双流道泵性能预测的研究

通过对双流道泵叶轮和蜗壳里的水力损失、容积损失、机械损失的分析，提出了双流道泵扬程曲线、效率曲线的性能预测方法。分别给出了双流道泵叶轮和蜗壳内各种摩擦损失、扩散损失，及主要局部损失的计算方法。性能预测实例表明预测结果具有较高的精度。     

双吸泵叶轮切削后效率下降机理及切削定律

工程中经常存在双吸离心泵实际扬程远高于输水系统所需扬程的情况,通常采用切削水泵叶轮以达到泵站节能的目的。为了研究叶轮切削对双吸离心泵水力性能的影响,该文采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对叶轮切削后的双吸离心泵外特性和内部流场进行了CFD分析,首次揭示了叶轮切削后的水力损失机理,包括损失的位置、大小和原因。研究发现,随切削量增加,性能曲线上最优效率点位置向小流量工况显著偏移,双吸离心泵的最优效率值逐渐下降。叶轮切削而增加的水力损失主要产生在叶轮内部,这是由于叶轮切削后,叶片对水流控制能力变弱致流道内漩涡增多,造成叶轮部分水力损失明显增加;而隔舌间隙增大并未使压水室内的水力损失明显增加。在叶轮切削量一定前提下,在大流量工况,数值预测的结果与相似换算理论值近似相等;当切削量超过4%时,在小流量工况,依相似定律换算得到的扬程和轴功率值低于CFD计算结果。     

低比转速离心泵内部流场分析及试验

为了研究低比转速离心泵内部流动特性,对10种不同设计方案的低比转速离心泵进行了数值模拟和性能预测,讨论了叶轮和蜗壳的关键几何参数对内部流场和外特性的影响,分析了不同设计方案下泵内的静压、流线、速度和湍动能等分布,并针对复合式叶轮短叶片的分布位置和蜗壳喉部面积进行了对比试验。试验结果表明,该文优选的方案D,通过增加偏置短叶片后,扬程提高了5.5 m,效率提高了3.23%;增大蜗壳内部和喉部面积后,5种设计方案的额定点扬程均提高了约10 m,效率提高了约5%,且扩大了高效区范围。该研究将为低比转速离心泵的性能     

半高导叶端面间隙对离心泵水力性能影响的数值模拟与验证

离心泵中存在各种间隙,其间隙流动极其复杂,易出现泄漏流、间隙涡等复杂湍流,影响离心泵的水力性能及运行稳定性.该文结合数值模拟与试验方法,采用SSTk–ω湍流模型,研究半高导叶端面间隙对离心泵水力性能及内部流场的影响规律,重点探讨半高导叶端面间隙对离心泵水力性能的影响机理.结果表明,适当的半高导叶端面间隙能有效改善离心泵水力性能,拓宽其高效区,导叶叶高为1.0时,最高效率点流量37.5m3/h处,而导叶叶高为0~0.8时,其最高效率点流量42.5m3/h处;导叶端面间隙为0.4~0.6导叶叶高时,离心泵的效率与扬程最优,且最大效率为57.5%;在0.6倍设计工况、0.8倍设计工况和1.0倍设计工况时,带半高导叶端面间隙的离心泵中叶轮做功和导叶内总压损失均高于普通导叶式离心泵,在0.6倍设计工况,导叶叶高为1.0时叶轮做功比导叶叶高为0~0.8时叶轮做功低将近7m水头,且在0.6倍设计工况和0.8倍设计工况下,导叶叶高为0时导叶内总压损失平均值比导叶叶高为1.0时分别高6.66m、4.62m水头;在1.2倍设计工况和1.4倍设计工况时,其叶轮做功和导叶内总压损失均低于普通导叶式离心泵;在各流量工况下,带导叶端面间隙的离心泵中蜗壳内总压损失均小于普通导叶式离心泵;随着流量增加,带半高导叶端面间隙的离心泵中叶轮-导叶动静干涉作用在逐渐减弱,叶轮-蜗壳动静干涉作用逐渐凸显.研究结果为离心泵导叶优化设计提供参考.     

基于数值模拟的微型溴化锂屏蔽泵的性能分析

针对现有单级溴化锂屏蔽泵存在效率低、能耗高的缺点,研究开发了两级叶轮微型溴化锂屏蔽泵。设计两级微型溴化锂屏蔽泵机泵一体结构以及两级屏蔽泵的水力部件,包括叶轮设计、径向导叶和螺旋形涡室组合设计等。利用CFD软件FLUENT,对两级屏蔽泵进行流场模拟,得到了内部流场的分布情况。由此分别以溴化锂和清水为介质进行了性能预测,与设计值进行比对,结果符合设计要求。经样机试验验证,在相同流量下,两级微型溴化锂屏蔽泵比现有单级微型溴化锂屏蔽泵扬程高约1 m,机组效率高约1.6%。设计的两级屏蔽泵的扬程和机组效率模拟值与试验值比较接近,初步验证了模拟可信,设计方法可行。     

