关于盐碱地造林技术的初步研究

为解决如何在盐碱地上造林这一课题，笔者进行了有益的探索，本文总结了盐碱地造林技术的初步研究。     

Management of insect pests and weeds

The Cuban government has undertaken the task of transforming insect pest and weed management from conventional to organic and more sustainable approaches on a nationwide basis. This paper addresses past programs and current major areas of research and implementation as well as provides examples of programs in insect and weed management. Topics covered include the newly constructed network of Centers for the Reproduction of Entomophages and Entomopathogens (CREEs), which provide the infrastructure for the implementation of biological control on state, cooperative, and private farm operations. CREE programs include the mass rearing and release of Trichogramma spp. to manage insect pests of cassava, tobacco, sugarcane, and improved pasture. The entomopathogens, Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Verticillium lecanii, are being mass produced in the CREEs and applied to control a number of key insect pests. A traditional method employed by peasant farmers of using the predatory ant Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius) in the biological control of sweetpotato and banana insect pests has been further developed and implemented. Efforts are underway to rear nematode species that attack insect pests and identify plant extracts with insecticidal qualities as potential management tools. Weed management has moved away from dependence on herbicides and toward alternative techniques that include weed suppression based on rotation schemes, limited use of selective herbicides, and new tillage equipment and practices.Jeff Dlott is presently a lecturer and research specialist in the Department of Environmental Science, Policy & Management at the University of California, Berkeley. His research interests are in participatory research on biological control of insect pests with farmer organizations in California, the Dominican Republic, and Mexico.     

绿色防控模式对叶菜害虫的控制作用及综合效益评价

为探索绿色防控技术集成应用的综合控害效果和应用效益,比较了2种不同防控模式下害虫种群动态、菜田昆虫结构组成与多样性变化的影响,用环境经济学方法评价了绿色防控技术应用于生产的实际效果,并与化学防治为主的常规防控区的综合效益进行对比。结果表明,绿色防控模式下菜田优势害虫的控制效果显著优于常规防控区;对田间昆虫群落特征的影响主要表现在物种组成、多样性指数及物种分布的均匀性等方面,尤其对优势害虫、捕食性天敌等影响更为明显;通过综合应用绿色防控技术,化学农药的用量减少,菜田主要害虫优势集中性指数降低,天敌数量和作用增加,多样性指数增大;绿色防控区采用生态控制的方法,每667 m2每季可实现经济、社会、环境效益分别为2　9791,8063,1　0429元,明显优于常规防控区。因此,科学应用绿色防控集成技术,减少化学农药用量,改善生态环境,逐步增强天敌对优势害虫的控制能力,这在菜田害虫生态控制中具有重要作用。     

中国番荔枝生产与科研现状及发展建议

番荔枝原产热带美洲。从引种、基因组与生物技术、育种技术与品种选育、育苗方法与建园模式、栽培技术研究、病虫防控理论与技术、采后加工与贮藏处理等方面简述番荔枝生产与科研主要进展。在分析番荔枝生产科研面临的新形势、新问题的基础上,提出了中国番荔枝产业持续健康发展的科技对策。     

植物保护技术与病虫害的综合治理

笔者从3个方面介绍植物保护技术,为植物病虫害识别技术,包括害虫的形态特点,病害的症状特征,以及植物病虫害防治的原理和技术措施等一些列经济作物病虫害防治技术。     

Participatory research in integrated pest management: Lessons from the IPM CRSP

Integrated pest management has emerged as an important means of managing agricultural pests. Since the mid-1980s, the emphasis in IPM has shifted toward biologically-intensive and participatory research and extension approaches. Finding better means for solving pest problems is high on the agenda for most farmers, and farmers often have significant pest management knowledge and interest in IPM experimentation. This paper describes an approach to participatory IPM research that is being implemented by the IPM Collaborative Research Support Program (IPM CSRP). The approach emphasizes on-farm research with an extrapolation domain beyond the single farm, and in some cases beyond the local region or country. It considers many factors beyond the farm and research station that influence the generation and adoption of IPM technologies and strategies. It emphasizes linkages among farmers, scientists, consumers, bankers, marketers/processors, and policy makers in IPM research priority setting, conduct, and evaluation. The interdisciplinary approach described in the paper is illustrated with a case study from the Philippines. Lessons and conclusions draw on its recent application in other sites as well.     

