三种人工草地小型土壤节肢动物群落多样性动态及其差异

小型土壤节肢动物是草地生态系统的重要组成部分,不仅对物质循环具有重要的作用,还对草地土壤质量或健康状况起指示作用。为了查明青藏高原地区建植不同单播人工草地对小型土壤节肢动物群落多样性的影响,在川西北红原县境内选取建植期为3和5年的老芒麦、垂穗披碱草和苜蓿3种多年生单播人工草地作为研究样地,并以天然草地为对照样地。2018年7和10月,采集各样地0~15 cm的土样并利用Tullgren法分离小型土壤节肢动物。结果表明:1)小型土壤节肢动物群落结构在不同牧草样地间存在差异,影响群落结构的主要是盖头甲螨属、板蒲螨属和长角毛蚊科等;在建植期为3年时,各样地间的小型土壤节肢动物群落密度、类群数和Shannon多样性指数无显著差异(P>0.05);建植期为5年时,小型土壤节肢动物群落密度、类群数和Shannon多样性指数在天然草地和苜蓿样地中无显著差异(P>0.05),但两者显著高于老芒麦和垂穗披碱草样地(P<0.05);此外,小型土壤节肢动物群落的季节动态在不同样地间也存在差异;2)随着建植年限的增加,小型土壤节肢动物群落的密度、类群数和Shannon多样性指数在老芒麦和垂穗披碱草样地显著降低(P<0.05),在苜蓿样地呈缓慢增加趋势(P>0.05),但均低于天然草地;3)影响小型土壤节肢动物群落组成结构的主要环境因子是土壤速效磷含量以及C/N和N/P;此外,小型土壤节肢动物群落密度与土壤速效钾含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05),类群数及Shannon多样性指数与植物群落盖度呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,在青藏高原上建植单播人工草地对小型土壤节肢动物群落的影响因牧草种类而异并随建植年限变化。建议对高寒地区建植期达到4年的垂穗披碱草、老芒麦和苜蓿单播人工草地进行改造,以提高小型土壤节肢动物多样性,促进草地生态功能正常发挥。     

Disturbance Type and Sagebrush Community Type Affect Plant Community Structure After Shrub Reduction

Treatments to reduce shrub cover are commonly implemented with the objective of shifting community structure away from shrub dominance and toward shrub and perennial grass codominance. In sagebrush (Artemisia L.) ecosystems, shrub reduction treatments have had variable effects on target shrubs, herbaceous perennials, and non-native annual plants. The factors mediating this variability are not well understood. We used long-term data from Utah’s Watershed Restoration Initiative project to assess short-term (1 − 4 yr post-treatment) and long-term (5 − 12 yr post-treatment) responses of sagebrush plant communities to five shrub reduction treatments at 94 sites that span a range of abiotic conditions and sagebrush community types. Treatments were pipe harrow with one or two passes, aerator, and fire with and without postfire seeding. We analyzed effect sizes (log of response ratio) to assess responses of sagebrush, perennial and annual grasses and forbs, and ground cover to treatments. Most treatments successfully reduced sagebrush cover over the short and long term. All treatments increased long-term perennial grass cover in Wyoming big sagebrush (A. tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young) communities, but in mountain big sagebrush (ssp. vaseyana [Rydb.] Beetle) communities, perennial grasses increased only when seeded after fire. In both sagebrush communities, treatments generally resulted in short-term, but not long-term, increases in perennial forb cover. Annual grasses (largely invasive cheatgrass, Bromus tectorum L.) increased in all treatments on sites dominated by mountain big sagebrush but stayed constant or decreased on sites dominated by Wyoming big sagebrush. This result was unexpected because sites dominated by Wyoming big sagebrush are typically thought to be less resilient to disturbance and less resistant to invasion than sites dominated by mountain big sagebrush. Together, these results indicate some of the benefits, risks, and contingent outcomes of sagebrush reduction treatments that should be considered carefully in any future decisions about applying such treatments.     

