正常和白化褐牙鲆皮肤和肌肉中DHA和EPA含量的比较

利用气相色谱法对相同养殖条件下生长的正常和白化褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)的皮肤和肌肉组织中的DHA和EPA含量进行了比较分析。结果显示，正常和白化褐牙鲆的皮肤和肌肉中EPA含量相近，但白化个体皮肤中DHA含量显著低于正常个体，约为后者的1／2。而两者肌肉中的DHA含量则没有显著差异。同时，白化个体皮肤和肌肉组织中的DHA／EPA比值略低于正常个体。这一结果证明白化褐牙鲆皮肤蓄积或利用DHA的能力要低于正常褐牙鲆。关于鲆鳔类白化现象同鱼体对饵料中脂肪酸类物质的利用率之间的关系有待深入研究。     

饲料中DHA与EPA水平对幼蟹生长和饲料利用率的影响

以初始体重为 ( 1 .37± 0 .46)g的幼蟹为实验对象 ,在室内水族箱中进行为期 60d的生长实验。以鱼油 /豆油 ( 2∶1 ,W/W)为脂肪源 ,以不同DHA与EPA的水平 ,配制成饲料脂肪含量为 8%的 3种等氮、等能饲料 ,用于研究饲料中DHA与EPA水平对幼蟹生长及饲料利用率的影响。DHA与EPA为美国阿拉斯加生产的浓缩深海鱼油 ,每克深海鱼油含EPA为 1 80mg ,DHA为 1 2 0mg。实验结果表明 ,在饲料中添加 0 .30 %的DHA与EPA时 ,实验组幼蟹的增重率和对饲料的利用率明显优于其它组     

饲料中添加酵母硒对史氏鲟幼鱼生长性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化能力的影响

以酵母硒(总硒含量2 000 mg/kg)的形式分别向基础饲料(硒含量0.78 mg/kg)中添加0、2、4、6 mg/kg(饲料中硒总含量为0.78、2.42、4.26和6.73 mg/kg)的硒,研究饲料中添加酵母硒对史氏鲟(Acipenser schrenckii)幼鱼(25.89±0.74) g生长性能、肌肉品质及抗氧化能力的影响。实验选取360尾体质健康的史氏鲟幼鱼,随机分配至12个养殖缸(30尾/缸),养殖周期为10周。结果显示：(1)饲料中添加酵母硒对史氏鲟幼鱼肌肉硒含量、水分、粗灰分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量及饲料转化率(FCR)、内脏比(VSI)、肝重比(HIS)没有显著性影响,但肥满度(CF)显著升高;与对照组相比,6.73 mg/kg添加组的史氏鲟幼鱼增重率(WGR)和特定增长率(SGR)显著升高,肌肉蒸煮损失、冻融损失和滴水损失均显著降低;(2)对史氏鲟幼鱼投喂添加2.42～6.73 mg/kg的酵母硒饲料,其肌纤维密度显著增加、肌纤维直径显著降低;(3)添加6.73 mg/kg的硒显著提升了肝脏谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GP_X)活性。结果表明,饲料...     

螺旋藻添加量对凡纳对虾EPA和DHA含量的影响

在商品凡纳对虾饲料中添加不同水平(0％、0．2％、0．5％、0．8％、1．5％、3％、5％)的螺旋藻，投喂给凡纳对虾幼虾，饲养8周后测定虾体EPA、DHA含量。在0～1．5％螺旋藻添加范围内，虾体EPA的含量(Y)与螺旋藻添加量(X)呈现良好的线性关系(YEPA=2．4275X 4．5975 R^2=0．9611)，在0～0．8％的螺旋藻添加范围内，虾体中DHA的含量与螺旋藻添加量也呈显著线性相关(YDHA=4．668X 5．6545 R^2=0．9631)。结果表明：适量添加螺旋藻可以显著改善凡纳对虾EPA和DHA在总脂肪酸中含量。     

