舟山近岸海域春秋季鱼类幼鱼资源现状与保护分析

根据2015年11月(秋季)、2016年5月(春季)在舟山近岸海域进行的渔业资源拖网调查数据,运用相对重要性指数、平均拥挤度及种间相遇机率对采集的鱼类物种进行计测分析,重点关注主要鱼类(IRI＞100)的幼鱼占比情况,并依据渔业资源密度对调查海域渔业资源量进行估算.结果表明:春季主要鱼类有11种,其中优势种为褐菖蚰(S...     

长江口及邻近海域凤鲚4个不同地理群体的形态差异

为研究长江口及其邻近海域凤鲚(Coilia mystus)群体的形态差异,分别采集江苏吕四(吕四群体)、上海崇明(崇明群体)、浙江舟山(舟山群体)和浙江温州(温州群体)近岸海域的凤鲚共160尾,测量获得了11个传统形态可量性状和19个框架结构数据,将其转化为29个形态比例指标,并进行了多元统计分析。非参数检验分析表明:除吻长/体长以外,凤鲚4个群体其它性状比例均存在显著性差异(P<0.05);主成分分析构建了7个反映形态特征信息的主成分,其中主成分1、主成分2和主成分3的贡献率分别为44.27%、16.31%和8.36%,累计贡献率为68.94%,结果显示,影响4个群体形态差异的主要因素是凤鲚躯干部和尾部。判别分析利用贡献率最大的8个参数构建了4个群体的判别方程,温州群体的判别准确率最高,达90.0%,其次是吕四群体(87.5%)、崇明群体(67.5%)和舟山群体(60.0%),综合判别准确率为76.3%。聚类分析发现,崇明群体和舟山群体距离最近,最先聚为一组,后与吕四群体汇为一大组,而温州群体单独聚成一组。研究认为:崇明群体形态与舟山群体最为接近,与吕四和温州群体有显著差异(P<0.05)且差异性逐渐增大。     

赤水河流域样点独特性对鱼类β多样性的贡献

分析了赤水河流域鱼类多维度β多样性的纵向空间格局,以期为鱼类资源的保护和科学管理提供依据。基于2019和2020年赤水河流域40个样点的调查数据,研究了各个样点对鱼类物种、功能、分类和环境β多样性的贡献程度(又称样点独特性),同时对各个指数间的互补和冗余程度进行了分析。结果显示,调查期间赤水河共采集到鱼类125(亚)种,隶属于7目20科80属,其中土著鱼类112 (亚)种,外来鱼类13 (亚)种。鱼类物种β多样性的值为0.719,样点S1、S2、S22和S27的物种独特性显著不同于其他样点。鱼类功能β多样性的值为0.009,样点S10、S20、S21、S28和S36功能独特性与其他样点存在显著差异。鱼类分类β多样性的值为0.004,样点S20、S21、S28和S32的分类独特性显著高于其他样点。样点环境独特性的变异范围为0.010～0.058,最高的4个点为S22、S29、S33和S34样点。随着鱼类丰富度的增加,样点物种独特性呈现出先降低再增加的U型变化趋势。不同维度的样点独特性指数间互补程度较高,然而样点功能独特性和样点分类独特性比样点物种独特性解释了较多的多样性变异。研究表明,β...     

对虾养殖废水对周边海域水体中营养盐含量的影响

为评估对虾养殖对周边海域水体环境的影响,对海南一对虾养殖场分布海域的水体水质进行了调查。在对虾养殖期间,连续4个月测定了养殖废水排污口附近(参照点)及距离参照点不同距离海域水体中的氨氮、磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐的浓度。结果显示,参照点水体中的氨氮、磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐分别为(0.121±0.001)mg/L,(0.058±0.002)mg/L,(0.039±0.003)mg/L和(4.753±0.015)mg/L。在距离参照点1.5 km处海域水体中的氨氮、磷酸盐、亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐分别为(0.109±0.001)mg/L,(0.045±0.001)mg/L,(0.002±0.002)mg/L和(4.552±0.003)mg/L。从参照点由近及远,水体中的上述测定指标含量均呈降低趋势。其中,各采样点中亚硝酸盐的含量均显著低于参照点水体(P0.01),采样点2和采样点3处的磷酸盐的含量显著低于参照点水体(P0.05)。氨氮和硝酸盐的含量和参照点水体无显著性差异(P0.05)。研究结果表明对虾养殖废水的排放对周围海域水体中氨氮和硝酸盐影响较大,对亚硝酸盐和磷酸盐含量影响相对较小。     

