通过土壤泥浆中的过氧化氢处理三氯乙烯污染的土壤

Chlordecone, one of the most persistent organochlorine pesticides, was applied between 1972 and 1993 in banana fields in the French West Indies, which results in long-term pollution of soils and contamination of waters, aquatic biota, and crops. As human exposure to chlordecone is mainly due to food contamination, early research was focused on chlordecone transfer to crops. Field trials were conducted to investigate chlordecone contamination of yam, sweet potato, turnip, and radish grown on a ferralic Nitisol polluted by chlordecone. We also carried out trials on yam, courgette, and tomato under greenhouse conditions with homogenized Andosol and Nitisol, polluted by chlordecone to various extents. Our results indicated that i) all tubers were contaminated in accordance with the chlordecone content of the soils; ii) the contamination capacity of the Nitisol was greater than that of the Andosol; and iii) whatever the soil type, tuber contamination was related to the soil volumetric content of dissolved chlordecone. Nevertheless, no tubers showed sufficient chlordecone uptake for efficient soil decontamination by means of plant extraction. Soil contact accounted for most of the root crop contamination, which was inversely proportional to the tuber size. Internal transfer might also increase root crop contamination when the root central cylinder contained raw sap flow, as in the case of turnip or radish. Courgette fruits showed high contamination without soil contact. Thus, further research is needed to explore the pattern of both below- and aboveground plant chlordecone contamination and assess the hypothesis of its correlation with sap flow. Finally, we used our results to build a decision-making tool for farmers, relating soil pollution with the maximal contamination of the harvested organs to predict crop contamination and thus assisting farmers in making crop choices at planting in order to conform with the European Union’s regulations.     

Measurement of soil gas diffusivity in situ

Assessment of gas diffusivity in situ gives a direct measure of the ability of soils to exchange gas with minimal soil disturbance. A versatile, readily portable probe for measuring the diffusion of a tracer gas through soil in situ is described. The radioactive tracer ⁸⁵Kr is injected into a cell located at the end of the probe. The change in activity within the cell as the gas diffuses out is measured by a Geiger-Muller tube in the cell. The probe can be used by insertion either directly into an auger hole (buried-probe mode) or into a chamber pushed into the soil surface. A method to simulate diffusion numerically using Fick's equation for both methods of insertion is presented. In the tests reported, diffusivity was estimated by expanding or contracting the time axis of the simulation until it matched the observed count rates. A goodness-of-fit was attached to each diffusivity estimate. The probe was generally effective, giving diffusivities comparable to those measured in the laboratory on cores taken near the cell (buried-probe mode) or linked to the surface chamber. Poor fits were found for some diffusivities measured in the buried-probe mode on coarsely structured soils. These were attributed to non-uniform distribution of porosity and possible upward leakage of tracer when used at shallow depths in the buried-probe mode. However, thein situ diffusivities may be more representative than those measured in cores in the laboratory because of the greater sample volume. We show how the probe can be used to detect soil layers that restrict gas diffusivity and differences in aeration status between tillage treatments.     

土壤水流模式染色剂示踪及优先流程度评估

优先流是结构性土壤水分入渗的主要方式。为了直接利用土壤水流模式分析其优先流程度,该文采用亮蓝染色剂示踪原状与扰动土柱的土壤水运移,定量评估优先流的相对发育程度。研究结果表明原状土柱优先流发育,空间变异性强,受优先流通道的特征控制,其优先流水流模式以蚯蚓大孔隙流和土块裂隙优先流为主。扰动土柱的水流模式为活塞流,无优先流发育。该文提出了随深度变化的染色面积比的变异系数指示原状土柱优先流相对程度的评价准则:变异系数越低,优先流程度越高。变异系数≥0.5%为优先流程度一般发育,0.25%~0.5%之间为发育,≤0.25%为非常发育。并通过原状和扰动土柱灌溉模拟试验验证了评价准则的可靠性。     