饲料中乙醇梭菌蛋白含量对草鱼肌肉品质、抗氧化能力和相关基因表达的影响

乙醇梭菌蛋白(Clostridium autoethanogenum protein,CAP)是一种新型细菌蛋白,尚未见其对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肌肉品质影响的相关研究。本实验旨在揭示乙醇梭菌蛋白作为草鱼饲料中单一蛋白源时对肌肉品质所产生的影响。设计了6组不同乙醇梭菌蛋白含量饲料(蛋白质含量为24.45%、27.31%、31.82%、35.79%、38.64%和42.82%,分别命名为CAP1、CAP2、CAP3、CAP4、CAP5和CAP6),以初始体重(4.56±0.01) g的草鱼幼鱼进行56 d的养殖实验。结果如下:(1)CAP4组草鱼空壳率、肌肉pH显著提升,而肌肉蒸煮损失随蛋白质水平上升线性增加(P<0.05);(2)肌肉硬度、弹性、凝聚力、黏性、咀嚼力和回复力均随饲料蛋白质水平升高呈现先升高后降低的二次模型趋势(P<0.05),根据硬度估计最佳蛋白质水平为33.53%;(3)肌肉组织学显示CAP4组肌肉密度显著升高(P<0.05);(4)肌肉过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)随...     

饲料维生素C水平对吉富罗非鱼生长性能、肌肉品质和抗氧化功能的影响

以维生素C多聚磷酸酯为维生素C(VC)源,评价了饲料VC水平对吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)生长、肌肉品质和抗氧化功能的影响。在基础饲料中分别添加0、60、300和1 500 mg/kg的VC(分别记为C 0、C 60、C300和C 1500组)配制成4种实验饲料,投喂初始体质量为(77.07±2.24)g的吉富罗非鱼56 d,实验分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复20尾鱼。结果表明,饲料中添加VC可以显著提高吉富罗非鱼的增重率、特定生长率和成活率(P0.05),但3个添加组之间无显著差异(P0.05);各实验组罗非鱼肌肉的粗蛋白、粗脂肪和粗灰分含量不受饲料VC添加水平的影响(P0.05),罗非鱼肌肉的水分含量以C 1500组最低,显著低于其余3组(P0.05);C 300组罗非鱼肌肉的弹性和咀嚼性显著高于C 0组(P0.05);C 1500组的肌肉硬度、凝聚性、弹性、黏性、咀嚼性均显著高于C 0组(P0.05),各组的肌肉回复性无显著差异(P0.05);VC添加组的罗非鱼血清和肌肉的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著高于C 0组(P0.05),血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以C 300组最高,显著高于C 0组(P0.05),肌肉CAT活性有增高趋势但未出现显著差异(P0.05),3个VC添加组的血清丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著低于C 0组(P0.05),C1500组的肌肉MDA含量显著低于C 0组(P0.05)。上述结果表明,饲料中添加适量VC(有效含量282 mg/kg)能提高吉富罗非鱼的生长性能,改善其肌肉品质,增强机体抗氧化功能。     

4种豆粕替代鱼粉对大黄鱼生长、抗氧化及抗菌能力的影响

分别用9种等氮等能的饲料投喂初始体质量为(34.72±0.28)g的大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea)。其中1组投喂对照饲料(含50%鱼粉,不含豆粕),另外8个试验组分别投饲由去皮豆粕(DSM)、酶解豆粕(ESM)、发酵豆粕Ⅰ(FSMⅠ)和发酵豆粕Ⅱ(FSMⅡ)替代20%和40%的鱼粉的饲料,9组分别命名为FM、DSM20、DSM40、ESM20、ESM40、FSMⅠ20、FSMⅠ40、FSMⅡ20、FSMⅡ40。在海水浮式网箱中进行7周的养殖实验后,评定4种豆粕替代鱼粉的可行性及适宜替代水平。结果显示,试验组与对照组鱼存活率和特定生长率无显著差异(P0.05)。血清生化指标显示,FM组和FSMⅡ20组超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于其它试验组(P0.05),FM、DSM20、FSMⅠ40、FSMⅡ20组过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于DSM40、ESM20、ESM40及FSMⅠ20组(P0.05),不同试验组的丙二醛(MDA)含量均不同程度高于对照组。酶解豆粕替代40%鱼粉导致实验鱼的血清对哈维氏弧菌的抵抗能力下降,去皮豆粕替代20%鱼粉导致血清对溶藻弧菌抵抗能力下降;但发酵豆粕不影响血清及黏液对3种菌的抵抗能力。研究表明,以特定生长率、饲料转化率和抗菌能力为评价指标,发酵豆粕是鱼粉的最佳替代源,发酵豆粕Ⅰ和Ⅱ均能替代20%~40%的鱼粉,但存在抗氧化能力下降的风险,尤其是发酵豆粕Ⅰ40%替代组;去皮豆粕和酶解豆粕替代鱼粉在抗菌能力和抗氧化能力方面无优势。     

