and cats is a well-accepted measure for population control in some countries, but is considered unethical as an elective surgery in other countries. This is a review of what is known regarding positive and negative effects of gonadectomy surgery on individual animals and on societal management of unowned dog and cat populations.     

The biomechanical properties of the feline femur

The purpose of this study was to determine the biomechanical properties of feline long bone by testing cadaver bone from mature cats in compression, three-point bending, notch sensitivity and screw pull-out strength. The determination of these properties is of clinical relevance with regard to the forces resulting in long bone fractures in cats as well as the behaviour and failure mode of surgical implants utilized for fracture stabilization and repair in the cat. Cadaveric cat femurs were tested in compression, three-point bending and in three-point bending after the addition of a 2.0 mm screw hole. Cortical screws, 2.7 mm in diameter, were inserted in cadaveric cat femur samples for screw pull-out testing. The mean maximum load to failure of mid diaphyseal feline femurs tested in compression was 4201+/-1218 N. Statistical analysis of the parameter of maximum load tested in compression revealed a statistical difference between sides (p=0.02), but not location (p=0.07), or location by side (p=0.12). The maximum strength of mid diaphyseal feline femurs tested in compression was 110.6+/-26.6 MPa. The modulus of elasticity of mid-diaphyseal cat femurs tested in compression was determined to be 5.004+/-0.970 GPa. The mean maximum load to failure of feline femurs tested in three-point bending was 443+/-98 N. The mean maximum load to failure of feline femurs tested in three-point bending after a 2.0 mm diameter hole was drilled in the mid-diaphyseal region of each sample through both cortices was 471+/-52 N. The mean maximum load required for screw pull-out of 2.7 mm cortical screws placed in feline femurs tested in tension was 886+/-221 N. This data should be suitable for investigating fracture biomechanics and the testing of orthopaedic constructs commonly used for fracture stabilization in the feline patient.     

Radiographic identification of the equine ventral conchal bulla

Involvement of the ventral conchal sinus (VCS) is an important diagnostic and prognostic feature in cases of the equine sinus disease. The authors aimed to ascertain if the caudo-dorsal extension of the VCS, the ventral conchal bulla (VCB) is identifiable on plain radiographs of cadaver skulls without sinus disease. Bilateral frontonasal sinus flaps were made in 10 equine cadaver skulls. Plain lateral, lateral oblique and dorso-ventral radiographs were then obtained followed by the same views taken with stainless steel wire outlining the caudal border of the VCB. Plain radiographs were randomised and blindly evaluated by two observers who marked where they believed the VCB to be positioned. This was then correlated with the true position of the VCB using radiographs with wires in place. The ease of identification of the VCB was classified as 'easy' or 'difficult'. The VCB was correctly identified in 70 per cent of lateral radiographs, but only 45 per cent of lateral oblique radiographs and 17 per cent of dorso-ventral radiographs. If a clinician was confident that he or she could identify the VCB, they were usually correct. Conversely if the clinician judged VCB identification as 'difficult', they usually identified it incorrectly. In the authors' clinical experience, the VCB of horses with sinusitis involving this compartment is more radiologically evident than in clinically normal horses. Knowledge of the normal radiographic anatomy of this structure should aid clinicians in identifying horses with sinusitis affecting the VCS.     

Application of high-frequency ultrasound for the detection of surgical anatomy in the rodent abdomen

Rats are used extensively in abdominal disease research. To monitor disease progress in vivo, high-frequency ultrasound (HFU) can be a powerful tool for obtaining high-resolution images of biological tissues. However, there is a paucity of data regarding the correlation between rat anatomy and corresponding HFU images. Twenty-four adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats underwent abdominal scans using HFU (40 MHz) surgical procedures to identify abdominal organs and major vessels as well as in situ scanning to confirm the imaging results. The results were compared with those of human abdominal organs in ultrasonographic scans. The rat liver, paired kidneys, stomach, intestines, and major blood vessels were identified by HFU and the ultrasonic morphologies of the liver and kidneys showed clear differences between rats and humans. Clinically relevant anatomical structures were identified using HFU imaging of the rat abdomen, and these structures were compared with the corresponding structures in humans. Increased knowledge with regard to identifying the anatomy of rat abdominal organs by ultrasound will allow scientists to conduct more detailed intra-abdominal research in rodents.