三江源区典型高寒草地丛枝菌根真菌多样性及构建机制

为探究三江源地区典型高寒草地生态系统中丛枝菌根(AM)真菌群落变化的关键驱动过程,以三江源国家公园高寒荒漠、高寒草原、高寒草甸和高寒湿地4种典型草地生态系统为研究对象,基于Illumina-Miseq高通量测序手段,通过分析不同生态系统中AM真菌群落的物种及谱系组成,并结合群落谱系分析方法,探明影响AM真菌群落组成的各...     

根系生态位差异对生态系统的影响

根系对于植物、群落及生态系统都具有重要的作用,同样外界环境也会对植物产生影响,二者相互作用。拥有较高植物多样性的群落,其根系生态位差异对整个群落的生物量、根系分布、土壤结构及营养资源分配均会产生不同程度的影响,而这些影响会决定群落的物种共存和生态稳定等情况,本文对国内外与根系相关的文献进行总结后得出:1)物种多样性较高的群落其生产力较高,且随着物种丰富度的增加,群落生物量的增加与深根植物根系生物量的增加关系更加密切;2)物种丰富度不同的群落会导致植物根系生态位垂直分布,因此根系分泌物及根系性状会影响土壤团聚体等结构特征和养分利用情况,达到改善土壤营养的目的,同时浅、深根系物种有利于物种共存和更好地利用土壤资源;3)根系的互补和选择效应均会对生态系统产生作用,且随着物种多样性的增加,互补效应增强,选择效应降低,互补效应被认为是增大资源利用率的关键,同时发现互补效应会受到群落中特定物种和竞争之间相互作用的影响。本文简要概述了根系对陆地生态系统的相关影响,并对根系研究做一定的展望,指出了根系生态学研究两点值得关注的内容,包括:1)群落对垂直分布的地下根系性状变化的影响还有待进一步验证、明确;2)由于根系采样较难,今后的研究要多与现代分子技术和影像技术相结合,更好展示地下根系状态。     

放牧强度对克氏针茅草原植物功能群的影响

植物功能群及其多样性是维持群落结构复杂性和稳定性的基础,一定程度上反映着草地生态系统的健康状况。本研究以内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原的克鲁伦河流域草原为研究对象,以植物生活型划分功能群类型,比较了3种放牧强度对植物功能群的组成结构、地上生物量和优势度的影响。结果表明,1)轻牧、中牧和重牧3种放牧条件下的总物种数分别为20、23和18种,符合"中度干扰假说";3种放牧强度下多年生非禾草物种数在群落中均占较高比例。2)轻度放牧条件下物种丰富度较低,但各放牧强度下功能群多样性无显著差异(P0.05),物种丰富度与功能群多样性无显著关系。3)随着放牧强度的增加,多年生禾草和灌木、半灌木在群落中的优势地位呈现下降趋势,与之相反,多年生非禾草优势地位越来越显著。重度放牧增加了一、二年生草本在群落中的物种数和地上生物量,但与轻牧、中牧相比,其优势度无显著变化(P0.05)。     

稻—麦连作和稻—休耕农田植物物种多样性的比较

为揭示休耕对农田生态系统植物群落和物种多样性的影响,以稻-麦连作和稻-休耕系统为研究对象,研究田内、田埂和沟渠3种生境的物种组成和多样性特征。结果表明,1)稻-麦连作系统植物由28科58属64种组成,多年生植物占39.1%;休耕系统植物由32科68属76种组成,多年生植物占52.6%;2)休耕显著提高了物种丰富度(P=0.021)和Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(P=0.006),但是稻-麦连作和稻-休耕系统之间的Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数没有显著差异(P=0.318,P=0.844);3)无论稻-麦连作还是稻-休耕系统,田埂生境中各多样性指数最高;但在休耕系统中,田埂和田内各多样性指数均没有显著差异;4)样方去趋势对应分析(detrended correspondence analysis,DCA)排序明确揭示了连作和休耕系统样地基本分离,且休耕期田内和田埂植物群落组成相似。休耕可降低作物生境和非作物生境的植物组成差异,促进农田生态系统植物物种多样性。     

植物-土壤微生物反馈在草地演替过程中的作用机制

植物-土壤反馈影响生态系统结构、功能及过程,推动植物群落组成的变化,对解释植物群落的演替进程和方向、维持植物群落多样性和稳定性有着重要意义,已成为近年生物学和生态学研究热点。植物-土壤微生物反馈是植物-土壤反馈的重要组成部分。重点综述植物-土壤微生物反馈在植物群落演替过程中的作用机制,简要指出目前研究中存在的不足,并对未来研究中值得重点关注的科学问题进行了探讨与展望。     