Crop diversity and pest management in sustainable agriculture

Large-scale crop monocultures facilitate the proliferation and increasing prevalence of diseases and pest insects. Many studies highlight the impacts of plant diversification upon pathogens, and the population dynamics of insects and beneficial organism in agricultural ecosystems. These studies provide evidence that habitat manipulation techniques such as intercropping, relay, and rotation can significantly improve disease and pest management. This review introduces the concept of crop diversity, considers recent insights and mechanisms underlying crop diversity, and discusses its potential for improving sustainable agricultural practices. Recently, the phytobiomes resulting from increased crop diversity are increasingly recognized for their contribution to disease and pest control. Further, understanding the interactions between pathogens or pests with their host phytobiome may lead to novel options for the prevention of pests. Recent advances in the agricultural systems include:(i) a better understanding of the mechanisms of interactions between crop species and genotypes;(ii) ecological progress including a better understanding of the context-dependency of those interactions; and(iii) the role of microtopographic variation in agricultural systems for priming basal resistance to multiple pests and pathogens by intercropped crops. We also highlight recent progress in China and the potential options for habitat management and design that enhance the ecological role of biodiversity in agroecosystems.     

烟草有害生物防治专家系统设计与开发

针对烟草生产的需要和用户需求,以广东省烟草种植中的常见病虫草害的诊断识别与防治的智能决策为核心,借助信息技术和模糊推理引擎,实现烟草有害生物的诊断、查询及指导防治,将常见有害生物的知识与防治技术高度集成。介绍了该系统的设计、关键问题及方案讨论、系统的实现等。该系统的实施对于推广植保知识、指导农户科学防治烟草有害生物有一定的现实意义。     

Traditional knowledge and pest management in the Guatemalan highlands

Adoption of integrated pest management(IPM) practices in the Guatemalan highlands has beenlimited by the failure of researchers andextensionists to promote genuine farmer participationin their efforts. Some attempts have been made toredress this failure in the diffusion-adoptionprocess, but farmers are still largely excluded fromthe research process. Understanding farmers'agricultural knowledge must be an early step toward amore participatory research process. With this inmind, we conducted a semi-structured survey of 75Cakchiquel Maya farmers in Patzún, Guatemala, tobegin documenting their pest control practices. Theirresponses revealed that their understanding ofbiological and curative pest control is limited.However, their broad knowledge of cultural preventivepest control practices could explain why they hadfaced few pest problems in their traditionalmilpa (intercrop of corn, beans, and other edibleplants). The majority of these preventive practicesare probably efficient and environmentallyinnocuous.     

政府介入农业有害生物风险防控的博弈分析

为探究有效防控农业有害生物的思路,从有害生物风险防控主体入手,将政府介入作为研究重点,运用博弈分析方法,探讨政府、外包公司、农户间的利益关系。首先,本研究分别对三方主体的两两博弈行为进行研究;而后,将三方主体置于一个框架进行分析,探究政府介入有害生物风险防控体系的重要性。结果表明:1)非政府参与下,外包公司与农户的调节速度相对较慢,难以达到理想状态,有必要引入政府规制;2)政府可以通过规制手段,补贴或惩罚外包企业,使其形成符合有害生物防控规范的市场行为;3)政府需要通过对农户培训、对生物农药的宣传,提升农户使用现代化防控措施的积极性;4)在三方共同博弈的前提下,各方的防控成本同时下降。最后,本研究提出了完善农业有害生物防控中的政府规制模式的政策建议。     

