集约经营毛竹林土壤活性有机碳库研究

为了解毛竹林集约经营后土壤有机碳库发生的变化,采集了集约经营历史5～10年竹林的土壤样品进行分析,并与粗放经营毛竹林进行比较。研究结果表明:毛竹林集约经营后土壤总有机碳、水溶性有机碳和微生物量碳含量都明显减少,与粗放经营毛竹林之间有显著差异(P<0.05),并且微生物量碳占总有机碳比例也显著降低,水溶性有机物质的分子量也明显变小。集约经营后竹林土壤矿化态碳数量及其占总有机碳比例增强,说明毛竹集约经营使土壤有机物质稳定性变差,矿化率增加。毛竹林土壤总有机碳、水溶性碳、微生物量碳及矿化态碳两两之间相关性均达极显著水平(P<0.01),土壤各类有机碳含量与土壤全氮、水解氮含量间相关性也达显著或极显著水平。毛竹集约经营未改变各类有机碳的剖面变化特征。     

不同经营模式对毛竹土壤活性有机碳的影响

以起始于1984年的长期不同经营模式毛竹林为研究对象,探讨了夏季毛竹林集约经营后土壤有机碳的变化。结果表明:(1)集约经营后0~80 cm土层毛竹林土壤总有机碳平均增加了5.48%,易氧化碳含量平均增加了15.14%,水溶性有机碳含量平均下降了3.98%,三者均未达到显著差异。(2)两种毛竹林土壤总有机碳、易氧化碳、水溶性有机碳的剖面特征均随土层深度的增加而呈现下降趋势,但下降速度不同。集约经营在一定程度上影响毛竹土壤易氧化碳剖面特征。(3)土壤总有机碳、易氧化碳与土壤养分之间相关性均达到极显著水平,而水溶性有机碳与土壤养分之间相关性不显著。(4)集约经营提高了土壤易氧化碳占总有机碳的比例、土壤碳库活度,并在土壤剖面部分土层差异达到显著水平。但其水溶性有机碳占总有机碳的比例3.74%,低于粗放经营毛竹林的4.10%。因此,集约经营的毛竹林,通过配施恰当比例的有机无机肥,结合土壤垦复、除草、合理的竹株留养和采伐等综合竹林经营技术,以达到改善土壤质量和实现毛竹林可持续经营的目的,也可改善土壤生物化学活性。     

湘北红壤丘岗稻田土壤有机碳、养分及微生物生物量空间变异

通过对湘北典型红壤丘岗254个稻田耕层样(01～8.cm)进行分析,比较了微地形对稻田土壤有机碳、氮、磷和微生物生物量的影响。结果表明,丘岗底部稻田土壤有机碳、全氮、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、可溶性氮含量分别比丘岗中下部稻田高14.6%1、3.6%、24.6%、20.4%和95.8%,丘岗中下部稻田土壤Olsen-P含量比丘岗底部稻田高33.3%,差异均达极显著水平(P0.01)。不同部位稻田土壤全磷、微生物生物量磷含量和有效磷库(微生物生物量磷与Olsen-P之和)含量差异不显著。此外,丘岗底部稻田土壤碳磷比、微生物生物量碳磷比和微生物商比丘岗中下部稻田高12.7%,28.5%,8.2%,其差异达显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)水平。但微生物生物量氮/全氮、微生物生物量磷/全磷、土壤碳氮比和微生物生物量碳氮比差异不显著。     

黄土丘陵区人工刺槐林恢复过程中土壤氮素与微生物活性的变化

为了探讨不同生长年限的人工刺槐(Robinnia pseudoacacia)林对土壤中氮素组成与微生物活性的影响及机理,本文采用"时空互代"法进行野外选点调查和采样,对典型黄土丘陵区陕西省安塞纸坊沟小流域不同林龄(10 a、15 a、30 a、38 a)人工刺槐林和撂荒地3个土层(0~10 cm、10~30 cm和30~60 cm)中的全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有机氮、微生物生物量碳和磷、基础呼吸及基本理化性质进行了研究。结果表明:人工刺槐林地土壤微生物生物量碳、磷含量和微生物熵都显著高于撂荒地(P<0.05)。随着人工刺槐林生长年限的增加,各层土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和有机氮含量均逐渐增加,其中有机氮的增加最显著;土壤微生物生物量碳、磷含量显著增加;微生物熵显著增大而呼吸熵显著减小;土壤有机碳、速效磷含量总体上显著增加(P<0.05);容重和碳氮比则呈下降趋势。随着土层深度的增加,氮素、有机碳、速效磷和微生物生物量碳、磷含量显著减小(P<0.05);容重和pH显著增加。土壤微生物生物量碳、磷和呼吸熵均与有机氮、全氮、硝态氮显著正相关(P<0.05)。分析发现,刺槐的生长促使土壤中微生物可利用碳增加,提高了碳的利用率,使土壤微生物量碳、磷含量增加;微生物活性的提高反过来促进了土壤氮素含量的提高,土壤中有机氮含量显著增加。与10 a生刺槐林相比,30 a生林地土壤表层的全氮含量明显增加,氮素肥力由7级(0.40 g.kg 1)上升为5级(0.87 g.kg 1)水平。     