石羊河下游不同类型荒漠草地黑果枸杞群落结构及物种多样性特征

选择石羊河下游4种不同类型荒漠草地黑果枸杞(Lycium ruthenicum)群落,采用重要值、丰富度指数、Simpson和shannon-wiener多样性指数、Pielou和Alatalo均匀度指数对不同立地类型黑果枸杞群落结构特征和物种多样性进行了分析,结果表明:植物群落组成主要集中在藜科、蒺藜科、菊科和禾本科,这4大科植物在该区具有较强的生态适应性,所调查群落中共有植物种31种,分属9科28属,单科单属种较多,占到了总科数的一半;研究区群落结构简单,物种相对单一,黑果枸杞在群落中占有重要地位,且重要值相对较大,对群落的稳定性起关键作用;植物的生活型中灌木植物占优势,其次是一年生草本植物,多年生草本植物所占的比例最少;不同类型荒漠草地中黑果枸杞群落物种多样性指数均偏低,物种丰富度较低,生态优势度较高,种间相遇率偏低,群落中物种分布不均匀,表明植被群落结构简单、组织水平低,优势种或建群种在群落中占据主导地位。     

Fungal Facilitation in Rangelands: Do Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Mediate Resilience and Resistance in Sagebrush Steppe?

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) may exert profound influences on ecosystem resilience and invasion resistance in rangelands. Maintenance of plant community structure through ecological feedback mechanisms such as facilitation of nutrient cycling and uptake by host plants, physical and chemical contributions to soil structural stability, and mediation of plant competition suggest AMF may be important facilitators in stressful arid environments. Plant-AMF interactions could influence succession by increasing native plant community resilience to drought, grazing, and fire and resistance to exotic plant invasion. However, invasive exotic plants may benefit from associations with, as well as alter, native AMF communities. Furthermore, questions remain on the role of AMF in stressful environments, specifically the mycorrhizal dependency of sagebrush (Artemisia spp.) steppe plant species. Here, we review scientific literature relevant to AMF in rangelands, with specific focus on impacts of land management, disturbance, and invasion on AMF communities in sagebrush steppe. We highlight the nature of AMF ecology as it relates to rangelands and discuss the methods used to measure mycorrhizal responsiveness. Our review found compelling evidence that AMF mediation of resilience to disturbance and resistance to invasion varies with plant and fungal community composition, including plant mycorrhizal host status, plant functional guild, and physiological adaptations to disturbance in both plants and fungi. We conclude by outlining a framework to advance knowledge of AMF in rangeland invasion ecology. Understanding the role of AMF in semiarid sagebrush steppe ecosystems will likely require multiple study approaches due to the highly variable nature of plant-AMF interactions, the complex mechanisms of resilience conference, and the unknown thresholds for responses to environmental stressors. This may require shifting away from the plant biomass paradigm of assessing mycorrhizal benefits in order to obtain a more holistic view of plant dependency on AMF, or lack thereof, in sagebrush steppe and other semiarid ecosystems.     

围栏措施对青藏高原高寒草甸群落结构和稳定性的影响

人工条件下高寒脆弱生态系统群落结构及其稳定性的变化是研究其生态功能的重要内容。本研究以乌玛塘高寒草甸示范区为例,对研究区植被进行植物群落学调查,对植物群落功能群和稳定性进行分析,研究了高寒草甸植物群落在围栏4年和8年后,围栏内外群落的结构变化和稳定性差异。结果表明,1)围栏内物种多样性大于围栏外;围栏4年后群落内一年生、二年生植物重要值明显高于围栏外;围栏8年后,群落优势种发生变化,高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)优势度降低,一年生、二年生植物甘肃马先蒿(Pedicularis kansuensis)成为优势物种之一;多年生禾草,杂类草以及一年生、二年生植物3个功能群所含物种数显著多于围栏外(P0.05);2)围栏4年后群落稳定性表现为围栏内围栏外,8年后表现为围栏内围栏外。短期围栏使得群落稳定性高于未围栏的群落,但是群落结构差异并不明显,随着围栏时间增加,群落结构发生明显变化,且群落稳定性降低,围栏外群落则趋向于稳定。     

