State,class, and technology in tobacco production

Recent debates over the persistence of family farms have focused on the importance of naturalistic obstacles to the capitalist development of agriculture. According to these arguments, the existence of these barriers in some realms of agricultural production precludes the development of wage labor. I argue, however, that in many instances these obstacles are based primarily on political factors. To demonstrate this thesis I illustrate how the tobacco program until recently has proved to be an obstacle to consolidation and structural change in tobacco production. The tobacco program has conditioned the extent of technological development and structural change in tobacco production. From the 1940s to the 1970s, the tobacco program maintained a system of small-scale producers and discouraged technological change in the industry. Changes in the program in the 1970s and 1980s, however, have contributed to the rapid mechanization and structural change among tobacco producers. Many of the obstacles to consolidation were overcome not by technological change, but by weakened political support for the tobacco program. These results suggest that in addition to economic and technological considerations, we need to assess more carefully the political foundations of the capitalist development of agriculture.Gary P. Green is an Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology and the Institute of Community and Area Development at the University of Georgia. His research concentrates on the sociology of agriculture, political economy of rural development, and economic development and community change. He is currently involved in research on the effectiveness of local economic development strategies and self-development strategies among rural communities.     

边疆民族地区农村基层党组织自我发展能力建设研究——来自云南4县8镇18村的调查

党的基层组织是党的全部工作和战斗力的基础,基层党组织的建设是党的整个执政能力体系中的重要组成部分,是党的执政能力建设的落脚点。在云南4个边境县调研的基础上,总结边疆民族地区农村基层党组织自我发展能力建设成效与经验,分析其存在的党员发展被动、活动相对少、服务群众能力不足等问题,并在农村基层党组织的执行力、党员的教育培训和发展力度等方面提出相应的对策和建议。     

The goals and values of local economic development strategies in rural America

The goals and values of economic development strategies vary according to the individual communities that employ them. While economic development strategies are aimed at increasing jobs, income, and community wealth, the issue of who gains and who loses from economic change is often overlooked. The industrial development strategies of the 1960s and 1970s are giving way to local initiatives based on services. Although local efforts may mean greater local control, the globalization of the economy has exposed formerly remote areas to international competition. The challenge to communities will be to achieve a moderate, steady, and manageable pace of good growth. Each community will ultimately need to develop a strategy for economic growth that matches community desires with community resources.Thomas L. Daniels is Director of the Agricultural Preserve Board of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. He is co-author ofRural Planning and Development in the United States, and has written several articles on rural ecconomic development.     

“Our market is our community”: women farmers and civic agriculture in Pennsylvania,USA

Civic agriculture is characterized in the literature as complementary and embedded social and economic strategies that provide economic benefits to farmers at the same time that they ostensibly provide socio-environmental benefits to the community. This paper presents some ways in which women farmers practice civic agriculture. The data come from in-depth interviews with women practicing agriculture in Pennsylvania. Some of the strategies women farmers use to make a living from the farm have little to do with food or agricultural products, but all are a product of the process of providing a living for farmers while meeting a social need in the community. Most of the women in our study also connect their business practices to their gender identity in rural and agricultural communities, and redefine successful farming in opposition to traditional views of economic rationality.     

山西农户农业投资行为分析

目前,农户已成为我国农业投资的主体。研究农户投资现状及影响农户投资行为的障碍因素,针对性地提出激励农户持续投资对策,对发挥山西农户投入的潜力、促进农业可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。     

论农村工业化视域下的精英治理——以皖东七里村为例

农村社区处于转型期的特殊状况,给广大农村社区的经济精英们提供了施展才能的平台。农村社区的经济精英依托自身的经济优势,掌握着农村社区众多的资源,在社区中拥有绝对的话语权,这种优势成为其向政治精英过渡的筹码。集政治、经济特权与一身的农村精英们,为自身的发展积累了大量的社会资本,在农村城市化的进程中扮演着举足轻重的角色。凭借这些社会资本,精英阶层介入农村社会事务的管理,并最终发展成为推进农村现代化的一支重要力量。     

Developing city water supplies by drying up farms: Contradictions raised in water institutions under stress

Constraints on the expansion of western water supply projects have turned the attention of urban water developers to market purchases of agricultural water supplies as a source of new water. The conventional wisdom of natural resource economics suggests that such shifts should have minimal impact on the agricultural area-of-origin, promote efficiency in water use, and provide an inexpensive and environmentally preferable alternative to building more dams and reservoirs. However the concentration of urban demand combines with water-extensive irrigation practices in western agriculture and a characteristically bipolar economic and social structure in western irrigation communities to create a potential for severe stress on rural economies and communities. The adaptation of supply-oriented western water institutions to market-oriented functions has not provided a decision-making context that accounts for costs imposed on rural communities; moreover, historically water-rich rural communities have not evolved a water policy infrastructure capable of responding to stress. Before the promise of low-cost water supply through the market mechanism can be realized, the structural contradictions inherited from the traditional water-management institutions must be faced and dealt with by both rural source regions and urban water importers.     

