半干旱区玉米膜下滴灌适宜水分生产函数模型研究

为合理制定吉林省半干旱区玉米膜下滴灌条件下的优化灌溉制度,有效指导分生育阶段灌溉,以提高吉林省粮食产量,在吉林省半干旱地区选择具有典型区域代表性的通榆灌溉试验重点站为研究对象,利用重点站2018年度玉米膜下滴灌非充分灌溉试验数据,对Jensen、Minhas、Blank、Stewart、Singh等5种水分生产函数模型进行求解,得出各模型敏感指数(系数)。与其他水分生产函数相比,Stewart水分生产函数模型各生育阶段敏感系数呈前期和后期较小、中期较大的"单峰式"变化规律,分别为0.110 8(苗期)、0.353 0(拔节期)、0.515 8(抽雄吐丝期)、0.312 2(灌浆期)、0.287 3(乳熟期),抽雄吐丝期的敏感系数最大。分析结果表明:Stewart水分生产函数模型在当地具有较好的适应性,可用于吉林省半干旱区玉米膜下滴灌优化灌溉制度的制定,同时抽雄吐丝期为玉米膜下滴灌的需水关键期。     

黑土区调亏灌溉条件下大豆耗水规律试验研究

针对黑土区存在的降雨量时空分布不均,水资源短缺,作物水分利用效率较低的实际问题。2013年在黑龙江省北安农垦分局红星农场进行了盆栽试验,研究了调亏灌溉条件下的大豆耗水规律。结果表明大豆各生育阶段耗水量按结荚-鼓粒、开花-结荚、鼓粒-成熟、分枝-开花、出苗-分枝、播种-出苗阶段依次递减;产量、水分利用效率与耗水量之间均呈二次抛物线关系。耗水量为62.5kg/盆时,水分利用效率先出现最大值,耗水量达84.76kg/盆时,产量(52.9g/盆)最高,最高值出现时间较水分利用效率偏后。在试验的基础上,建立了基于Jensen模型的黑土区大豆水分生产函数。研究结果可为黑土区大豆节水灌溉管理提供一定的理论依据。     

华北典型区冬小麦区域耗水模拟与灌溉制度优化

以经校验Aquacrop模型模拟了不同土壤条件下冬小麦水分与产量响应关系,结合北京大兴区土壤分布及其冬小麦实际种植情况,对模型模拟结果进行区域尺度拓展,以此为基础分析了研究区不同灌溉制度下冬小麦耗水量、产量及水分生产率的变化规律,并推荐了与华北地区水资源实际情况相适宜的冬小麦亏缺灌溉制度。结果表明:应用Aquacrop模型能较好模拟冬小麦生育期内土壤墒情和冠层覆盖度的动态变化过程及其生物量与产量情况,可利用经校验后的模型进行冬小麦水分与产量响应关系研究。灌溉定额在300 mm范围内,随着灌溉量增加,耗水量增大;在灌水次数相同条件下,灌溉日期不同,因蒸腾量变化导致耗水量差异显著。在相同处理下总体上降水多年份产量较高,而不同处理之间随着灌溉量增加产量增大;在灌水次数相同情况下,灌溉关键生育时段选择对冬小麦产量形成及水分生产率提高至关重要。以冬小麦增产提效为原则,在灌1水情况下重点保障拔节-抽穗阶段的需水;灌2水情况下重点保障返青-拔节、抽穗-乳熟阶段需水;灌3水情况下重点保障返青-拔节、拔节-抽穗、抽穗-乳熟阶段需水。针对华北水资源严重短缺实际,建议北京大兴区冬小麦采用灌2水的亏缺灌溉制度,较灌4水情况下的灌溉量与耗水量分别减少140、65 mm,能确保75%产量。可见,在与华北类似的资源性缺水区域,选择适宜亏缺灌溉制度,能大幅降低区域灌溉量与耗水量,在稳定区域冬小麦产量及涵养地下水源方面具有重要的现实意义。     

亏缺灌溉对冬小麦耗水规律及产量的影响

通过对冬小麦不同生育阶段进行不同程度水分亏缺的测坑试验,对比分析了不同水分处理对冬小麦耗水特性及产量的影响,并选用Jensen模型对产量与阶段耗水量的关系进行分析,结果表明亏缺灌溉有利于冬小麦耗水量的降低,但同时也降低冬小麦的产量;抽穗灌浆期的水分对产量影响最敏感,应避免在该阶段出现水分亏缺现象;播种-拔节期和拔节-抽穗期可进行轻度水分亏缺,有利于冬小麦节水高效,灌浆—成熟期的水分对产量影响最不敏感,可进行水分亏缺调控,降低冬小麦的灌溉水量.     