核苷酸对大黄鱼生长性能、肠道形态和抗氧化能力的影响

为探究饲料中添加核苷酸对大黄鱼生长性能、肠道形态和抗氧化能力的影响,实验选取初始体质量为(7.71±0.02)g的大黄鱼幼鱼为研究对象,设置2个对照组,即高鱼粉对照组FM(鱼粉含量为45.0%)和低鱼粉对照组N0(鱼粉含量为31.5%),在低鱼粉对照组基础上分别添加0、75、150、300、600和1 000 mg/kg的核苷酸,共配制出7种等氮等脂饲料,在海水浮式网箱中进行为期63 d的养殖实验。结果表明:饲料中添加核苷酸对大黄鱼的存活率、饲料效率、摄食率、鱼体组成和形体指标没有显著影响(P0.05);但增重率随着核苷酸添加量的增加呈先升高后下降趋势,在添加量为300~600 mg/kg时显著高于其他处理组(P0.05)。随着核苷酸添加量的增加,血清中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和总抗氧化力(T-AOC)的活力呈先升高后下降的趋势,并在300 mg/kg时显著高于低鱼粉对照组(P0.05)。核苷酸对大黄鱼肠道肌肉层厚度和微绒毛高度有显著影响(P0.05),分别在添加量为150和300mg/kg时出现最大值;而对肠道褶皱高度无显著影响(P0.05)。结果表明,饲料中添加核苷酸能促进大黄鱼生长,改善肠道形态结构和增强机体的抗氧化能力。以增重率为指标,利用折线模型计算得到大黄鱼幼鱼饲料中核苷酸的适宜添加量为194.91 mg/kg。     

黄芩素对草鱼生长性能、血清抗氧化指标和肌肉品质的影响

为研究黄芩素对草鱼生长性能、血清抗氧化能力和肌肉品质的影响,在基础饲料中分别添加0(对照组)、0.1、0.2、0.4和0.6 g/kg黄芩素,配制成5组饲料,饲养平均体质量为(75.8±0.24) g的草鱼60 d。结果显示,鱼体增重率与黄芩素含量呈二次曲线关系;在添加0.2 g/kg黄芩素时,鱼体增重率最大(210.1%),较对照组提高了8.63%,而饲料系数较对照组降低0.14;添加0.2、0.4和0.6 g/kg黄芩素显著提高了血清SOD活性,降低了MDA含量,添加0.4 g/kg黄芩素显著提高了血清CAT活性。各组在AKP活性和LZM含量上无显著差异。0.4和0.6 g/kg黄芩素组的肌肉总氨基酸含量和总必需氨基酸含量显著高于对照组,0.6 g/kg黄芩素组的总非必需氨基酸含量也显著高于对照组。各处理组在肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分、胶原蛋白含量、肌肉失水率以及肌纤维密度和直径上差异不显著。上述结果显示,黄芩素可促进草鱼生长,提高血清抗氧化能力。草鱼饲料中黄芩素的添加量推荐为0.2 g/kg。     