Diffusion probe for gas sampling in undisturbed soil

Soil‐atmosphere fluxes of trace gases such as methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) are determined by complex interactions between biological activity and soil conditions. Soil gas concentration profiles may, in combination with other information about soil conditions, help us to understand emission controls. This paper describes a simple and robust diffusion probe for soil gas sampling as part of flux monitoring programmes. It can be deployed with minimum disturbance of in‐situ conditions, and also at sites with a high or fluctuating water table. Separate probes are used for each sampling depth, in this study ranging from 5 to 100 cm. The probe has a 10‐ml diffusion cell with a 3‐mm diameter opening covered by a 0.5‐mm silicone membrane. At sampling the diffusion cell is flushed with 10 ml N₂ containing 50 µl l^?1 ethylene (C₂H₄) as a tracer; tracer recovery is used to calculate sample concentrations. Ethylene is immediately removed by flushing with unamended N₂. Equations are presented to correct for dead volumes of connecting tubing and valves. Laboratory tests evaluated recovery of CH₄, N₂O and carbon dioxide (CO₂), removal of C₂H₄ and equilibration of CH₄, N₂O and CO₂ in air and water. Field tests on peat soils used for grazing showed soil gas concentrations of CH₄ and N₂O as influenced by topography, site conditions and season. The applicability of the diffusion probe for trace gas monitoring is discussed.     

Soil‐gas diffusivity in large soil monoliths

The variability of gas diffusion in soil is not well known, but is important for assessing greenhouse gas emissions, soil decontamination, oxidation in soil and plant and root respiration. The goal of this study was to assess small‐scale variability of the relative soil‐gas diffusivity (D_s / D_o, m_{soil air}) using large intact soil monoliths and to compare D_s / D_o calculation methods. Neon (Ne) was maintained constant at the lower boundary of three monoliths of two soils (a sand and an organic soil). Ne concentration was measured at large spatial and temporal frequencies. Calculation methods included the use of average concentration, and average D_s / D_o per horizon, per section, or for the entire soil profile. Considering all sections of the monoliths, D_s / D_o varied from 3.5 × 10⁻³ to 1.2 × 10⁻¹ for the A_p horizon and from 4.8 × 10⁻³ to 8.3 × 10⁻¹ for the B_f horizon in the sand and from 1.0 × 10⁻³ to 7.9 × 10⁻³ for the O_hp horizon and from 2.4 × 10⁻⁴ to 7.7 × 10⁻² for the O_f horizon in the organic soil. For the entire soil profile, variations in D_s / D_o between monoliths reached 125% in the sand and 56% in the organic soil. The D_s / D_o calculation method influenced the apparent variability (CV) of D_s / D_o and, to a lesser extent, D_s / D_o values of the overall soil profile. Differences in D_s / D_o between monoliths could not be explained solely by the variability of total soil porosity and air‐filled porosity. Soil macroporosity (cracks and earthworm burrows) and layering greatly influenced variability of gas movement. Thus, the choice of sampling procedure, calculation method and modelling must be governed by the scale of the processes of interest and soil variability attributes.     

衍生气相色谱法测定土壤中的氟化物

优化了土壤中氟化物的前处理方法。采用 NaOH熔融土壤,使得熔融后的土壤中的氟化物能够溶于水,在中性偏酸的条件下,采用三甲基氯硅烷(TMCS)对提取液中的氟离子进行衍生,加入带有正戊烷内标的甲苯进行吸收,然后取甲苯层后进行气相色谱仪(FID检测器)检测。本方法采用外标法定量,精密度 σ<3%,回收率在 85%~110%之间,相比国标 GB/T 22104-2008方法能排除离子干扰,可用于土壤中氟化物准确定量分析。     

红壤缓坡地径流与土壤可蚀性对土壤有机碳流失的影响

探明坡面径流和土壤可蚀性对土壤有机碳流失的影响,对于研究土壤有机碳固定和区域碳循环有重要作用。该文通过野外径流小区模拟降雨试验研究不同雨强(30~100 mm/h)和耕作条件下(翻耕和免耕)土壤有机碳流失过程及其与坡面径流和土壤可蚀性的关系。结果表明,坡面产流过程对泥沙态有机碳流失过程具有明显影响,除大雨强条件下泥沙态有机碳流失速率在10~30 min呈现短时间峰值外,各径流小区泥沙态有机碳流失过程与坡面产流过程总体变化趋势基本一致,均表现为产流开始后,其流失率随降雨历时延长而增加,而后逐步趋于平稳,但坡面产流过程对径流有机碳流失过程无明显影响;坡面径流率大小影响土壤有机碳流失,坡面径流率变化能解释80%土壤有机碳流失的变化,坡面径流率与土壤有机碳流失呈线性正相关关系,且坡面径流率对泥沙态有机碳流失的影响比其对径流有机碳流失的影响更明显;土壤可蚀性对土壤有机碳流失的影响是非线性的,且土壤可蚀性指标越大,土壤有机碳流失率越大,但土壤可蚀性对土壤有机碳流失的影响存在有限性。坡面径流和土壤可蚀性是土壤有机碳流失的重要影响因素。     