土壤生物活性有机碳库及其表征指标的研究

土壤生物活性有机碳库 (C0)的大小和周转可以指示土壤供应养分的能力以及养分的循环状况。对浙江省 11个土壤的研究表明 ,生物活性有机碳库的变化幅度为 184.87～ 3022.41mg/kg ,占土壤总有机碳的2.91%～8.94% ,生物活性有机碳库的周转速率k为0.0070～0.0199d-1。C0与土壤总有机碳、全氮、有效氮、CEC、重铬酸钾易氧化有机碳、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、水溶性有机碳、热水提取有机碳、轻组有机碳都呈显著性正相关 ,k与这些指标均无相关性。C0与重铬酸钾易氧化有机碳、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮、水溶性有机碳、热水提取有机碳、轻组有机碳占土壤总有机碳的百分比均无相关性 ,k只与水溶性有机碳占土壤总有机碳的百分比呈显著性正相关 (R2=0.4684 ,P0.025)。水溶性有机碳占土壤总有机碳的百分比是表征土壤生物活性有机碳库周转的较好指标。     

不同集约经营年限对雷竹林土壤磷形态的影响

为研究不同集约经营年限下雷竹林土壤的磷形态特征,采集分别经营3,9,15年的雷竹林上层(0—20cm)和下层(20—40cm)土壤样品,测定土壤pH、有机碳、全磷(TP)、Olsen P、Mehlich-3P等理化性质,并采用改进的Hedley分级法分析土壤中不同形态磷的含量。结果表明:在集约经营9,15年后,上层土壤pH低于雷竹正常生长范围,且有酸化深层化现象;土壤有机碳主要在上层土壤中积累,经营15年为各处理中最高,较3年提高了183%。上、下层土壤TP、Olsen P、Mehlich-3P、活性磷(H2O-P+NaHCO3-Pi+NaHCO3-Po)和中稳性磷(NaOH-Pi+NaOH-Po)含量均随经营时间逐渐增加。与3年相比,集约经营15年后活性磷和中稳性磷占总磷百分比在上层土壤中提高了63%和83%,在下层土壤中提高了88%和128%;而上、下层土壤难溶性磷(HCl-P+Res-P)所占百分比则分别从58%和66%降低至26%和29%,难溶性磷的含量基本不变。由此可见,持续、大量施用磷肥提高了雷竹林土壤中活性磷和中稳性磷比例。此外,Mehlich-3P-H2O-P拟合方程推测上、下层土壤均有可能已发生磷酸盐流失。因此,雷竹林集约经营过程中应注意合理施肥,以免造成磷流失。     

水旱轮作对冷浸田土壤碳、氮、磷养分活化的影响

有机碳活性低、微生物生物量氮含量低和磷素养分缺乏等是冷浸田土壤重要的养分障碍因子。通过连续3a的定位试验,研究油菜—水稻、玉米—水稻、紫云英—水稻和蚕豆—水稻等4种水旱轮作方式对冷浸田土壤碳、氮、磷养分活化及稻谷产量的影响。结果表明:与冬闲—水稻相比,实行水旱轮作,土壤微生物生物量碳含量提高60.54%~195.57%,微生物商增加0.24~0.81个百分点;土壤微生物生物量氮含量提高107.51%~162.90%,微生物生物量氮/总氮比增加0.71~0.91个百分点;土壤全磷、有效磷及微生物生物量磷增幅分别为14.29%~40.00%,31.42%~105.61%和63.76%~83.22%;稻谷产量提高23.64%~55.49%,不同轮作模式以玉米—水稻产量最高。土壤全磷、有效磷、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮和微生物生物量磷等与稻谷产量、有效穗均呈显著或极显著正相关关系。说明潜育化程度较轻的冷浸田通过水旱轮作,土壤有机碳、氮、磷养分得到活化,其中影响冷浸田稻谷产量的养分限制因子顺序为有效磷微生物生物量氮微生物生物量磷微生物生物量碳全磷。     

