外源铬对小白菜(Brassica chinensis L.)根际土壤微生物生物量和磷脂脂肪酸的剖面分布特征的影响

The effects of root activity on microbial response to cadmium （Cd） loading in the rhizosphere are not well understood. A pot experiment in greenhouse was conducted to investigate the effects of low Cd loading and root activity on microbial biomass and community structure in the rhizosphere of pakchoi （Brassica chinensis L.） on silty clay loam and silt loamy soil. Cd was added into soil as Cd（NO3）2 to reach concentrations ranging from 0.00 to 7.00 mg kg-1. The microbial biomass carbon （MBC） and community structure were affected by Cd concentration, root activity, and soil type. Lower Cd loading rates （〈 1.00 mg kg-1） stimulated the growth of pakchoi and microorganisms, but higher Cd concentrations inhibited the growth of microorganisms. The content of phospholipid fatty acids （PLFAs） was sensitive to increased Cd levels. MBC was linearly correlated with the total PLFAs. The content of general PLFAs in the fungi was positively correlated with the available Cd in the soil, whereas those in the bacteria and actinomycetes were negatively correlated with the available Cd in the soil. These results indicated that fungi were more resistant to Cd stress than bacteria or actinomycetes, and the latter was the most sensitive to Cd stress. Microbial biomass was more abundant in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil. Root activity enhanced the growth of microorganisms and stabilized the microbial community structure in the rhizosphere. PLFA analysis was proven to be sensitive in detecting changes in the soil microbial community in response to Cd stress and root activity.     

氯磺隆污染对土壤生物量碳氮与总有机碳氮比值的影响

The extent and seriousness of the contamination of soils by pesticides still remain to be determined,In agricultural systems,herbicides are the largest class of pesticides used (Shea,1985),Chlorsulfuron is one of the most important sulfonylurea herbicides with important feature of very high herbicidal activity,which results in extremely low application rates of 10-40g ha^-1(Blair and Martin,1988),The sulfonylurea herbicides can persist in the soil for more than 1 year(Brown,1990),Therefore,there has been considerable interest in the side effects of these chemicals on non-target organisms,including soil microorganisms(Greaves and Malkomes,1980),It ios generally recognized that the microbial biomass is the eye of the needle through which all organic materials that enter the soil must pass(Jenkinson,1988), Changes in the microbial biomass-C(Cmic) can provide an early indication of long-term trends in the total organic-C(Corg) of soils(Carter,1986),The Cmic/Corg ratio has been found useful as an index of changes in soil organic matter resulting from land management changes(Hart et al.1989).Many studies were done on relative effect of heavy metals on the ratio of Cmic/Corg but few studies have laid particular attention to the effect of herbicides on this ratio,The present paper reports on the Cmic/Corg and microbial biomass-N/total N (Nmic/Ntotal)ratios in soil as affected by chlorsulfuron.     

Pb-Zn交互作用对红壤微生物生物量的影响

A laboratory incubation experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of lead and zinc applied alone or in various combinations on the size of microbial biomass in a red soil. Treatments included the application of lead at six different levels i. e., 0 (background), 100, 200, 300, 450 and 600 g g^-1 soil along with each of the four levels of zinc (0, 50, 150 or 250 g g^-1 soil). Application of lead or zinc alone to soil significantly (P < 0. 001) affected the soil microbial biomass. The microbial biomass carbon (C_mic), biomass nitrogen (N_mic) and biomass phosphorus (P_mic) decreased sharply in soils contaminated with lead or zinc. Combined application of lead and zinc resulted in a greater biocidal effect on soil microbial biomass, which was significantly higher (P < 0. 001) than that when either lead or zinc was applied alone. Consistent increase in the biomass C: N and decline in the biomass C:P ratios were also observed with the increased metal (Pb and Zn) toxicity in the soil.     