荒漠草原土壤粗质化和养分减少伴随多年生群落转变为一年生群落

为明晰荒漠草原植物群落物种空间分布对土壤环境因子的响应,2018年在宁夏盐池县荒漠草原区域,沿灰钙土内部、边缘和外部生境,基于样线法开展植被和土壤调查及采样,采用多元回归树和冗余分析相结合,探讨植物群落随土壤因子的空间变化特征以及不同群落特征的差异。结果表明,沿灰钙土内部、外部和边缘生境:1)短花针茅+糙隐子草+披针叶黄华群落,苦豆子+白草群落逐渐转变为猪毛蒿+猪毛菜群落。2)土壤粗砂粒、有机碳和全磷含量是群落物种组成空间变化的主要控制因子。3)植物群落高度、盖度和生物量呈显著降低趋势;群落物种多样性呈先增加后减少趋势;植物群落密度呈显著增加趋势。结论沿灰钙土内部、边缘和外部生境,土壤粗颗粒含量增加,养分含量降低,多年生植物群落转变为一年生植物群落。相对于残存的灰钙土生境植物群落,经历过严重沙化的生境,多年生物种比例、植物多样性和生物量依然较低。     

Responses of Chaparral and Oak Woodland Plant Communities to Fuel-Reduction Thinning in Southwestern Oregon

Fire suppression has led to large fuel accumulations in many regions of the United States. In response to concerns about associated wildfire hazards, land managers in the western United States are carrying out extensive fuel-reduction thinning programs. Although reductions in cover by woody vegetation seem likely to cause changes in herbaceous communities, few published studies have reported on consequences of such treatments for native or exotic plant species. We compared vegetation and abiotic characteristics between paired thinned and unthinned chaparral and oak woodland communities of southwestern Oregon 4–7 yr posttreatment and contrasted impacts of manual vs. mechanical treatments. Herbaceous cover increased on thinned sites, but species richness did not change. Herbaceous communities at thinned sites had an early postdisturbance type of composition dominated by native annual forbs and exotic annual grasses; cover by annuals was nearly twice as high on treated as on untreated sites. Absolute and proportional cover of native annual forbs increased more than any other trait group, whereas exotic annual forbs and native perennial forbs declined. Exotic annual grass cover (absolute and proportional) increased, whereas cover by native perennial grasses did not. Shrub reestablishment was sparse after thinning, probably because of a lack of fire-stimulated germination. Manual and mechanical treatment impacts on abiotic site conditions differed, but differences in vegetation impacts were not statistically significant. Fuel-reduction thinning may have some unintended negative impacts, including expansion of exotic grasses, reductions in native perennial species cover, persistent domination by annuals, and increased surface fuels. Coupled with sparse tree or shrub regeneration, these alterations suggest that ecological-state changes may occur in treated communities. Such changes might be mitigated by retaining more woody cover than is currently retained, seeding with native perennials after treatment, or other practices; further research is needed to inform management in these ecosystems.     

Native Plant Growth and Seedling Establishment in Soils Influenced by Bromus Tectorum

The invasion of 40 million hectares of the American West by cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) has caused widespread modifications in the vegetation of semi-arid ecosystems and increased the frequency of fires. In addition to well-understood mechanisms by which cheatgrass gains competitive advantage, it has been implicated in reducing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) abundance and taxa diversity. We evaluated this possibility at a high elevation site in a two-pronged approach. To test whether cheatgrass changed native AMF communities in ways that affected subsequent native plant growth, we grew cheatgrass and native plants in native soils and then planted native plants into these soils in a greenhouse experiment. We found that cheatgrass-influenced soils did not inhibit native plant growth or AMF sporulation or colonization. To test whether soils in cheatgrass-dominated areas inhibited establishment and growth of native plants, cheatgrass was removed and six seeding combinations were applied. We found that 14.02 ±  seedlings · m⁻² established and perennial native plant cover increased fourfold over the three years of this study. Glyphosate reduced cheatgrass cover to less than 5% in the year it was applied but did not facilitate native plant establishment or growth compared with no glyphosate. We conclude that cheatgrass influence on the soil community does not appear to contribute to its invasion success in these high elevation soils. It appears that once cheatgrass is controlled on sites with sufficient native plant abundance, there may be few lingering effects to inhibit the natural reestablishment of native plant communities.     