Studying pastoral women's knowledge in milk processing and marketing — for whose empowerment?

Studies of local knowledge and farmer participatory research tend to focus on raising crops and livestock. Little attention is given to processing and marketing farm products, an important source of income for rural households, particularly women. This article presents the case of an investigation into processing and marketing of milk products by agropastoral Fulani women, which revealed how the women under stand local market forces and recognize important social and even local political functions of their marketing activities. However, it also revealed the limits of their knowledge about how the local economy interlinks with national and international economies. Reasons are examined why the study did not lead to local technical and institutional development in dairying. Differentiation is made between two types of research: “extractive” research to provide information for development planners and academics; and participatory or “enriching” research, in which data collection, analysis, and reporting are done with rural people, to use in their own problem-solving. It is argued that “enriching” research should be aimed at increasing rural people's present knowledge, so that they can better understand and cope with external influences on their activities. They could then better defend their own interests against the macroplanning State. Finally, the ethics of documenting the research results are questioned. Documentation of conventional research is primarily for empowerment and enrichment of the extractive economic and academic systems. But there is also a danger that wider dissemination of results of participatory research and local knowledge will not benefit the rural participants but rather strengthen the information base of planners, so that they can better manipulate local economies.     

地方高校图书馆为农村经济建设服务的思考

加快农村经济建设发展需要全社会的共同参与和支持,地方高校图书馆应发挥自身的优势,拓展服务外延,服务于新农村经济建设。研究了地方高校图书馆在农村经济建设中的重要作用,分析了地方高校图书馆为农村经济建设服务条件,提出了地方高校图书馆为农村经济建设服务的策略。     

人力资本视阈下西部农村地区自我发展能力的提升

强调了人力资本对于农村自我发展能力提升的重要意义,人力资本投资对西部农村地区的经济增长贡献将越来越大,对西部农村地区显著加快经济社会发展具有不可替代的作用。分析了当前西部农村地区人力资源开发的特征：就业结构单一;人力资源结构不合理;人力资源总量不足伴随着闲置现象严重;人力资源流失严重;人才＂投入-产出＂双低。指出了提升西部农村地区自我发展能力的根本途径：认真落实和贯彻《国家中长期人才发展规划》,尽快制定出台详细具体的立足西部农村地区实际的配套政策;加快发展西部农村地区的教育事业,制定缩小知识差距的发展战略;建立比较完善的农村人力资源开发体系,加大返乡农民工的培训力度;按需适时调整人力投资结构,显著提高人力资本投资强度。     

乡村振兴战略背景下海南农业发展研究*

就目前我国乡村振兴战略实施情况来看, 2018年是该战略实施的起始年。而对于海南省来讲,乡村振兴战略是推动其“三农”进一步发展的关键战略。海南省作为我国主要的经济特区之一和唯一的省级经济特区,积极响应乡村振兴战略的号召,并制定出相应的措施,以此来促进海南现代农业的发展。虽然目前海南乡村振兴战略实施情况整体趋势较好,但是仍遇到了一定的阻碍。文章针对乡村振兴背景下的海南现代化农业发展情况进行研究,提出海南实施乡村振兴战略过程中的问题,从而提出相应的改善对策。这不仅有助于乡村振兴战略在海南的顺利实施,同时也有助于海南现代农业的发展,进而对当地的经济发展有一定的帮助。     

基于体验的乡村旅游开发模式研究

研究针对体验经济背景下旅游产业的变化,从游客情感需求增强并越来越重视旅游过程的体验感觉出发,挖掘一种兼顾旅游资源识别、目标市场细分、体验项目设计、人员培训等流程的新型乡村旅游开发模式,强调在开发设计和具体实施中,明确开发方向,构建独特主题,营造体验氛围,向游客全面、深度地展现乡村的魅力,使乡村旅游的文化、休闲、地方特色更突出,并以情感性、互动性、个性化的旅游产品满足游客的情感需求,从而给游客留下独特的感受和美好的回忆,延长游客滞留时间,提高游客的忠诚度,进而产生更高的经济效益,促进农村经济增长,建设和谐新农村。     

乡村振兴背景下祠堂文化实践价值探析——基于江西省赣中景贤村 J氏祠堂的调查

在乡村振兴背景下,农民群众对于美好生活的获得感、幸福感和安全感的追求更加强烈,主体意识和自我发展需求随之增强,作为乡村记忆符号的祠堂文化也迎来了新的发展。祠堂文化是社会存在的反映,具有社会性、传承性、稳定性和时代性等特征,发挥着保证、凝聚、育人和激励等功能。将祠堂文化与乡村思想政治工作相融合,通过推进美好乡风和乡村振兴建设,实现美丽乡村建设新发展。     