不同类型人工毛竹林土壤碳氮含量及转化特征

对浙江省建德市集约经营、杉-竹混交和一般经营3种人工经营类型毛竹林土壤0-80 cm剖面碳氮含量及转化速率进行测定和分析.结果表明:3种竹林土壤碳氮含量及转化特征存在显著差异.3种类型竹林土壤有机碳含量都随土壤深度增加而下降,一般经营毛竹林土壤有机碳含量显著高于集约经营竹林与杉-竹混交林;3种竹林土壤呼吸速率则表现为一般经营＞集约经营＞杉-竹混交林,但不同竹林剖面变化趋势不同;毛竹纯林土壤呼吸速率与有机碳含量呈显著正相关,表现为随土层增加逐渐下降,而混交林土壤表层0-10 cm呼吸速率最高,随后在10-20 cm显著下降,随后在20-60 cm又逐渐增高,表明混交林根系呼吸在土壤总呼吸中贡献率较高.3种竹林土壤剖面全氮含量差异不大,集约经营竹林氮素投入对当前氮素总量没产生较大影响,但导致土壤氮素组分发生变化.杉-竹混交林无机氮含量最低,土壤硝化速率也显著低于毛竹纯林,表明混交林土壤氮素周转率,具有较好的氮素利用效率;集约经营竹林土壤硝化速率与一般经营竹林差异不大,但存在氮素的反硝化损失风险.     

臭氧污染对麦田土壤不同活性有机碳库的影响

近年来大气臭氧危害加剧,臭氧浓度升高影响植物—土壤系统进而影响土壤有机碳库周转。本研究在开放条件下,采用Chan修订的Walkley-Black方法,研究了连续5年增加稻—麦轮作系统大气臭氧浓度(较周围大气高50%)对麦季农田土壤不同活性有机碳库的影响。结果表明,大气臭氧浓度升高致使0~3 cm、10~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量显著降低,累积导致耕层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳含量下降18.4%(p0.05)。臭氧浓度升高显著降低了0~3、3~10、10~20 cm 3个土层中的活性有机碳含量;臭氧升高使0~3 cm土层的受保护缓性有机碳含量增加了10.8%(p0.05),并使未受保护缓性有机碳含量降低了59.7%(p0.05);臭氧升高条件下10~20 cm土层的受保护缓性有机碳含量降低了59.6%(p0.05)。臭氧升高对不同活性碳占总有机碳比例的影响受活性碳类型和土壤层次的制约,显著降低了3~10 cm土层活性有机碳所占比例(p0.05),未对耕层各层次上的稳定有机碳含量及其分配产生显著影响。臭氧升高导致土壤中占土壤有机碳比重59.3%~69.8%的活性碳库的库容变小,应是土壤有机碳库下降的直接原因。本研究表明长期大气臭氧浓度增加具有降低土壤有机碳含量并改变不同活性有机碳库分配与周转的态势。     

毛竹林土壤有机碳及微生物量碳特征研究

通过对湖南会同林区集约经营毛竹林地土壤有机碳和微生物量碳进行测定,结果表明,毛竹林地土壤(0-60 cm)有机碳和微生物量碳含量平均值分别为1.727%和551.84 mg/kg,不同土壤层次有机碳和微生物量碳含量差异极显著,其中,0-20 cm土层有机碳含量平均值为2.607%,分别是20-40 cm和40-60 cm土层有机碳含量的1.67倍和2.57倍;0-20 cm土层的微生物量碳占土壤总微生物量碳的58.9%,分别是20-40 cm和40-60 cm土层的2.69倍和3.08倍。不同季节间土壤微生物量碳有明显变化规律,即土壤微生物量碳含量1-7月份呈上升的趋势,7月达到最大值,8-12月份呈逐渐下降趋势;不同季节间有机碳含量差异不显著。毛竹林地土壤表层土壤微生物量熵为1.118 6%,与40-60 cm土壤层相当,略高于20-40 cm土壤层,说明毛竹林不同土壤层次有机碳积累强度相当。     

氮输入对陆地生态系统碳库的影响研究进展

碳氮循环是生物地球化学的重要过程。陆地生态系统碳循环在全球碳收支中占有重要的地位,人类活动导致生态系统中氮含量增加,影响土壤和植物体中碳的积累与重新分配,对陆地生态系统不同的碳过程产生不同的影响。本文综述了近年来氮输入的研究现状,并对未来的研究方向做了展望,提出今后重点研究的方向。     