矿区土壤裂隙优先流对土壤铵态氮迁移及土壤结构的影响

针对煤矿地下开采对矿区土壤土壤质量的影响问题,采用构建原状土壤二维模型的物理模拟试验研究方法,模拟研究煤矿开采过程中,由降水引起土壤铵态氮迁移及土壤结构的变化特征。结果表明,煤矿地下开采过程不仅引起地表沉陷,改变地面坡度,加剧了地表径流对土壤铵态氮养分的水平方向和剖面方向的运移强度,同时因沉陷作用伴生的土壤裂隙而加剧了铵态氮由表层向深部的迁移流失。在试验区地面沉陷长度为1.2 m的范围、坡度为2.1°,模拟降水强度60 mm/h,总降水122 mm的试验条件下,坡地表层土壤铵态氮含量平均降低了14%;在剖面上,表层铵态氮质量分数8.8 mg/kg的峰值迁移至30 cm深度,含量峰值深度下移;沉陷区不同部位的土壤颗粒结构组分发生变化。其中坡顶的细颗粒组分黏粒(≤2μm)含量减少,粗颗粒砂粒组分增加。位于沉陷坡地坡顶的土壤黏粒组分由原来的2.5%下降到2.1%,在沉陷坡地1.2 m的距离范围内,土壤黏粒含量平均流失率为16%。而粗颗粒组分(≥50μm)的砂粒组分由原来的3.2%变为3.8%,砂粒组分含量增加率为3.6%。与此同时,位于坡底土壤黏粒由原来2.5%增加到2.8%,黏粒含量累计增加率为12%。土壤裂隙优先流成为煤矿开采沉陷区水土流失重要的驱动因素。该研究可为提高矿区耕地质量和利用效率提供参考。     

土壤污染物优势流的数学模拟

A simple modeling approach was suggested to simulate preferential transport of water and contaminants in soil.After saturated hydraulic conductivity was interpolated by means of Krige interpolation method or scaling method,and then zoned,the locations where saturated hydraulic conductivity was larger represented regions where preferential flow occurred ,because heterogeneity of soil,one of the mechanisms resulting in prefeential flow,could be reflected through the difference in saturated hydraulic conductivity,The modeling approach was validatd through numerical simulation of contaminant tansport in a two-dimensional hypothetical soil profle.The results of the numerical simulation showed that the approach suggested in this study was feasible.     

土壤优先流研究现状与发展趋势

优先流是近年来针对土壤水运动所提出的术语,是土壤中水运动机制研究由均匀走向非均匀领域的标志,是指在土壤各向异性的情况下,水分和溶质在多重因素的共同作用下,沿着特定的路径向下发生非稳定渗流的现象.优先流是造成降雨型滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害以及地下水质污染、农业土壤中养分流失等现象的主要诱因之一,所以深入开展优先流的研究显得尤为重要.本文从优先流的界定出发,主要介绍回顾了优先流数学模型的发展和研究优先流所采用的技术手段和方法,最后总结并探讨了优先流研究中存在的问题和发展趋势.     

砂层在黄土中发生指流条件的试验研究

根据层状结构土壤在积水入渗过程中存在发生指流的现象,该文针对黄土地区"垆盖砂"的土壤条件,在室内以西安黄土为主体,对6种不同粒径的砂质双层结构土壤进行积水入渗试验,以观测研究发生指流的现象、机理与条件.研究表明:决定砂质双层结构能否发生指流现象的重要因素,一是入渗水流进入砂层后的稳渗率;二是表征砂层物理特性的饱和导水率;并以二者的比值做为判断发生指流现象的一个重要量化指标.根据试验分析,可将该比值＜0.02作为砂层发生指流现象的临界值.该指标也表明,当进入砂层的稳渗率小于砂层饱和导水率1/50时,即可发生明显的指流现象.     