饲料中添加甘氨酸可提高大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)的抗氧化和抗应激能力

为研究饲料甘氨酸对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)抗氧化和抗应激反应的影响,将初始体重为(130.35±8.37)g的大黄鱼随机分成6组,每组3个重复,每个重复(网箱)50尾鱼.在基础饲料中分别添加不同梯度的甘氨酸(0、0.6％、1.2％、2.4％、4.8％和6.0％),配制出甘氨酸实测含量分别为(1.58％、2.15％、2.75％、3.96％、6.33％和7.51％)的6种实验饲料.经过30 d养殖后,对大黄鱼进行拖网应激实验.结果表明,养殖实验结束后,饲料处理未对大黄鱼的存活和体成分产生显著影响.肝脏总抗氧化能力在饲料甘氨酸含量为2.75％时达到最大值,而丙二醛的含量在甘氨酸含量为3.96％时达到最小值,但与2.75％组无显著差异(P＞0.05).以肝脏总抗氧化能力为评价指标,根据二次曲线回归模型得出大黄鱼饲料中甘氨酸的适宜含量为3.57％.血清谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶的活性均在饲料甘氨酸含量为2.75％时呈现最小值(P＜0.05).在拖网应激前,饲料甘氨酸含量为2.75％时,大黄鱼血清皮质醇的含量最高.在拖网应激后,该处理的大黄鱼血清皮质醇的变化幅度最小,而此时的血糖维持在较高水平.综合考虑大黄鱼的抗氧化和抗应激能力,本研究推荐大黄鱼饲料中甘氨酸的适宜含量为2.75％-3.57％.     

饲料中添加蛋氨酸寡肽对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)生长、饲料利用和蛋白质代谢反应的影响

为研究饲料中添加蛋氨酸寡肽(OMet)对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)幼鱼生长、饲料利用和蛋白质代谢反应的影响,并与在饲料中添加等量的晶体蛋氨酸(CMet)的效果相比,实验以初始体重为(26.0±1.6)g的大黄鱼幼鱼为研究对象,以鱼粉和豆粕为主要蛋白源,设计1个低鱼粉(31.8％)对照饲料(LF).在LF的基础上分别添加0.35％、0.65％和0.95％的晶体蛋氨酸或蛋氨酸寡肽,配制其他6组饲料,并分别命名为CMet 0.35、CMet 0.65、CMet 0.95、OMet 0.35、OMet 0.65和OMet 0.95,养殖周期为8周.结果显示,与LF组相比,OMet组和CMet组大黄鱼的增重率均显著升高,并随着蛋氨酸水平的增加而显著提高(P＜0.05),其中,OMet 0.95组的增重率最高.与CMet组相比,OMet组大黄鱼的增重率和蛋白质效率均显著提高(P＜0.05).不同饲料处理对大黄鱼存活率、饲料系数、体组成(粗蛋白、粗脂肪、灰分和水分)、脏体比和肥满度没有显著影响(P＞0.05).OMet组大黄鱼的肝体比较CMet组显著降低(P＜0.05).饲料中添加晶体或蛋氨酸寡肽显著影响了大黄鱼幼鱼的肝脏谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶活力,OMet组大黄鱼肝脏中这两种酶的活力均显著高于CMet组的(P＜0.05),蛋氨酸添加水平对大黄鱼肝脏谷草转氨酶活力也有显著影响(P＜0.05).但各饲料处理组之间血清中的血氨浓度和尿素氮含量没有显著差异(P＞0.05).综上所述,等量添加蛋氨酸寡肽比晶体蛋氨酸更能促进大黄鱼幼鱼的生长及其对饲料的利用.     

稀土元素铈对大黄鱼胚胎发育的影响

试验结果表明:稀土元素铈的质量浓度为1.1～1.4 mg/L,最适宜大黄鱼孵化.铈质量浓度为1.1 mg/L时发育时间最短,为24.30 h;铈质量浓度为1.4 mg/L时,孵化率最高,平均达86.08%,比对照组提高18.60%.     