Asymbiotic dinitrogen fixation by tundra in the Imnavait Creek drainage,Alaska, USA

Summary N₂ fixation by free-living microorganisms was investigated at an intensively studied low Arctic site near Toolik Lake in the northern foothills of the Brooks Range, Alaska, during July 1987. Four characteristic vegetation associations along an elevational gradient were assayed using minimally disruptive in situ acetylene reduction assay methods. The acetylene reduction rates did not differ significantly among vegetation associations. The mean rate for the site was 9.60 mol m^–2 h^–1 or 90 g N m^–2 day^–1, which is within the range of values given for other Arctic and alpine tundra studies. The complex microtopography and resulting patchy distribution of free-living and phycobiont diazotrophs is the most likely cause of the high spatial variability in acetylene reduction activity. Rates were most variable among samples from the lowest position, a riparian site. The potential contribution of heterotrophic diazotrophs was examined through a laboratory enrichment study. Soils from the two lower slope positions showed dramatic responses to added C, suggesting that heterotrophs may contribute fixed N₂ to this system.     

秸秆和菌渣改良剂对高寒沙地土壤有机碳库的影响

采用田间定位试验研究了秸秆颗粒(JG)和菌渣颗粒(JZ)改良剂(施用量分别为6,12,18,24 t/hm~2)对川西北高寒沙地土壤碳库的影响。结果表明:施用JG和JZ改良剂可显著提高沙化土壤有机碳含量、有机碳储量、活性碳、土壤微生物量碳、微生物熵和碳库管理指数,其中对土壤微生物量碳和微生物熵的提升效果最为显著。与CK相比,施用第2年JG处理土壤有机碳含量、有机碳储量、活性有机碳、碳库管理指数平均增加96.2%,100.0%,157.1%,169.4%,JZ处理平均增加69.2%,66.3%,85.7%,81.7%;而JG处理土壤微生物量碳、微生物熵分别较CK平均增加934.0%,433.0%,JZ处理平均增加956.2%,546.4%。JG改良剂对土壤有机碳库组分和碳库管理指数的提升效果优于JZ,而JZ改良剂更有利于提升土壤微生物量碳含量和土壤有机碳的周转速率。秸秆和菌渣改良剂均可增加沙化土壤有机碳库各组分含量,提高土壤有机碳周转速率和碳库管理指数,具有快速培肥沙化土壤的效果。     

Stabilization mechanisms of organic matter in four temperate soils: Development and application of a conceptual model

Based on recent findings in the literature, we developed a process‐oriented conceptual model that integrates all three process groups of organic matter (OM) stabilization in soils namely (1) selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds, (2) spatial inaccessibility to decomposer organisms, and (3) interactions of OM with minerals and metal ions. The model concept relates the diverse stabilization mechanisms to active, intermediate, and passive pools. The formation of the passive pool is regarded as hierarchical structured co‐action of various processes that are active under specific pedogenetic conditions. To evaluate the model, we used data of pool sizes and turnover times of soil OM fractions from horizons of two acid forest and two agricultural soils. Selective preservation of recalcitrant compounds is relevant in the active pool and particularly in soil horizons with high C contents. Biogenic aggregation preserves OM in the intermediate pool and is limited to topsoil horizons. Spatial inaccessibility due to the occlusion of OM in clay microstructures and due to the formation of hydrophobic surfaces stabilizes OM in the passive pool. If present, charcoal contributes to the passive pool mainly in topsoil horizons. The importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization in the passive pool is well‐known and increases with soil depth. Hydrophobicity is particularly relevant in acid soils and in soils with considerable inputs of charcoal. We conclude that the stabilization potentials of soils are site‐ and horizon‐specific. Furthermore, management affects key stabilization mechanisms. Tillage increases the importance of organo‐mineral interactions for OM stabilization, and in Ap horizons with high microbial activity and C turnover, organo‐mineral interactions can contribute to OM stabilization in the intermediate pool. The application of our model showed that we need a better understanding of processes causing spatial inaccessibility of OM to decomposers in the passive pool.     