黄花棘豆在腐解过程中的化感作用及其土壤细菌群落结构分析

黄花棘豆属豆科棘豆属多年生草本植物,是我国西部草场广泛分布的主要毒草之一,为了探索黄花棘豆的危害机制,揭示其发生发展规律,本研究通过模拟黄花棘豆在土壤中的腐解过程,检测其对紫花苜蓿和黑麦草两种牧草的化感作用。结果显示当土壤中含有质量分数为5%的黄花棘豆时,黄花棘豆在腐解过程中就会对两种牧草的生长产生显著的化感抑制作用,其中对紫花苜蓿的化感作用更为明显。同时通过细菌16S rDNA测序对黄花棘豆根系土和非根系土中的细菌群落进行了比较,结果显示土壤细菌群落中的部分分类单元,如变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)的比例在两组中存在显著差异;同时,非根系土的细菌群落多样性高于根系土。以上结果相结合表明黄花棘豆可能通过化感作用改变其生长土壤的微生物环境,在促进自身生长的同时降低不良微生物对其自身的影响,并抑制其他共生植物生长。本研究为更好地寻找黄花棘豆的有效防控提供了一定理论依据。     

东乌珠穆沁草甸草原不同退化程度草地植物群落结构与多样性研究

为深入研究不同退化程度草甸草原植物群落多样性及稳定性的动态变化规律,本研究采用样方法对东乌珠穆沁不同退化程度草甸草原植物群落结构及多样性进行了调查分析。结果表明：研究区植物主要为禾本科、菊科、蔷薇科、莎草科、豆科、唇形科。随草地退化程度加剧：草地植被盖度减小;群落优势种从禾本科、莎草科、豆科等优质牧草逐渐转变为杂类草植物;多年生植物优势度下降,一年生杂草优势度上升,群落稳定性变差。未退化草地物种丰富度最大,中度退化草地较未退化草地表现出较高的多样性、优势度、均匀度、丰富度指数,其余草地类型多样性差异不显著。未退化草地样点间植物群落相似度较高,与轻度、中度、重度退化草地植物群落组成差别较大。轻度、中度、重度退化草地间植物群落组成存在相似性。本研究结果为退化草甸草原的恢复重建提供参考。     

安南坝野骆驼国家级自然保护区鼠类群落结构的研究

为全面了解安南坝野骆驼国家级自然保护区鼠类群落结构和多样性,于2018-2019年采用铗日法对该区10种不同生境类型下的25个调查点进行鼠类调查,并对鼠类群落多样性进行分析。结果表明：捕获鼠类124只,分属3科6属9种;其中三趾跳鼠、子午沙鼠和柽柳沙鼠为保护区优势鼠种。聚类和PCA分析可知安南坝保护区鼠类主要分布于2个群落。荒漠耐旱群落广泛分布于保护区各生境,耐旱-喜湿混合群落主要分布在芦苇群系和水柏枝群系生境。在调查的10种生境中,芦苇群系生境丰富度指数和多样性指数均高于其他生境。除环境因素外,鼠类群落的多样性受群落内鼠种数目和物种分配的均匀程度2个因素影响。鼠类垂直分布表现出在1400~1800 m和2600~3000 m海拔分布的鼠种多,呈现出中间低两头高的趋势。由此可见,生境类型和海拔高度影响着安南坝保护区的鼠类群落结构。     