Lead and soil properties distributions in a roadside soil: Effect of preferential flow paths

Preferential flow is the non-uniform movement of water and solutes through soils that bypasses a portion of the soil matrix. It limits the effective sorbing capacity of the soil and it has been related to a reduced solute residence time accounting for an increased risk of groundwater contamination. A dye tracer experiment and a subsequent soil sampling procedure in three adjacent soil profiles were performed in a moderately Pb contaminated roadside soil aiming to make visible different flow domains, to test whether preferential flow paths influence the metal content depth distribution, to study differences in selective soil properties resulting from flow domains and, lastly, to investigate whether preferential flow induces changes in the solid phase distribution of lead. Identified preferential flow domains showed greater lead concentration along with lower pH and greater amounts of both inorganic and organic C contents than unstained soil matrix domains. The ratio humic acids (HAs) to fulvic acids (FAs) contents was significantly lower in the preferential paths than in the matrix domains which might be related with sizable differences in the humification process. Lastly, based on the three-step BCR sequential extraction procedure, it has been shown that preferential flow phenomena induce differences in metal distribution between both identified flow domains. While lead content in the soluble and exchangeable (FI) as well as bound to organic matter fractions (FIII) were greater in the matrix than in the preferential flow domains, the amount of metal bound to Fe, Al and Mn (hydr)oxides (FII) was significantly greater in the preferential flow domain than in the matrix one. This indicates that more stable lead sorption mechanisms, thus leading to a lower metal mobility, might partially be responsible for the larger amount of total metal content found associated to the preferential flow paths. Overall, our results suggest that preferential flow domains may behave as metal storage compartments in the soils due to differences in soil properties promoted by means of the heterogeneous water flow distribution.     

集中水流内红壤分离速率与团聚体特征及抗剪强度定量关系

为明确红壤结构特征与抗剪强度对坡面土壤分离能力的影响,选取8种典型红壤为研究对象,通过团聚体稳定性分析,饱和抗剪强度测定,和室内模拟冲刷试验,就各参数间定量关系进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明:团聚体稳定性特征参数As集合了红壤团聚体破碎的主要机制,与不同水流剪切力中红壤分离速率有较好的相关性;红壤饱和抗剪强度(σs)与集中水流内临界水流剪切力(τc)呈较好的线性关系。基于WEPP细沟侵蚀模型,将团聚体稳定性特征参数As代替可蚀性因子Kc,饱和抗剪强度(σs)代替临界水流剪切力(τc),得出新的预测方程。结果显示预测方程能准确的预测坡面集中水流内红壤分离速率(R2=0.887 1)。该结果为深入研究红壤侵蚀机理提供了新思路,对完善侵蚀物理过程模型具有重要的意义。     

Monitoring of matrix flow and bypass flow through the subsoil in a volcanic ash soil

Daily matrix flow at 1-m depth in a volcanic ash soil was calculated during a period of one year using Darcy's law. Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of undisturbed core samples could be expressed as a unique function of the soil water content. Hydraulic gradient obtained from soil water suction by a tensiometer installed at 90- and 110-cm depths, and hydraulic conductivity converted from the soil water content by time domain reflectometry (TDR) were monitored every 30 min throughout a year in a maize (Zea mays L.) Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Rupr.) field. The matrix flow obtained by this method was substituted for the water balance equation to estimate the bypass flow, and monthly and annual evapotranspiration. Annual rainfall in 1997 was 989 mm and evapotranspiration was estimated to be 730 mm. Net matrix flow at 1-m depth was 164 mm downward even though upward matrix flow occurred during half of the year. Downward flow determined by the water balance method exceeded the downward matrix flow during two heavy rain events in the year and the difference between the two flows was 63 mm, which was considered to correspond to a bypass flow. The bypass flow accounted for only 6.4% of the annual rainfall. Matrix flow was well monitored by the application of unsaturated Darcy's law in a field, and monthly evapotranspiration and bypass flow could be quantified by the introduction of the water balance equation.     

Effective use of water in irrigated soils: Guidelines for soil salinity control

Abstract

Continued addition of irrigation water to the soil will add salts which may accumulate sufficiently to reduce plant growth and crop yields. Eventually, the accumulated salts may stop all growth, unless irrigation practices which move salts downward below the root zone are followed. Consequently, water is needed not only for growing plants but also for leaching salts out of the soil. The success of achieving these objectives primarily depends on the proper water management practices, which, in turn, depend on methods and timing of irrigation, quality and quantity of available water for irrigation, soil hydraulic properties, drainage systems, leaching requirement, and economics.     