中国北方温带草原土壤微生物对气温变暖与添加氮素的响应特征

The responses of soil microbes to global warming and nitrogen enrichment can profoundly affect terrestrial ecosystem functions and the ecosystem feedbacks to climate change. However, the interactive effect of warming and nitrogen enrichment on soil microbial community is unclear. In this study, individual and interactive effects of experimental warming and nitrogen addition on the soil microbial community were investigated in a long-term field experiment in a temperate steppe of northern China. The field experiment started in 2006 and soils were sampled in 2010 and analyzed for phospholipid fatty acids to characterize the soil microbial communities. Some soil chemical properties were also determined. Five-year experimental warming significantly increased soil total microbial biomass and the proportion of Gram-negative bacteria in the soils. Long-term nitrogen addition decreased soil microbial biomass at the 0-10 cm soil depth and the relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the soils. Little interactive effect on soil microbes was detected when experimental warming and nitrogen addition were combined. Soil microbial biomass positively correlated with soil total C and N, but basically did not relate to the soil C/N ratio and pH. Our results suggest that future global warming or nitrogen enrichment may significantly change the soil microbial communities in the temperate steppes in northern China.     

中国东北黑土上长期施用化肥对土壤微生物生物量和功能多样性的影响

An experiment with seven N, P, K-fertilizer treatments, i.e., control （no fertilizer）, NP, NK, PK, NPK, NP2K, and NPK2 where P2 and K2 indicate double amounts of P and K fertilizers respectively, was conducted to examine the effect of long-term continuous application of chemical fertilizers on microbial biomass and functional diversity of a black soil （Udoll in the USDA Soil Taxonomy） in Northeast China. The soil microbial biomass C ranged between 94 and 145 mg kg^-1, with the NK treatment showing a lower biomass; the functional diversity of soil microbial community ranged from 4.13 to 4.25, with an increasing tendency from control to double-fertilizer treatments, and to triple-fertilizer treatments. The soil microbial biomass, and the microbial functional diversity and evenness did not show any significant differences among the different fertilizer treatments including control, suggesting that the long-term application of chemical fertilization would not result in significant changes in the microbial characteristics of the black soil.     

湿地土壤质量退化的模糊综合评价

Due to frequent soil Cd contamination and wide use of butachlor in China,there is a need to assess their combined toxicity to soil microorganisms.The combined effects of cadmium (Cd,10 mg kg^-1 soil) and herbicide butachlor (10,50,and 100 mg kg^-1 soil) on enzyme activities and microbial community structure in a paddy soil were assessed using the traditional enzyme assays and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis.The results showed that urease and phosphatase activities were significantly reduced by high butachlor concentration (100 mg kg^-1 soil).When the concentrations of Cd and butachlor added were at a ratio of 1:10,urease and phosphatase activities were significantly decreased whereas enzyme activities were greatly improved at the ratio of 1:5,which indicated that the combined effects of Cd and butachlor on soil urease and phosphatase activities depended largely on their addition concentration ratios.Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis showed loss of original bands and appearance of new bands when compared with the control soil.Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints suggested substantial differences between the control and treated soil samples,with apparent changes in the number and size of amplified DNA fragments.The addition of high concentration butachlor and the combined impacts of Cd and butachlor significantly affected the diversity of the microbial community.RAPD analysis in conjunction with other biomarkers such as soil enzyme parameters would prove a powerful ecotoxicological tool.Further investigations should be carried out to understand the clear link between RAPD patterns and enzyme activity.     

黄河三角洲退化湿地微生物群落特性研究

Five different sites with a soluble salt gradient of 3.0--17.7 g kg-1 dry soil from the coast to the inland were selected, and the microbial population size, activity and diversity in the rhizospheres of five common plant species and the adjacent bulk soils (non-rhizosphere) were compared in a degraded wetland of the Yellow River Delta, Shandong Province, China to study the effects of soil environment (salinity, seasonality, depth, and rhizosphere) on microbial communities and the wetland’s ecological function, thus providing basic data for the bioremediation of degraded wetlands. There was a significant negative linear relationship between the salinity and the total number of microorganisms, overall microbial activity, or culturable microbial diversity. Salinity adversely affected the microbial community, and higher salinity levels resulted in smaller and less active microbial communities. Seasonal changes were observed in microbial activity but did not occur in the size and diversity. The microbial size, activity and diversity decreased with increasing soil depth. The size, activity and diversity of culturable microorganisms increased in the rhizospheres. All rhizospheres had positive effects on the microbial communities, and common seepweed had the highest rhizosphere effect. Three halophilic bacteria (Pseudomonas mendocina, Burkholderia glumae, and Acinetobacter johnsonii) were separated through BIOLOG identification, and common seepweed could be recommended for bioremediation of degraded wetlands in the Yellow River Delta.     