西藏高寒牧区(燕麦、青稞)作物-水模型确定

依据田间试验,以西藏高寒作物燕麦、青稞为对象,对于高寒牧区作物水分生产函数的确定进行了初步研究。结果表明,燕麦水分函数模型为Stewart模型,水分敏感程度顺序为:拔节～抽穗、分蘖～拔节、抽穗～刈割、出苗～分蘖;青稞水分生产函数模型为Jensen模型,水分敏感程度顺序为:分蘖～拔节、拔节～抽穗、抽穗～刈割、出苗～分蘖。为西藏高寒地区制定灌溉制度提供了理论依据。     

黑龙江省西部半干旱区大豆水分生产函数试验研究

通过盆栽实验,应用大豆不同灌水处理下的耗水量和产量的试验资料,用Jensen模型、Minhas模型、Blank模型、Singh模型、Stewart模型分别对黑龙江省西部半干旱区大豆的水分生产函数进行了拟合,对模型求解结果进行了比较分析与检验。用生长曲线来拟合水分敏感指数累积函数,计算了不同生育阶段的水分敏感指数。结果表明:加法模型Stewart、乘法模型Jensen优于其它分段计算模型;水分敏感指数累积函数拟合的效果较好。     

寒地黑土区水稻水分生产函数试验研究

通过测坑试验研究,应用水稻6个生育阶段不同灌水处理下的蒸发蒸腾量和产量的试验资料,用Jensen模型、Blank模型、Singh模型和Stewart模型分别对寒地黑土区水稻的水分生产函数进行了拟合,并对得出的模型求解结果进行了比较分析与检验。结果表明,Jensen模型适合寒地黑土区水稻的水分生产函数模型计算,得出了敏感指数在生育期内的变化规律。为黑龙江省稻灌区调亏灌溉条件下的灌溉制度优化提供基础依据。     

山西省冬小麦水分生产函数模型初步分析

依据山西省潇河、利民、浮驮河、小樊灌溉试验站1979～1988年的冬小麦灌溉资料,采用多年综合调参法,求出了Jensen、Minhas、Blank、Stewart及Singh模型的参数,并通过对该5种模型拟合方程的拟合精度以及计算产量与实测产量相关性的对比分析,分别得出了潇河、利民、浮驮河及小樊四地的适宜的冬小麦水分生产函数。     

水分亏缺对冬小麦株高、叶绿素相对含量及产量的影响

通过冬小麦小区试验,在不同时期给以不同程度的亏水灌溉处理,以研究不同生长时期水分亏缺和亏缺程度对冬小麦生理生态及产量的影响。冬小麦生长发育过程被划分为4个阶段:苗期、拔节期、抽穗期和灌浆成熟期。每个生育阶段设置不同水分水平,结果表明:土壤水分调控对冬小麦株高、叶片叶绿素相对含量,产量和水分利用率均有影响;冬小麦株高以及叶片叶绿素相对含量在拔节期、抽穗期以及灌浆成熟期前期均存在一定的补偿效应。     

寒地黑土区玉米调亏灌溉耗水规律的试验研究

通过盆栽试验,于2013年研究了寒地黑土区玉米调亏灌溉条件下不同水分处理的耗水规律,结果表明：玉米不同生育阶段的总耗水量大小顺序为：拔节期＞抽雄期＞灌浆期＞苗期,其中抽雄期的敏感指数(0.6727)最高。当水分亏缺处理低于60%田间持水量时,将会影响玉米产量,产量和总耗水量之间呈二次抛物线关系,当灌水量为46.93kg/盆时,产量最高。利用玉米在不同亏水处理条件下的各生育阶段耗水量和产量数据,用Jensen模型进行拟合,得到适合该地区玉米的水分生产函数,为玉米在调亏灌溉条件下制定合理灌溉制度提供参考依据。     

宁夏南部雨养农业区玉米生育期土壤含水率控制阈值研究

在宁夏南部雨养农业区,设置玉米不同生育期土壤含水率控制下限指标,开展以土壤含水率为灌溉控制指标的精量灌溉技术试验研究。在分析玉米各生育期灌水量、土壤含水率、作物产量、水分利用效率的基础上,推荐在丰水条件下,玉米生育期土壤含水率控制阈值为:种植期80%θf、苗期—拔节期55%θf、拔节期—抽雄期85%θf、抽雄期—灌浆期80%θf,水分生产效率可达3.35kg/m3。宁夏南部雨养农业区推荐土壤含水率控制阈值为:种植期60%θf、苗期45%θf、拔节期50%θf、抽雄前期60%θf,水分生产效率可达3.7kg/m3。     