中国沿海6个花鲈群体的形态差异分析

通过聚类分析、主成分分析和判别分析等多元分析方法,对东港、绥中、秦皇岛、青岛、舟山以及珠海等6个花鲈(Lateolabrax maculatus)地理群体的8个形态比例性状进行了研究。聚类分析和主成分分析表明,6个花鲈群体可被分为两支:来自黄海、渤海海域的东港、秦皇岛、绥中和青岛群体为一支(北方群体);东海海域的舟山群体和南海海域的珠海群体为另一支(南方群体)。南北群体间有一定程度的形态分化,和舟山群体相比,珠海群体和北方群体的亲缘关系更近。主成分分析获得的3个主成分方差贡献率分别为31.726%、27.744%和14.075%,累计贡献率为73.545%。利用8个变量构建的6个地理种群的判别公式,判别准确率在63.6%~84.4%之间,综合判别准确率72.7%。本研究结果为花鲈地理种群判别、种质资源评价以及良种选育等提供了基础资料。     

岱衢洋产卵场鱼卵、仔稚鱼群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为了解岱衢洋海域鱼卵、仔稚鱼的群落结构及其与环境因子的关系,本团队分别在2010年5月—2012年2月春、夏、秋和冬季,利用大型浮游生物网在此海域开展了8个航次调查。共采集到鱼卵1 042粒,仔稚鱼2 055尾,隶属于10目19科37种。鱼卵优势种为扁舵鲣和小带鱼等;仔稚鱼的优势种为鰉、鳀和中华小公鱼等。调查海域鱼卵的平均密度是8.40粒/100 m3,仔稚鱼的平均密度是14.85尾/100 m3。单因素方差分析结果显示,2010年和2011年春、夏季4个季节之间丰富度指数(D)、均匀度指数(J′)和多样性指数(H′)均存在极显著差异。鱼卵、仔稚鱼资源密度分布不均匀,春、夏季较高,冬季最低,大体呈现南高北低的趋势。Pearson相关性结果分析得出,与鱼卵、仔稚鱼关系最密切的环境因子为温度、盐度和海水悬浮物。研究表明,春、夏季是岱衢洋海域鱼类产卵的重要时期,该海域是鳀、扁舵鲣、中华小公鱼等中上层鱼类的重要产卵场和育幼场。     

舟山近岸海域秋季桡足类种类组成和数量分布

为揭示舟山近岸海域桡足类的种类组成和分布现状,同时也为舟山近岸海域渔业生态系统修复提供基础数据库,于2015年11月(秋季)对舟山近岸海域(N 29.0°~31.0°,E 121.5°~123.0°)进行了浮游生物生态综合调查,并对该海域桡足类的数量分布特征进行了研究。结果表明,本次调查海域共鉴定桡足类28种,优势种为中华哲水蚤、海洋真刺水蚤、近缘大眼剑水蚤、小拟哲水蚤等11种。桡足类的总丰度为839.3个/m~3,其外海丰度均值为1300个/m~3,近岸丰度均值为320个/m~3。秋季桡足类的数量呈现近海多,近岸少的分布趋势。本次调查还发现,小型桡足类种类数占优势,可能暗示着浮游动物有小型化的趋势,造成此现象的发生可能与舟山近岸的环境变化、海域各水系的分布和消长变化有关。     