RNAi在防治作物病虫害中的研究现状

作物病虫害每年都对作物产生危害，并造成巨大的经济损失。RNAi是目前最有可能应用于害虫绿色防控的新技术。本文就RNA干扰技术在作物病虫害中的研究现状及发展趋势进行分析，以期为RNAi技术在作物病虫害防治中的应用提供参考。     

Seeing below the surface: making soil processes visible to Ugandan smallholder farmers through a constructivist and experiential extension approach

Ugandan smallholder farmers need to feed a growing population, but their efforts are hampered by declining soil fertility rates. Agricultural extension can facilitate farmers’ access to new practices and technologies, yet farmers are understandably often hesitant to adopt new behaviors. New knowledge assimilation is an important component of behavior change that is often overlooked or poorly addressed by current extension efforts. We implemented a Fertility Management Education Program (FMEP) in central Uganda to investigate smallholder farmers’ existing soil knowledge and their assimilation of new scientific concepts into their knowledge framework. Qualitative data were collected through participant observation, farmer interviews, and focus groups, and coded for using a priori and emergent themes. Our exploration revealed some notable similarities between farmers’ soil knowledge and scientific concepts, particularly in regards to soil health concepts, a discovery that could facilitate communication between extension agents and farmers. However, certain scientific concepts are either unknown to farmers or discordant with existing soil knowledge; these concepts are unlikely to be assimilated by farmers without convincing and concerted extension efforts. Importantly, we found that the combination of new scientific knowledge and hands-on experimentation with novel practices gave farmers far greater confidence in implementing improved soil management practices. Our study provides evidence that extension programs should engage directly with farmers’ existing soil knowledge to develop their understanding of key biological concepts and confidence in implementing improved practices.     

广西粉蕉生产存在的问题及发展对策

介绍了广西粉蕉的生产概况,指出广西粉蕉生产存在尖孢镰刀菌枯萎病发生严重,易遭根结线虫、象鼻虫、红蜘蛛、蓟马和烟霉病等病虫危害,品种少,种植技术不完善等问题;提出开展对香蕉枯萎病的发病、传播机理和化学防治的基础研究,开展粉蕉种植技术集成、试验、示范及品种选育研究等对策。     

Development of an autonomous early warning system for Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) outbreaks in remote fruit orchards

Developing an autonomous early warning system for detecting pest resurgence is an essential task to reduce the probabilities of massive Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)) outbreaks. By preventing pest outbreaks, farmers would be able to reduce their dependence on chemical pesticides. Chemical pesticide abuse often brings harmful consequences to human health and natural environments. Since an agroecological system can change at a fast rate due to the soil degradation and the environmental factors changes, the rise of pest density cannot be immediately detected by traditional methodologies. In this study, an autonomous early warning system, built upon the basis of wireless sensor networks and GSM networks, is presented to effectively capture long-term and up-to-the-minute natural environmental fluctuations in fruit farms. In addition, two machine learning techniques, self-organizing maps and support vector machines, are incorporated to perform adaptive learning and automatically issue a warning message to farmers and government officials via GSM networks when the population density of B. dorsalis significantly rises. The proposed system also provides sensor fault warning messages to system administrators when one or more faulty sensors give abnormal readings to the system. Then, farmers and government officials would be able to take precautionary actions in time before major pest outbreaks cause an extensive crop loss, as well as to schedule maintenance tasks to repair faulted devices. The experimental results indicate that the proposed early warning system is able to detect the incidents of possible pest outbreaks in a variety of seasonal conditions with sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and precision around 98%, 100%, 100%, and 100%, respectively, as well as to transmit the early warning messages to farmers and government officials via Short Message Service using the GSM network. The proposed early warning system can be easily adopted in different fruit farms without extra efforts from farmers and government officials since it is built based on machine learning techniques, and the warning messages are delivered to their mobile phones as text messages. The proposed early warning system also shows great potential to assist farmers to update their pest control operations in the fruit farms, and help government officials to improve farming systems.     

萝卜优质高效栽培技术

从地块及品种选择、深耕整畦、合理密植、田间管理、病虫防治等方面总结福建省晋江市生产基地萝卜优质高效栽培技术,并从包装、运输、贮存三方面提出采后处理应注意的问题.     