内蒙古短花针茅群落数量分类及环境解释

 群落分布格局与环境（环境因素、空间因素、生物因素）之间的关系一直以来便是生态学研究的热点。为了探讨环境对内蒙古短花针茅群落结构格局的影响,运用双向指示种分析法（ｔｗｏ ｗａｙｉｎｄｉｃａｔｏｒｓｐｅｃｉｅｓａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ,ＴＷＩＮＳＰＡＮ）对内蒙古自治区２０２个短花针茅群落进行数量分类,并结合环境因子、空间因子（各３个）运用除趋势典范对应分析排序方法（ｄｅｔｒｅｎｄｅｄｃａｎｏｎｉｃａｌｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｃｅａｎａｌｙｓｉｓ,ＤＣＣＡ）分析了环境因子、空间因子、环境因子与空间因子交互作用及其他因素对内蒙古短花针茅群落结构格局的影响。结果表明,１）ＴＷＩＮＳＰＡＮ 将内蒙古２０２个短花针茅群落在第４级水平上分为１６个群丛;２）ＤＣＣＡ 前２排序轴集中了大部分信息（７５．３％）,第１,２排序轴分别突出反映了群落结构格局在热量、水分梯度上的变化,结合ＴＷＩＮＳＰＡＮ 划分的群丛类型构建了内蒙古短花针茅草原生态系列图式;３）因子分离分析表明,环境因子对群落结构格局的解释能力为７０．７％,其中２６．５％为单纯环境因子引起,空间因子解释能力为５５．６％,其中１１．４％ 是独立于环境因子的,４４．２％ 是环境因子和空间因子交互作用导致的,未能解释的部分达１７．９％,结合其他研究有力地证明了“环境因素对植被的可解释程度是植被本身的复杂性决定的,植被越复杂,环境的可解释程度则越低”。     

禁牧与放牧对新疆温性草原群落结构、生物量及牧草品质的影响

本试验研究了不同利用方式下温性草原植被特征及品质变化情况,旨在了解禁牧和放牧对草地群落产生的影响和群落变化过程,为合理利用与管理新疆温性草原提供理论依据。本研究以禁牧与放牧两种利用方式下的新疆温性草原为研究对象,2018年采用野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,对整个生长季的草地群落生物量、数量特征、多样性及植被品质进行了动态观测。结果表明：放牧使群落基本数量特征（群落高度、盖度和密度）显著降低（P<0.05）,退化指示植物在群落中所占比重增加;与放牧草地相比,禁牧草地的群落优势物种生物量、总生物量均显著提高（P<0.05）,优势物种所占比重增加,群落丰富度下降,植物中粗蛋白含量降低,纤维含量显著增加（P<0.05）。本研究发现自由放牧会使草原群落向退化方向演替,长期禁牧会使得群落丰富度下降,在草原利用时要合理的将放牧与禁牧相结合,促进草地生态系统可持续发展。     

不同生境中飞机草的群落结构及其生物多样性

采用样方法,研究了桂西南喀斯特地区外来入侵植物飞机草(Eupatorium odoratum)对人工疏林、弃耕地和荒山灌丛的群落组成、结构特征以及植物物种丰富度的影响。结果表明,3种生境中共有植物79种,隶属45科50属,群落灌层和草层分层不明显;但植物种类、数量和垂直结构在3种生境中存在差异;影响飞机草群落分布组成的主要因素是人为干扰和光照,其贡献率分别为42.88%和24.17%,据此将调查样点分为3个聚类群;当飞机草重要值大于0.51时,样方物种丰富度随重要值的增加而减小,二者之间具有显著相关性。表明飞机草的入侵对生物多样性有不利的影响,而这种影响又受人为干扰强度的限制。     

放牧对草地土壤微生物的影响

土壤质量是草地生态系统生产力可持续发展的关键所在。健康的土壤必定拥有丰富的物种多样性、活跃的生命体、高效的内部养分循环及较好的抗干扰能力。土壤微生物作为土壤系统中各种生物进程的主要推动者,其作用不可小觑。因此,我们可以利用土壤微生物的数量、群落结构和多样性等特征监测土壤质量。本文综述了放牧对草地土壤微生物数量、生物量、群落结构和多样性的影响。指出通过了解土壤微生物与放牧行为间的关系,如何评估土壤质量,选取适宜的放牧梯度,完善草地管理模式,并介绍了土壤微生物群落结构和多样性研究方法的利弊。解决两个关键问题：1）土壤微生物的各种特征是如何响应放牧行为的。2）如何通过这些指标评价土壤质量,然后提出合理的放牧模式,改善和维护草地的生产力。