Participatory Extension as Basis for the Work of Rural Extension Services in the Amazon

Public extension services play a key role in the implementation of strategies for rural development based on the sustainable management of natural resources. However, the sector suffers from restricted financial and human resources. Using experiences from participatory action research, a strategy for rural extension in the Amazon was defined to increase the efficiency and the relevance of external support for local resource users. This strategy considered activities initiated and coordinated by local people. Short-term facilitation visits provided continuous external support for the purpose of establishing locally based planning and learning mechanisms. In collaboration with the municipality of Muaná in the Eastern Amazon, the strategy was tested in two traditional communities – Monte Moriat and Boa Esperança. Both communities recognized as most important the need to reduce their dependence on açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart.), the principal source of food and income. This forest resource has been overexploited, seriously affecting açaí stands and diminishing the forest benefits fundamental for survival. Two local groups decided to raise chickens as a way to reduce nutritional problems and as an alternative source of income. Supported by monthly, short-term planning and evaluation visits, the groups managed to achieve significant progress in their endeavor. The groups identified (1) the control of decision-making and information, and (2) the absence of external obligations to be the greatest advantages of the development initiative. The study confirmed the potential of participatory strategies for public extension in the Amazon. Special attention was given to realistically define the role of forests for local development. However, drastic measures are necessary to smooth the way for real participation in governmental and non-governmental organizations acting in the Brazilian Amazon.     

设施栽培连作障碍克服技术的研究与应用

随着农村经济结构的调整,设施栽培在农村经济发展中的地位和作用越来越重要。在利益的驱动下,有的在同一块地连续种植同种或同科作物,从而导致这些田块产生连作障碍;连作障碍已成为我国农业可持续发展的瓶颈。介绍了设施栽培连作障碍克服技术的研究与应用概况,主要包括加强设施栽培系统养分管理、生物防治和根系化感物质与病原菌的协同作用等方面。     

农村土地抵押贷款发展浅析——以重庆市开县为例

运用问卷调查、入户访谈、统计分析等方法,研究了农村土地抵押贷款发展情况.阐明了农村土地抵押贷款发展的特点:农地抵押需求大,渠道不畅暗流大,先行先试成效大;揭示了农村土地抵押贷款发展面临的挑战:制度创新突破难,农民权益保障难,农地市场发展难;提出废止农村土地抵押贷款禁令,完善农村土地产权制度,建立城乡统一的土地市场,推进农村土地抵押贷款顺利发展.     

贫困地区农村自主发展能力研究

培育农村自主发展能力是解决农村长远发展的根本。文章从系统论角度把农村自主发展分为农民个体自主发展、农户家庭自主发展和村庄整体自主发展3个层次,并对各个层次的自主发展能力作了分析,最后提出加强农民自我发展能力建设,强化财政、金融与信贷支持,建立坚强有力的村庄领导核心,增强农民的村本意识等提高农村自主发展能力的建议。     

中国农村贫困状况分析和消除农村贫困的思考

本文从相对贫困和人文贫困的概念出发,使用不平等和贫困的基本理论,从收入分配、文化教育和基本权利三个方面分析了中国农村的贫困问题,重点分析了贫困人口的地区和乡差距以及个人能力的差距;最后基于不平等的考虑,提出了缓解和消除农村贫困的思考：其基本思想是通过开发式扶贫,提高农村人口的自我发展能力,通过救济的方式做到扶贫到人,特别对妇女、儿童以及老、弱、病、残等缺乏能力的贫困者给予更多的关注。     

广西北部湾经济区农业发展与农村人力资本开发研究

2008年广西北部湾经济区纳入国家区域总体发展战略以来,已成为我国区域经济增长最快的地区之一,表现在都市现代农业、农村专业化合作组织发展迅速,农业产业链延伸,农业发展比较优势凸显,面向东盟国家边境贸易活跃,特色农业产业集群迅速崛起.北部湾经济区的农业和农村的发展,需要提升农村人力资本的质量.当前广西北部湾经济区农村人力资本,存在整体素质偏低、外流严重、结构不合理、开发能力不强等问题.推进广西北部湾经济区的全面可持续发展,必须更新思想观念,创新人力资本开发模式和机制,加大人力资本开发的基础投入,发展农村职业教育培训,加快农村剩余劳动力向城镇转移的速度,营造农村科技应用型人才成长环境.     

咸阳周边乡镇企业财务管理现状及问题分析

随着改革开放以及农村经济体制的进一步完善和改革,我国乡镇企业在促进农村经济发展、促进当地就业、在农村现代化建设方面发挥着日益重要的作用。但是由于起步晚、发展慢,农村乡镇企业在日常经济活动尤其是财务管理方面还存在一些问题和不完善之处。文章通过对在咸阳周边一些乡镇企业调研过程中遇到的问题的阐述,研究其影响因素,并提出相应的对策建议,以期对咸阳周边乡镇企业的规范、有效发展提供参考。