流动分析仪快速测定土壤全磷含量

土壤经碱熔法消解,对连续流动分析仪和钼锑抗比色法所测土壤全磷含量进行比较分析,探讨流动分析仪测定碱熔法土壤全磷含量的可行性。结果表明,两种方法测定结果经 t检验,双尾 P(T ≤t)=0.5254,无显著性差异。回归直线方程y(流动分析仪-P)=1.0606x(钼锑抗比色法-P)-0.0191, R=0.9900。流动分析仪测定碱熔法土壤全磷的加标回收率在 98.09%～ 102.89%,3个样品重复测定 5次的相对标准偏差为 1.20%～ 2.07%。流动分析仪精密度与准确性高,试剂用量少,检测效率高,适用于批量土壤全磷的检测分析。     

Preferential flow and transport in soil: progress and prognosis

Soil is the first filter of the world’s water; its buffering and filtering determine the quality and quantity of our reserves of subterranean and surface water. Preferential flow can either enhance, or curtail, the capacity of the soil to buffer and filter, and it can compromise, or boost, other ecosystem services. We ask ‘when do preferential flow and transport matter?’ We identify 12 of 17 ecosystem services that benefit from preferential flow and three that are affected detrimentally. We estimate by simple arithmetic the value of preferential flow to ecosystem services to be globally some US$304 billion (10⁹) per year. We review the 1989 Monte Verità meeting on preferential flow processes and summarize the 2006 presentations, some of which are published in this issue of the Journal. New technologies and innovative experiments have increased our understanding of the conditions that initiate and sustain preferential flows. We identify contemporary exigencies, and suggest avenues for their resolution. We are progressing through observation‐led discovery. Our prognosis is that new data will enable us to develop better models, and more aptly to parameterize existing models, and thereby predict the impact, benefits and detriments of preferential flow in soil.     

Simulation of flow patterns and ion-exchange in soil percolation experiments

An increased understanding of ion-exchange processes in raw-humus was obtained by simulations using quantitative mathematical models. The work is based on a series of percolation experiments with a water flow of about 1 mm min^?1 through raw-humus samples of 4 cm thickness. For the input solutions consisting of 10^?3 N H₂SO₄, HNO₃, HCl and NaCl the results indicate that cation-exchange reactions are the most important processes for the chemical composition of the run-off. Since a large part of the water flows quickly through the soil, both the water residence time and the ion-exchange kinetics must be taken into account. As a basis for the chemical model, a hydrologic sub-model reproducing the residence time distribution of the flow in the soil is used. Considering the ions H⁺, M⁺ (monovalent metal ions) and M²⁺ (divalent metal ions), four different chemical models were tried but only one of them gave satisfactory agreement with the experimental results. This model has 5 independent parameters and consists of first and second order chemical processes.     

Effect of root systems on preferential flow in swelling soil

Abstract

Permeability problems on irrigated soils may be alleviated by root systems that increase water flow by creating macropores. Infiltration rates have been shown to increase where plant roots decay and serve as preferential flow paths. For low‐organic‐matter swelling soil, there is a question whether macropores are able to resist the lateral swelling forces of the soil. The objective of this study was to observe preferential water flow paths in a swelling soil under two cropping systems. A Holtville silty clay (clayey‐over‐loamy, montmorillonitic Typic Torrifluvent) was observed in situ. Two crops, alfalfa (Medicago sativa, L.) and wheat (Triticum turgidum, L.) provided sharply contrasting root systems, with wheat possessing fine, fibrous roots; alfalfa on the other hand, has a taproot system. Macropores were observed after applying soil‐adsorbing methylene blue dye to irrigation water. Shrinkage cracks failed to conduct dye after 10 minutes into a flood irrigation. Earthworm (Lubricus terrestris) channels were also not stable. However, decaying roots of alfalfa produced stable macropores, while wheat produced no such macropores. The influence of alfalfa‐root‐induced macropores was demonstrated by the increase in final infiltration rate during alfalfa cropping which agreed with Meek et al.’s (1989, 1990) findings on sandy loam soils.