连续三年添加制革厂堆肥后土壤微生物生物量研究

Brazilian industry produces huge amounts of tannery sludge as residues, which is often disposed by landfilling or land application. However, consecutive amendment of such composted industrial wastes may cause shifts in soil microbial biomass （SMB） and enzyme activity. This study aimed to evaluate SMB and enzyme activity after 3-year consecutive composted tannery sludge （CTS） amendment in tropical sandy soils. Different amounts of CTS （0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 t ha-1） were applied to a sandy soil. The C and N contents of SMB, basal and substrate-induced respiration, respiratory quotient （qCO2）, and enzyme activities were determined in the soil samples collected after CTS amendment for 60 d at the third year. After 3 years, significant changes were found in soil microbial properties in response to different CTS amounts applied. The organic matter and Cr contents significantly increased with increasing CTS amounts. SMB and soil respiration peaked following amendment with 10.0 and 20.0 t ha-1 of CTS, respectively, while qCO2 was not significantly affected by CTS amendment. However, soil enzyme activity decreased significantly with increasing CTS amounts. Consecutive CTS amendment for 3 years showed inconsistent and contrasting effects on SMB and enzyme activities. The decrease in soil enzyme activities was proportional to a substantial increase in soil Cr concentration, with the latter exceeding the permitted concentrations by more than twofold. Thus, our results suggest that a maximum CTS quantity of 5.0 t ha-1 can be applied annually to tropical sandy soil, without causing potential risks to SMB and enzyme activity.     

章古台沙地松树人工林土壤无机氮、微生物生物量碳及微生物生物量氮

The dynamics of soil inorganic nitrogen （NH4^＋ -N and NO3^- -N） and microbial biomass carbon （Cmic） and nitrogen （Nmic） under 30-year-old fenced Pinus sylvestris L. var. mongolica Litvin （SF）, unfenced P. sylvestris L. var. mongolica Litvin （SUF）, and unfenced Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc. （DUF） plantations in the Zhanggutai sandy soil of China were studied during Apr. to Oct. 2004 by the in situ closed-top core incubation method. All mentioned C and N indices in each stand type fluctuated over time. The ranges of inorganic N, Cmic, and Nmic contents in the three stand types were 0.7-2.6, 40.0-128.9, and 5.4-15.2 μg g^-1, respectively. The average contents of soil NH4^＋ -N and Cmic under the three 30-year-old pine plantations were not different. However, soil NO3^ -N and total inorganic N contents decreased in the order of SUF ≥ SF ≥ DUF, the Nmic content was in the order of SF = SUF 〉 DUF, and the Cmic：Nmic ratio was in the order of SUF = DUF 〉 SF. Seasonal variations were observed in soil inorganic N, microbial biomass, and plant growth. These seasonal variations had certain correlations with microbe and plant N use in the soil, and their competition for NH4^＋ -N was mostly regulated by soil N availability. The influence of tree species on inorganic N and Nmic were mainly because of differences in litter quality. Lack of gazing decreased the Cmic：Nmic ratio owing to decreased carbon output and increased the ability of soil to supply N. The soil N supply under the P. sylvestris var. mongolica plantation was lower than under the P. densiflora plantation.     

挪威北部土壤微生物活性的季节变化

Seasonal development of soil microbial activity and bacterial biomass in sub-polar regions was investigated to determine the impacts of biotic and abiotic factors, such as organic matter content, temperature and moisture. The study was performed during spring thaw from three cultivated meadows and two non-cultivated forest sites near Alta, in northern Norway. Samples from all five sites showed increasing respiration rates directly after the spring thaw with soil respiration activity best related to soil organic matter content. However, distributions of bacteria] biomass showed fewer similarities to these two parameters. This could be explained by variations of litter exploitation through the biomass. Microbial activity started immediately after the thaw while root growth had a longer time lag. An influence of root development on soil microbes was proposed for sites where microorganisms and roots had a tight relationship caused by a more intensive root structure. Also a reduction of microbial activity due to soil compaction in the samples from a wheel track could not be observed under laboratory conditions. New methodological approaches of differential staining for live and dead organisms were applied in order to follow changes within the microbial community. Under laboratory conditions freeze and thaw cycles showed a damaging influence on parts of the soil bacteria. Additionally, different patterns for active vs. non-active bacteria were noticeable after freeze-thaw cycles.     