离心泵叶轮全流道非定常数值计算及粒子图像测速试验

为揭示离心泵叶轮旋转流道内的流动特性,设计了便于粒子图像测速(particle image velocimetry,PIV)的测试系统,并对离心泵进行了水力性能测试及叶轮全流道流场PIV测试,获得了不同工况下叶轮内的绝对速度和相对速度分布。基于标准k-ε湍流模型和滑移网格技术进行了非定常数值计算,并将数值计算结果与PIV实测结果进行了比较。结果表明,数值计算能够较为准确地预测离心泵的外特性,扬程误差最大仅为4.62%;PIV测量揭示了叶轮隔舌附近2个流道及其他流道的不同流动状态;数值计算得到的内部流动与PIV测试结果基本一致,在数值上仍存在一定的差异。研究结果为离心泵内部流动特性研究提供了借鉴。     

叶轮中心淹没深度对特低扬程下立式泵装置流道水力性能的影响

为提高特低扬程泵站立式轴流泵装置的水力性能,该研究对叶轮直径为3.0、2.5、2.0、1.5 m的立式轴流泵装置在不同叶轮中心淹没深度下的进、出水流道流场分别进行了三维湍流流动数值计算,并对流道流场和水头损失进行了分析比较;对某特低扬程泵站在叶轮中心淹没深度为3.08、2.38、1.68 m下的立式轴流泵装置水力性能分别进行了数值计算及比较,并进行了泵装置模型试验验证。研究结果表明：叶轮中心淹没深度对肘形进水流道的水流流态及水头损失的影响很小,但对虹吸式出水流道的流态和水头损失影响较大;随着叶轮中心淹没深度的增大,虹吸式出水流道内的流态逐渐改善,流道水头损失基本呈下降趋势,泵装置效率逐渐增大,特低扬程工况下泵装置模型试验最优工况点的效率达75.92%,泵装置能量性能数值模拟结果与模型试验结果基本一致。研究结果可为特低扬程泵站采用立式泵装置的设计提供一定参考依据。     

叶片数对离心泵振动噪声性能的影响

叶片数是离心泵的主要几何参数之一。为研究叶片数对离心泵振动噪声性能的影响,以比转速为97的离心泵为例,对比了不同叶片数下的水力和振动噪声性能,并采用FEM\BEM声振耦合计算方法对流动激励下的振动及其声辐射噪声进行了数值模拟,同时与试验数据进行对比分析。结果表明:提出的数值模拟方法可用于预测泵的流动诱导振动和声辐射性能,且在模拟中考虑口环泄漏的影响能够提高计算精度,有口环方案预测得到的振幅较无口环方案的预测精度提高了13.5%。随着叶片数的增加,扬程和轴功率均逐渐增大,最大增幅分别为15.9%和14.1%;效率随叶片数的增加呈先增大后减小再增大的趋势。离心泵蜗壳的压力脉动幅值随叶片数的减小而增大。由于叶轮蜗壳动静干涉的作用,蜗壳隔舌处、第1到第2断面间和扩压管壁面等3个区域的压力脉动幅值相对较高。随着叶片数的减少,蜗壳壁面的振动位移有所增大,最大位移主要发生蜗壳第8断面处。振动速度随着叶片数的增大后减小,与振动位移的规律有一定的差异,振动高速区主要集中在隔舌、蜗壳的第4与第6断面之间和靠近扩压管的第8断面处。设计工况下,泵在叶频对应的声压级和声强随着叶片数的增加先增大后减小,高声压级区域主要出现在泵出口附近的高振动速度引起的垂直方向。综合考虑水力和振动噪声性能,确定该模型泵的最佳叶片数为6。     

离心泵径向导叶正叶片参数的优化设计

针对工业生产中常见的节段式多级泵径向导叶和叶轮匹配程度较低的问题,该文借鉴面积比原理,利用数学关系给出了径向导叶正叶片参数确定的新方法。基于FLUENT软件,采用标准k-ε模型、SIMPLEC算法对径向导叶式离心泵单级叶轮与导叶进行了数值验证。结果表明:导叶喉部面积对离心泵性能影响重大,Anderson的面积比系数对导叶式离心泵偏大;正导叶参数的优化设计能提高离心泵的效率,该文设计的最优模型相比传统方法设计的模型,设计工况下扬程提高2.3m,效率提高1.6%,优化设计有效。该研究可为节段式多级泵的水力优化提供参考。     

基于CFD的离心泵小流量工况下扬程预测分析

为了分析和提高小流量工况下离心泵CFD(computational fluid dynamics)扬程预测的精度,该文对一比转数为64的离心泵多个小流量工况下的内部流动进行了全流场定常多相位和非定常瞬态数值模拟。重点分析了定常多相位计算中的相位角和非定常计算中的时间步长对扬程预测结果的影响,并对比分析了定常多相位和非定常计算对扬程预测的优劣及其原因。研究结果表明,相位角对定常多相位数值计算的扬程预测结果影响很小;时间步长对基于非定常数值计算的扬程预测结果有较大影响。非定常数值计算的扬程预测精度远高于定常多相位数值计算的扬程预测精度,其相对误差都在2%以内。随着流量的减小,叶片与蜗壳的动静干涉作用也越来越明显。对小流量工况下离心泵扬程进行CFD预测,必须被考虑叶片与隔舌的动静干涉作用。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.