环境因子对大黄鱼精子活力的影响

通过观测精子的激活率、活动时间和寿命研究了几种环境因子的变化对养殖大黄鱼精子活力的影响。试验结果表明:精子平均密度为(1.17±0.09)×1010.ml-1,盐度对大黄鱼精子活力影响较大。当海水盐度适宜(19.61~24.87)时,精子的激活率≥90%,活动时间≥9.65 min,寿命≥13.50 min;在pH=4.0~10.0的海水中,精子都能被正常激活(≥70%),适宜的pH值为7.5~8.0;不同浓度的葡萄糖、NaCl和KCl溶液对精子活力的影响不同,不同浓度的EDTA-2Na溶液均不能激活精子;无Ca2 、Mg2 或HCO3-的人工海水对精子的激活率均高达90%,但精子的活动时间却有较大幅度的缩减。     

软颗粒饲料与鲜杂鱼糜对大黄鱼养殖水质的影响

在水温18．0～21．0℃、盐度21．0～25．8下,给平均体质量为280．0 g／尾的大黄鱼投喂软颗粒饲料（试验组）和鲜杂鱼糜（对照组）,评价两种饲料对环境影响,其中试验组、对照组各设3个平行,空白组（不放鱼也不投料,仅有砂滤海水）不设平行。试验结果表明,试验组和对照组养殖水中总氮、总磷和化学需氧量含量均与空白组差异显著（P＜0．05）,对照组最高,空白组最低;试验组与对照组水中总磷差异不显著（P＞0．05）,而总氮和化学需氧量含量均差异显著（P＜0．05）;试验组水中沉积物总量显著少于对照组（P＜0．05）;试验组水中沉积物中总氮、总磷总量均显著少于对照组（P＜0．05）。软颗粒饲料对养殖环境的影响显著小于鲜杂鱼糜,可在海水鱼类网箱养殖中应用推广。     

Genetic parameter estimation of nine quantitative traits by a marker‐based method in Large Yellow Croaker,Larimichthys crocea (Richardson)

Large yellow croaker accounts for the largest biomass production of any maricultured fish in China. However, very little is known about the genetic parameters of its commercially important traits. As an initial step towards developing a selective breeding programme, genetic parameters of nine quantitative traits were estimated using a marker‐based method. Dorsal fin samples were collected to extract genomic DNA, and GBS method was employed to construct the libraries for sequencing. Genetic parameters were estimated by REML method through a genomic relationship matrix (G matrix) constructed by abundant genomewide SNPs. The nine traits were body weight (BWT), body length (BL), body height (BH), length/height ratio (LTH), body width (BWH), eviscerated weight (EW), gonad weight (GW), eviscerated weight/body weight ratio (REB) and swim bladder index (SBI). Estimates of heritability were 0.63 ± 0.11, 0.60 ± 0.11, 0.53 ± 0.11, 0.34 ± 0.11, 0.55 ± 0.11, 0.66 ± 0.11, 0.37 ± 0.10, 0.25 ± 0.08 and 0.71 ± 0.10 for the nine traits respectively. The relatively high heritability values may be derived from calculating the genetic relationship by high‐density SNPs. To illustrate that, we had studied on the variation of the heritability estimates with different number of SNPs evenly sampled from 29748 SNPs. The results showed that the estimates of heritability generally decreased when the number of SNPs reduced. There were relatively high phenotypic and genetic correlations between the pairs of BWT, BL, BH, BWH and EW, which indicated that genetic improvement for these traits could be accomplished merely by selecting one trait. The results obtained in this study may provide a reference for the later selective breeding programme.     