宁夏黄土丘陵区植被恢复对土壤养分和微生物生物量的影响

本研究以宁夏固原天然草地、农地、撂荒地和不同年限的柠条林地为研究对象,分析了不同植被类型下土壤养分和土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷的变化。研究结果表明:土壤养分除速效磷和全氮外,其他指标均为农地最低,撂荒地次之,并且随植被恢复年限的增加而增加;不同植被类型条件下,土壤微生物生物量有显著差异,微生物量碳含量表现为撂荒地农地天然草地3年柠条林地13年柠条林地23年柠条林地,微生物量氮以天然草地最低,农地、撂荒地和不同年限柠条林地较大,不同植被类型土壤微生物量磷差异显著,在5~20cm土层和20~40cm土壤中表现尤为突出。土壤微生物量碳、氮、磷与植被类型和植被恢复年限关系密切。柠条林对土壤微生物生物量有明显促进作用,并且随着植被恢复年限的增加改良效果越显著。     

黄土丘陵区人工刺槐林恢复过程中土壤氮素与微生物活性的变化

为了探讨不同生长年限的人工刺槐(Robinnia pseudoacacia)林对土壤中氮素组成与微生物活性的影响及机理,本文采用"时空互代"法进行野外选点调查和采样,对典型黄土丘陵区陕西省安塞纸坊沟小流域不同林龄(10 a、15 a、30 a、38 a)人工刺槐林和撂荒地3个土层(0~10 cm、10~30 cm和30~60 cm)中的全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有机氮、微生物生物量碳和磷、基础呼吸及基本理化性质进行了研究。结果表明:人工刺槐林地土壤微生物生物量碳、磷含量和微生物熵都显著高于撂荒地(P<0.05)。随着人工刺槐林生长年限的增加,各层土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和有机氮含量均逐渐增加,其中有机氮的增加最显著;土壤微生物生物量碳、磷含量显著增加;微生物熵显著增大而呼吸熵显著减小;土壤有机碳、速效磷含量总体上显著增加(P<0.05);容重和碳氮比则呈下降趋势。随着土层深度的增加,氮素、有机碳、速效磷和微生物生物量碳、磷含量显著减小(P<0.05);容重和pH显著增加。土壤微生物生物量碳、磷和呼吸熵均与有机氮、全氮、硝态氮显著正相关(P<0.05)。分析发现,刺槐的生长促使土壤中微生物可利用碳增加,提高了碳的利用率,使土壤微生物量碳、磷含量增加;微生物活性的提高反过来促进了土壤氮素含量的提高,土壤中有机氮含量显著增加。与10 a生刺槐林相比,30 a生林地土壤表层的全氮含量明显增加,氮素肥力由7级(0.40 g.kg 1)上升为5级(0.87 g.kg 1)水平。     

半干旱农田生态系统作物根系和施肥对土壤微生物体氮的影响

盆栽和大田试验表明,作物根系显著影响土壤微生物体氮的含量。在田间试验条件下,根际土壤微生物体氮比非根际土壤平均高出N54.7μg/g;盆栽试验中,根际土壤微生物体氮平均含量为N77.1±13.6μg/g,而非根际土壤为N65.2±17.0μg/g,差异达显著水平,根际微生物体氮含量为非际根际土壤的1.10～2.04倍。施肥能明显增加土壤微生物体氮含量,但影响程度因肥料种类而不同。秸秆和富含有机物质的厩肥对土壤微生物体氮的影响远大于化学肥料,而且土壤微生物体氮含量随秸秆施用量增加而增加。在红油土上进行的20年长期田间定位试验结果表明,对不施肥和施氮磷处理,0—20cm土层的微生物体氮分别是N102.2和110.4μg/g;在施氮磷的基础上,每公顷配施新鲜玉米秸秆9375kg、18750kg、37500kg和厩肥37500kg时,相应土层微生物体氮分别是N147.5、163.2、286.4和265.3μg/g。培养条件下,当有效能源物质缺乏时,微生物对NH4+-N的同化固定能力远大于NO3--N,但在加入有效能源物质葡萄糖后,微生物对2种形态氮的固定量大幅度增加,且对2种形态氮的固定量趋于一致。     