基于冠层温度的水稻关键生育期缺水诊断

以船行灌区水稻为试验作物,在2014年7-10月水稻生长发育的分蘖期、拔节孕穗期、开花结实期等3个关键期进行水稻需水试验,研究水稻冠层温度、大气温度与土壤含水量的关系,提出作物缺水诊断方法.研究结果表明:冠层温度晴天变化趋势随气温变化差异较大,阴雨天与大气温度差异不大,这与晴天水稻蒸发蒸腾强度高而阴雨天蒸发蒸腾强度低有关;抽穗开花期冠气温差在午间呈现正值,其他时间大多为负值,而成熟期冠气温差基本为正值且午间最大;通过水稻拔节孕穗期和开花结实期间冠气温差和对应时段内土壤适宜含水率上下限的对比,确定直播和插秧稻在拔节孕穗期的冠气温差上限达到1.5 ℃时,在开花结实期冠气温差上限分别超过2.4 ℃和2.5 ℃时,土壤水分已达胁迫水平,应对水稻进行灌溉.通过监测冠层温度,可以便捷地获取水稻缺水状况.     

不同生育期水分胁迫对玉米农艺性状的影响

为了研究不同生育期玉米水分胁迫对玉米农艺性状的影响,为干旱、半干旱地区玉米抗旱提供理论依据。以玉米在苗期、拔节期、抽雄-吐丝、灌浆-成熟期进行水分胁迫,测量玉米株高、穗位高、叶面积、穗部性状,对比充分灌水与非充分灌溉下玉米农艺性状差异。利用Jensen模型求解出玉米各生育期水分敏感系数,验证水分胁迫对玉米产量的影响。结果表明在拔节期进行干旱处理的株高、穗位高、叶面积受影响较大,有明显的抑制作用。抽雄—吐丝期干旱胁迫对穗部性状的形成较为明显,并且对产量影响较大。     

水分处理对冬小麦生育期耗水分配及产量影响

【目的】探索冬小麦产量及水分利用效率对灌溉水在生育期运筹的响应过程。【方法】通过人工控水试验开展了6个生长季(2012—2018年)的测坑冬小麦灌溉试验,试验设置不同灌溉水时间和不同次灌水定额,3个处理分别为拔节90 mm(I90)、拔节45 mm+抽穗45 mm(I45*2)、拔节30 mm+抽穗30 mm+灌浆30 mm(I30*3),总灌溉额均为90 mm,重点研究了灌溉水在生育期分配对冬小麦产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响。【结果】6个生长季的试验数据统计分析表明,I90、I45*2和I30*3处理的平均产量分别为6 878.3、7 249.1和7 568.6 kg/hm^2;与I90处理相比,I45*2和I30*3处理的产量分别提高了4.4%和10.0%;在灌溉定额一定条件下,不同灌溉处理对生育期总耗水没有显著影响,但I45*2处理比I90处理生殖生长阶段的耗水增加了23.7%,且生育期水分利用效率提高了14.8%。【结论】有限供水条件下,小定额多次灌溉可以有效改善生育后期麦田水分状况,有利于光合产物向籽粒的转化,进一步提高冬小麦千粒质量和收获指数,最终提高了冬小麦经济产量和水分利用效率。     

Optimizing the yield of winter wheat by regulating water consumption during vegetative and reproductive stages under limited water supply

To ensure sustainable agricultural water use in water shortage regions, practices of deficit irrigation should be adopted. This study investigated the performance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under limited water supply from 2005 to 2011, a six-season field test on the North China Plain. The test was comprised of four treatments: rain-fed, single irrigation applied at sowing to obtain a good level of soil moisture at the start of crop growth (I1s), single irrigation applied during recovery to jointing (I1r), and full irrigation supplied as three irrigations (control, I3). The results showed that grain yield was significantly correlated with rainfall before heading and with evapotranspiration (ET) after heading (P < 0.01) under rain-fed conditions. The average contribution of soil water stored before sowing to seasonal ET was 90, 103, and 145 mm for rain-fed, I1s, and I1r, respectively, during the six seasons. A smaller root length density (RLD), which restricted utilization of deep soil water by the crop, was one of the reasons for the lower yield with rain-fed and I1s treatments compared with the I1r treatment in dry seasons. The results also showed that the limited irrigation applied from recovery to jointing stage (Treatment I1r) significantly promoted vegetative growth and more efficient soil water use during the reproductive (post-heading) stage, resulting in a 21.6 % yield increase compared with that of the I1s treatment. And although the average yield of the I1r treatment was 14 % lower than that of the full irrigation treatment, seasonal irrigation was reduced by 120–140 mm. With smaller penalties in yield and a larger reduction in applied irrigation, I1r could be considered a feasible irrigation practice that could be used in the NCP for conservation of groundwater resources.     