天津市滨海新区林业有害生物现状与治理对策

分析了滨海新区的林业有害生物发生与防治现状,总结出当前在林业有害生物监测、检疫和应急治理等工作中存在的问题,并为滨海新区的林业有害生物治理提出加强多部门合作、营造混交林、完善基础设施建设、严格检疫、建立快速应急防控队伍、推广生物防治六项治理对策。     

突发林业有害生物事件应急平台体系建设设计

近年来,中国林业有害生物发生与危害日趋严重,各类突发林业有害生物事件频发,严重威胁森林资源和公共安全。突发林业有害生物事件应急平台是以林业有害生物防治技术和现代先进信息、通信技术为支撑,以突发林业有害生物事件应急管理流程为主线,是突发林业有害生物事件应急管理和处置的工具,是软件和硬件相结合的技术保障系统。突发林业有害生物事件应急平台在体系上应包括国家林业局、省级林业主管部门、市级林业主管部门和县级林业主管部门四级结构,在层次上应包括应用层、平台层、数据层和设备层。实施突发林业有害生物事件应急平台建设能有效预防和减少突发林业有害生物事件及其造成的损失,对保护森林资源、维护公共安全和建设生态文明具有十分重要的意义。图3参17     

落叶松鞘蛾防治指标的研究

根据害虫发生量预测模式来测害虫未来种群数量,就成为制定防治计划和措施的依据。在森林害虫管理中,把经济损失的最低发生量视为“经济受害允许水平”。为了防治落叶松鞘蛾为害造成的经济损失而进行防治时,事先要衡量害虫造成的损失价值与防治经费之间的得失关系,如有所获得时,才要进行防治,这种与“经济受害允许水平”相应的阈值就是防治指标。在确定害虫防治指标前,首先确定害虫为害指标,就是有多少头落叶松鞘蛾幼虫食多少落叶松计叶而导致对树木生长有明显影响。从模拟摘叶试验中得出结论,摘叶量达到1/2时,对落叶松生长量有明显影响,所以当落叶松鞘蛾幼虫为害达到此标准时的虫口密度定为为害指标。试验证明,当落叶松鞘蛾幼虫发生量控制在9头/株以下时,可以获得较大的经济效益,超过此发生量,一定要进行防治,所以当鞘蛾虫口密度超过9头/株,针叶量损失1/2时定为防治指标。     

广东省鳞翅目桑树害虫种类调查与鉴定

鳞翅目害虫是广东桑树(Morus alba L.)种植区主要为害桑树的害虫种类,每年都会对蚕桑生产造成较大的经济损失.从2016年10月至2017年10月,通过对桑园鳞翅目害虫的调查与采集,利用形态和分子(细胞色素氧化酶亚基I基因mtCOI)鉴定的方法对其进行系统鉴定,共鉴定出5种鳞翅目害虫,分别为桑螟(Glyphodes pyloalis Walker)、棕斑澳黄毒蛾(Orvasca subnotata Walker)、棉古毒蛾(Orgyia australis Walker)、柑橘长卷叶蛾(Homona coffearia Meyrick)和大钩翅尺蛾(Hyposidra talaca Walker);其中,棕斑澳黄毒蛾(Orgyia subnotata Walker)为国内首次报道为害桑树,柑橘长卷叶蛾(Homona coffearia Meyrick)、大钩翅尺蛾(Hyposidra talaca Walker)为广东省内首次报道为害桑树.     

Biological control in agroecosystems

Living organisms are used as biological pest control agents in (i) classical biological control, primarily for permanent control of introduced perennial weed pests or introduced pests of perennial crops; (ii) augmentative biological control, for temporary control of native or introduced pests of annual crops grown in monoculture; and (iii) conservative or natural control, in which the agroecosystem is managed to maximize the effect of native or introduced biological control agents. The effectiveness of biological control can be improved if it is based on adequate ecological information and theory, and if it is integrated with other pest management practices.