Soil microbial biomass C:N:P stoichiometry and microbial use of organic phosphorus

Microbial mineralization and immobilization of nutrients strongly influence soil fertility. We studied microbial biomass stoichiometry, microbial community composition, and microbial use of carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) derived from glucose-6-phosphate in the A and B horizons of two temperate Cambisols with contrasting P availability. In a first incubation experiment, C, nitrogen (N) and P were added to the soils in a full factorial design. Microbial biomass C, N and P concentrations were analyzed by the fumigation-extraction method and microbial community composition was analyzed by a community fingerprinting method (automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis, ARISA). In a second experiment, we compared microbial use of C and P from glucose-6-phosphate by adding ¹⁴C or ³³P labeled glucose-6-phosphate to soil. In the first incubation experiment, the microbial biomass increased up to 30-fold due to addition of C, indicating that microbial growth was mainly C limited. Microbial biomass C:N:P stoichiometry changed more strongly due to element addition in the P-poor soils, than in the P-rich soils. The microbial community composition analysis showed that element additions led to stronger changes in the microbial community in the P-poor than in the P-rich soils. Therefore, the changed microbial biomass stoichiometry in the P-poor soils was likely caused by a shift in the microbial community composition. The total recovery of ¹⁴C derived from glucose-6-phosphate in the soil microbial biomass and in the respired CO₂ ranged between 28.2 and 37.1% 66 h after addition of the tracer, while the recovery of ³³P in the soil microbial biomass was 1.4–6.1%. This indicates that even in the P-poor soils microorganisms mineralized organic P and took up more C than P from the organic compound. Thus, microbial mineralization of organic P was driven by microbial need for C rather than for P. In conclusion, our experiments showed that (i) the microbial biomass stoichiometry in the P-poor soils was more susceptible to additions of C, N and P than in the P-rich soils and that (ii) even in the P-poor soils, microorganisms were C-limited and the mineralization of organic P was mainly driven by microbial C demand.     

Response of white mustard (Sinapis alba) and the soil microbial biomass to P and Zn addition in a greenhouse pot experiment

A 45‐d pot experiment was carried out to investigate the response of white mustard and the soil microbial biomass after Zn and P addition to a P deficient silt loam. The underlying hypothesis was that P application reduces the Zn availability to crops and microbial biomass. White mustard was supplied with different levels of P (0, 50, and 100 µg g^?1 soil) and Zn (0, 10, and 20 µg g^?1 soil). Amendments of P generally reduced extractable Zn, shoot Zn and soil microbial biomass Zn. Amendments of P generally decreased the microbial biomass C/P ratio. At 20 µg Zn g^?1 soil, a negative effect on the microbial biomass C/P ratio was observed, suggesting that high contents of extractable Zn have a negative impact on the microbial P uptake. However, the minimum Zn requirements of soil microorganisms and the consequences of microbial Zn deficiency for soil microbiological processes are completely unknown.     

Soil C balance in a long-term field experiment in relation to the size of the microbial biomass

Soil C balances were calculated in a field experiment started in 1956. Treatments include a fallow and soils receiving different N fertilizers or organic amendments. By assuming the absence of a priming effect, the degree of mineralization of crop residues and organic amendments was calculated. Crop residue mineralization was not affected by a more than 50% decrease in the size of the microbial biomass in soil fertilized with (NH₄)₂SO₄, which had caused the pH of this soil to drop from 6.6 to 4.4. More C had accumulated per unit C input in peat-and sewage sludge-amended soils than in any of the other soils, suggesting that peat and sewage sludge were more resistant to microbial attack. Recalcitrance of substrate C was an adequate explanation for the low ratio of biomass C to soil C in the peat-amended soils, but not in the sewage sludge-amended soil. There was a close linear relationship (r=0.94) between the content of microbial biomass C in the soil measured in 1990 and cumulative C losses from the soil since 1956. Compared to the relationship between soil biomass C and soil organic C concentrations, the linear relationship between microbial C and cumulative C losses suggested that the significantly reduced biomass in the sewage sludge-amended soil was at least partially due to the presence of toxic substances (presumably elevated heavy metal concentrations) in this soil and was probably not affected by the somewhat low pH (5.3) in this soil.     