不同饵料及养殖环境对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)形态差异的影响

本研究通过采集不同环境和不同饲料养殖的岱衢洋大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)形态数据,利用聚类分析、主成分分析以及判别分析对3组大黄鱼形态差异进行分析。结果显示,不同环境对大黄鱼体高、尾长存在显著影响,而不同饲料对大黄鱼体高、尾高、尾长、体厚存在显著影响,同时对D3–4、D3–6、D4–6、D5–6框架形态存在显著影响,差异主要集中于躯干前部。表明不同环境下大黄鱼形态变化可能与流速适应相关,而饵料对体型的影响可能是因为营养组成及物质积累的不同。聚类分析显示,配合饲料组与深水网箱组形态更接近,而与冰鲜饲料相距较远。通过主成分分析提取3个主成分,其中配合饲料组与深水网箱组在主成分1上相近,但在主成分3上存在差异,而冰鲜饲料组在各主成分上均离散,表明小网箱冰鲜饲料养殖大黄鱼形态分离较大,体型一致性低。利用判别分析,构建3种条件下大黄鱼体型判别函数,经交互验证,判别函数与预期无显著差异,可用于不同养殖模式大黄鱼的形态判别。本研究初步表明,通过改变养殖环境水流、养殖空间大小、饲料可在一定程度实现养殖大黄鱼形态改良。     

Determination of Fatty Acid Composition and Phospholipid Molecular Species of Large Yellow Croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) Roe from China

The aim of this study is to investigate the composition of the fatty acids and phospholipids derived from large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) roe. The composition of the total lipids and the molecular species of phospholipids were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) and high performance liquid chromatography–evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC–ELSD), respectively. The results showed that large yellow croaker roe had high levels of the total lipid (19.6% ± 1.32%, w/w) and phospholipid (61.2% ± 1.22% of the total lipid). The phospholipid was rich in docosahexaenoic acid (31.0% ± 0.19% of the total phospholipids), and the major phospholipid molecular species was phosphatidylcholine (PC, 61.06% ± 0.02% of the total phospholipids, w/w). It was concluded that large yellow croaker roe is expected to be a good resource of phospholipids with a high content of PC.     

Effects of dietary tea polyphenols on growth,biochemical and antioxidant responses,fatty acid composition and expression of lipid metabolism related genes of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary tea polyphenols (TP) on growth performance, biochemical and antioxidants responses, fatty acid composition, and lipid metabolism‐related gene expressions of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea). Four diets were formulated with different levels of TP (0.00%, 0.01%, 0.02% and 0.05%). Results showed that growth performance of L. crocea were not different among dietary treatments. Compared with the control group, fish in 0.02% TP group had lower body and hepatic lipid content and lower total cholesterol content. The minimum content of triglycerides and low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol were found in 0.05% TP group. Hepatic n‐6 PUFA and n‐3 PUFA were significantly higher in TP supplementation groups. Malondialdehyde content was lower in TP supplementation groups, and superoxide dismutase activity was higher in 0.01% TP group than the control group. The mRNA expressions of carnitine palmitoyltransferase1, acyl‐CoA oxidase and peroxisome proliferators‐activated receptor α were up‐regulated in 0.01% and 0.02% TP groups, while lipoprotein lipase expression was down‐regulated in TP supplementation groups than the control group. Results suggested that 0.01%–0.02% TP supplementation could reduce the deposition of liver lipid of L. crocea caused by high‐lipid diet, which might be due to the increase in lipid oxidation related gene expressions.     

Effects of dietary DHA/EPA ratios on growth performance,survival and fatty acid composition of juvenile swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary docosahexaenoic to eicosapentaenoic acid (DHA/EPA) ratios on growth performance, survival and fatty acid composition of juvenile swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus). Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic experimental diets were formulated to contain different DHA/EPA ratios (0.70, 0.84, 1.06 and 1.25). There were three replicates (15 crabs per replicate) for each diet treatment. The crabs were fed (about 6–8% body weight) twice daily for 8 weeks. A good growth performance and feed utilization were observed in swimming crabs fed the diets with DHA/EPA ratios of 0.70 and 0.84. Crabs fed diet with 0.70 DHA/EPA ratio showed a significantly higher weight gain (WG) compared with the crabs fed the diet with DHA/EPA ratio of 1.25 (P < 0.05). The result of this study showed that the survival increased with decreasing the ratio of DHA/EPA. The DHA/EPA ratios in polar lipid from tissues were influenced by the dietary DHA/EPA ratios. Results of this study indicated that the growth performance and survival of juvenile swimming crab are correlated to the DHA/EPA ratio in the diets, and the best growth performance and survival were achieved with the ratios of 0.70–0.84.