中国福建省永春县柑橘园土壤有机碳储量研究

Studies related to the quantitation and distribution of soil organic carbon(C) under different land use types can help to fill the knowledge gaps regarding estimation of the amount of C stored in soils at a global scale. Orchards are an important land use type in southern China; the total area(1.15 × 10~7 ha) of orchards in China comprises approximately 20.5% of the area of all orchards worldwide. We assessed soil organic C stocks(SOCS) in citrus orchards in Yongchun County(consisting of 22 towns), Fujian Province,China in 1982 and 2010. The southeastern part of the county, an area featuring extensive citrus farming with a gently sloping landscape and low rates of water erosion, had the highest SOCS. In contrast, the lowest SCOS was observed in the northern part of the county,where steep hills with severe erosion problems are common and citrus orchards are sparsely distributed. From 1982 to 2010, the mean SOCS in citrus orchards increased from 22.1 to 41.7 Mg ha~(-1), which indicated that current management practices such as fertilization,irrigation, and cultivation enhanced soil C stocks. Further in-depth studies on the effects of these practices on C sequestration would be worthwhile and surveys of SOCS throughout Fujian Province are needed, to support efforts to mitigate global C emission.     

森林土壤有机碳库组分定量化研究

用一级动力学方程研究了贵州省黎平县森林土壤活性、缓效性和惰效性有机碳库的变化及分解速率,模拟结果表明:各土壤剖面的土壤活性碳库一般占总有机碳的0.5%~7.6%,平均驻留时间(M ean Residue Tim e,MRT)为41~64天;缓效性碳库占总有机碳的45%~71%,平均驻留时间为3~30年;采用酸水解法测定惰效性碳库的库容,一般占总有机碳的20%~50%。活性碳库的变化规律为混交林>阔叶林>针叶林,缓效性碳库中混交林最大,其它两种林分规律不明显;不同林龄的杉木(8年,16年,40年),非活性碳库(缓效性碳库和惰效性碳库之和)的含量变化规律为40年>16年>8年,说明40年生的杉木下土壤固碳能力比8年和16年的强;16年的又比8年的强。     

Gross nitrogen mineralization-, immobilization-, and nitrification rates as a function of soil C/N ratio and microbial activity

A laboratory experiment was designed to challenge the idea that the C/N ratio of forest soils may control gross N immobilization, mineralization, and nitrification rates. Soils were collected from three deciduous forests sites varying in C/N ratio between 15 and 27. They were air-dried and rewetted to induce a burst of microbial activity. The N transformation rates were calculated from an isotope dilution and enrichment procedure, in which ¹⁵NH₄Cl or Na¹⁵NO₃ was repeatedly added to the soils during 7 days of incubation. The experiments suggested that differences in gross nitrogen immobilization and mineralization rates between the soils were more related to the respiration rate and ATP content than to the C/N ratio. Peaks of respiration and ATP content were followed by high rates of mineralization and immobilization, with 1-2 days of delay. The gross immobilization of NH₄⁺ was dependent on the gross mineralization and one to two orders of magnitude larger than the gross NO₃⁻ immobilization. The gross nitrification rates were negatively related to the ATP content and the C/N ratio and greatly exceeding the net nitrification rates. Taken together, the observations suggest that leaching of nitrate from forest soils may be largely dependent on the density and activity of the microbial community.     

地下沼气池池壁土压力取值方法及池盖受力分析

为保证地下沼气池结构的安全性,采用Rankine土压力理论比较了3种常见土质的静止、主动和被动土压力,并确定了地下钢筋混凝土圆形沼气池池壁土压力取值方法;根据线弹性有限元分析方法,研究了平板、球壳和圆锥台3种不同形状的沼气池池盖受力性能。结果表明：地下沼气池池壁土压力宜取其静止土压力计算;环梁的设置可以使中部开圆形洞口的圆锥台形池盖的最大应力减小约40%,宜为其设置环梁。     

Carbohydrates in cyanobacterial soil crusts as a source of carbon in the southwest Kalahari, Botswana

Semiarid ecosystems, also known as drylands, contain small amounts of carbon (C). To date only few studies have evaluated soil C dynamics in these ecosystems. Cyanobacterial soil crusts are considered a major source of organic C in semiarid ecosystems through photosynthesis, increasing soil organic C (SOC) pool as carbohydrates. This study considers cyanobacterial soil crusts as a source of C in the southwest Kalahari. Cyanobacterial soil crusts are well adapted to drylands because extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) secretions provide stabilization of soil and resistance to desiccation. The carbohydrate and chlorophyll a content were evaluated in the upper soil profile on Kalahari Sands and pan soils. Topsoil carbohydrate concentration decreased exponentially with depth. The carbohydrate content produced in cyanobacterial soil crusts in the southwest Kalahari represents up to 75% of the total SOC and is thus an essential component for the fertility of Kalahari Sand soils.