Estimating the active and total soil microbial biomass by kinetic respiration analysis

 A model describing the respiration curves of glucose-amended soils was applied to the characterization of microbial biomass. Both lag and exponential growth phases were simulated. Fitted parameters were used for the determination of the growing and sustaining fractions of the microbial biomass as well as its specific growth rate (μ _max). These microbial biomass characteristics were measured periodically in a loamy silt and a sandy loam soil incubated under laboratory conditions. Less than 1% of the biomass oxidizing glucose was able to grow immediately due to the chronic starvation of the microbial populations in situ. Glucose applied at a rate of 0.5 mg C g^–1 increased that portion to 4–10%. Both soils showed similar dynamics with a peak in the growing biomass at day 3 after initial glucose amendment, while the total (sustaining plus growing) biomass was maximum at day 7. The microorganisms in the loamy silt soil showed a larger growth potential, with the growing biomass increasing 16-fold after glucose application compared to a sevenfold increase in the sandy loam soil. The results gained by the applied kinetic approach were compared to those obtained by the substrate-induced respiration (SIR) technique for soil microbial biomass estimation, and with results from a simple exponential model used to describe the growth response. SIR proved to be only suitable for soils that contain a sustaining microbial biomass and no growing microbial biomass. The exponential model was unsuitable for situations where a growing microbial biomass was associated with a sustaining biomass. The kinetic model tested in this study (Panikov and Sizova 1996) proved to describe all situations in a meaningful, quantitative and statistically reliable way. Received: 19 July 1999     

Substrate inputs and pH as factors controlling microbial biomass, activity and community structure in an arable soil

Our aim was to determine whether the smaller biomasses generally found in low pH compared to high pH arable soils under similar management are due principally to the decreased inputs of substrate or whether some factor(s) associated with pH are also important. This was tested in a soil incubation experiment using wheat straw as substrate and soils of different pHs (8.09, 6.61, 4.65 and 4.17). Microbial biomass ninhydrin-N, and microbial community structure evaluated by phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), were measured at 0 (control soil only), 5, 25 and 50 days and CO₂ evolution up to 100 days. Straw addition increased biomass ninhydrin-N, CO₂ evolution and total PLFA concentrations at all soil pH values. The positive effect of straw addition on biomass ninhydrin-N was less in soils of pH 4.17 and 4.65. Similarly total PLFA concentrations were smallest at the lowest pH. This indicated that there is a direct pH effect as well as effects related to different substrate availabilities on microbial biomass and community structure. In the control soils, the fatty acids 16:1ω5, 16:1ω7c, 18:1ω7c&9t and i17:0 had significant and positive linear relationships with soil pH. In contrast, the fatty acids i15:0, a15:0, i16:0 and br17:0, 16:02OH, 18:2ω6,9, 17:0, 19:0, 17:0c9,10 and 19:0c9,10 were greatest in control soils at the lowest pHs. In soils given straw, the fatty acids 16:1ω5, 16:1ω7c, 15:0 and 18:0 had significant and positive linear relationships with pH, but the concentration of the monounsaturated 18:1ω9 PLFA decreased at the highest pHs. The PLFA profiles indicative of Gram-positive bacteria were more abundant than Gram-negative ones at the lowest pH in control soils, but in soils given straw these trends were reversed. In contrast, straw addition changed the microbial community structures least at pH 6.61. The ratio: [fungal PLFA 18:2w6,9]/[total PLFAs indicative of bacteria] indicated that fungal PLFAs were more dominant in the microbial communities of the lowest pH soil. In summary, this work shows that soil pH has marked effects on microbial biomass, community structure, and response to substrate addition.