不同水分处理条件下小麦需水规律研究

对小麦需水量与产量的关系进行了试验研究。结果表明,小麦需水量与产量关系呈二次抛物线关系,函数式y=-0.434 1 x2+348.66 x-67 248。在整个生育期中,小麦苗期需水强度最低,拔节期至成熟期小麦的需水强度基本随着生育期的推进逐渐上升并在孕穗至成熟期达到峰值,说明拔节期~孕穗期为小麦的生长旺盛期。试验成果为制定贵州小麦灌溉制度提供了参考依据。     

Simulation of water dynamics and irrigation scheduling for winter wheat and maize in seasonal frost areas

Continuous cropping of winter wheat and summer maize is the main cropping pattern in North China Plain lying in a seasonal frost area. Irrigation scheduling of one crop will influence soil water regime and irrigation scheduling of the subsequent crop. Therefore, irrigation scheduling of winter wheat and maize should be studied as a whole. Considering the meteorological and crop characteristics of the area lying in a seasonal frost area, a cropping year is divided into crop growing period and frost period. Model of simultaneous moisture and heat transfer (SMHT) for the frost period and model of soil water transfer (SWT) for the crop growing period were developed, and used jointly for the simulation of soil water dynamics and irrigation scheduling for a whole cropping year. The model was calibrated and validated with field experiment of winter wheat and maize in Beijing, China. Then the model was applied to the simulation of water dynamics and irrigation scheduling with different precipitation and irrigation treatments. From the simulation results, precipitation can meet the crop water requirement of maize to a great extent, and irrigation at the seeding stage may be necessary. Precipitation and irrigation had no significant influence on evaporation and transpiration of maize. On the other hand, irrigation scheduling of winter wheat mainly depends on irrigation standard. Irrigation at the seeding stage and before soil freezing is usually necessary. For high irrigation standard, four times of irrigation are required after greening. While for medium irrigation, only once (rainy year) or twice (medium and dry years) of irrigation is required after greening. Transpiration of winter wheat is very close for high and medium irrigation, but it decreases significantly for low irrigation and will result in a reduction of crop yield. Irrigation with proper time and amount is necessary for winter wheat. Considering irrigation quota and crop transpiration comprehensively, medium irrigation is recommended for the irrigation of winter wheat in the studying area, which can reduce the irrigation quota of over 150 mm with little water stress for crop growth.     

基于模糊几何加权模型的灌区水资源优化配置

针对农业水资源优化配置中多目标赋权的不确定性问题,以黑龙江省绰尔屯灌区为研究区域,构建了基于模糊几何加权法的灌区水资源优化配置模型,把多目标规划问题转化为单目标非线性问题,得到了不同权重下不同生育期的灌区水资源最佳配置方案,并通过灌区综合能力评价体系进行比选.结果表明：通过与线性多目标模糊规划模型的对比,模糊几何加权模型可以根据实际情况对不同目标的权重进行调整,得出该条件下的灌区水资源最佳配置方案;当灌水量权重为0.3和经济权重为0.7时为最优方案,水稻产值为8 245万元,分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期、乳熟期的灌水量分别为1 154.56万、779.12万、539.45万、336.57万m³.验证了模糊几何加权法在灌区水资源优化配置的可行性应用,为灌区农业水资源高效利用提供参考方案和决策支持.     

Application of a simulation based optimization model for winter wheat irrigation scheduling in North China

Irrigation needs to be scheduled properly for winter wheat, the main food crop in North China where the water resources are limited. We optimized the irrigation timing of crops under limited water supply by integrating a soil water balance model, dated water production function with cumulative function of water sensitivity index, and a nonlinear search method. The optimization produced the optimal irrigation date series with the predetermined irrigation quota for each application, which aims to obtain higher crop yield with limited irrigation water and be convenient for irrigation management. This simulation–optimization model was used to investigate the irrigation scheduling of winter wheat in Xiaohe irrigation Area in North China. Results show that optimal irrigation date series, corresponding relative yield and relative evapotranspiration are all closely related to the irrigation quota and initial soil water conditions. For rich and medium initial soil water conditions in medium precipitation year, it takes four times of irrigation (60 mm each time) after greening in order to obtain higher crop yield. But it increases to five times for poor initial condition. With limited irrigation water, irrigation should generally be applied in the preferential sequence of early May or late April (in the jointing stage), then mid and late May (in the heading stage), and finally March (in the greening stage). Irrigation should be applied earlier with lower initial soil water storage. Higher irrigation quota increases the crop yield but tends to decrease the marginal value, especially when irrigation quota exceeds 180 mm. The study also indicates that the optimized relative yield is generally higher than that obtained in field experiment. Based on the optimization, we proposed to use the quadratic polynomial function to describe the frontier water production function, which shows the mathematical relationship between optimized relative yield and relative evapotranspiration.