长江口及邻近海域4个不同地理群体凤鲚矢耳石形态差异

为探明相邻海域凤鲚（Coilia mystus）群体间的差异性,分别采集江苏吕四（吕四群体）、上海崇明（崇明群体）、浙江舟山（舟山群体）和浙江温州（温州群体）邻近海域的凤鲚共240尾。以凤鲚矢耳石为研究对象,利用耳石测量法和耳石框架法获得21个测量参数,通过公式转化为20个形态指标数据,并进行多元统计分析。非参数检验显示4个群体间14个形态指标具有显著性差异（P<0.05）;应用主成分分析构建了7个反映耳石形态特征的主成分,累计贡献率为81.79%,结果显示不同群体耳石的整体形态相似,各群体间的耳石形态差异主要体现在局部的框架形态指标;利用贡献率最大的9个形态指标构建了4个群体的判别方程,温州群体的判别准确率最高,为96.7%,其次是崇明群体（66.7%）、吕四群体（60.0%）和舟山群体（58.3%）;聚类分析表明崇明和舟山群体距离最近,其次为吕四群体,与温州群体距离最远。结果表明,崇明、舟山和吕四群体间矢耳石形态差异较小,而温州群体与这3个群体的差异最大,可单独确立为一个生态群体。可见,短距离洄游性凤鲚不同群体间耳石形态差异大小与群体地理阻隔程度相关。     

舟山沿岸渔场春秋季鱼类群落结构特征分析

根据2015年11月(秋季)、2016年5月(春季)在舟山沿岸渔场开展的渔业资源调查中所获得的鱼类资料,采用群聚的物种相似性、多样性指数、RDA分析等方法,对该海域鱼类种类组成、生态类群、多样性和群聚特征进行了分析。结果显示,本调查共鉴定出鱼类81种,隶属于12目39科63属,以近海暖水种为主;Jaccard相似性指数为37.04%,处于中等不相似水平;优势种计算结果显示,春季优势种为六丝钝尾虾虎鱼(Amblychaeturichthys hexanema),渔获量占总渔获量的42.16%;秋季优势种为龙头鱼(Harpodon nehereus),占总渔获量的43.56%;春季多样性高于秋季,但2个季节的多样性指数平面分布相似,均为调查海域南部最低,越往北多样性指数越高,且东部海域高于西部海域;ANOSIM检验显示,各群落间差异极显著;相似性百分比(SIMPER)显示,蓝圆鲹(Decapterus maruadsi)、棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)、龙头鱼等7种,中华小沙丁鱼(Sardinella nymphaea)、鳀(Engraulis japonicus)、七星底灯鱼(Benthosema pterotum)等9种,分别是春、秋季各组群的典型种及造成鱼类群落结构差异的主要分歧种。RDA研究结果显示,盐度、温度是舟山沿岸渔场鱼类群落结构主要的环境影响因子。     

藤壶壳应用于对虾养殖尾水处理的初步研究

为研究藤壶壳作为生物滤料应用于对虾养殖尾水处理的可行性,通过比较陶瓷环组、聚乙烯(PE)组、藤壶壳组和藤壶壳+PE组4个不同滤料组合的生物挂膜效果,初步评价藤壶壳作为生物滤料的应用价值;通过设定藤壶壳的不同填充率(滤料体积∶尾水体积),研究填充率对对虾塘养殖尾水处理效果的影响。结果显示:藤壶壳组挂膜成功时间较早,水处理效果好;藤壶壳不同填充率对水处理中悬浮物、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)、亚硝酸盐氮(NO_2~--N)的处理效果有显著影响,A、B、C、D各组悬浮物在6 h时的去除率分别达(68.7±4.3)%、(74.5±7.0)%、(80.9±4.2)%和(82.1±3.8)%,其中B、C、D组去除率显著高于A组(P0.05);4组的氨氮最终去除率都在92.1%以上,以0.1 mg/L为基准,A组氨氮降至此质量浓度以下需要时间5 d,B、C组4 d,D组3 d,降解速率为D组C组B组A组;4组的亚硝酸盐氮最终去除率都在98.0%以上,以0.1 mg/L为基准,A组的亚硝酸盐氮降至此质量浓度以下需要时间为6 d,B、C、D组需要5 d,降解速率为D组C组B组A组。研究表明:藤虎壳作为生物滤料应用于对虾养殖尾水处理,效果良好,且随着填充率的增大,处理效率增强;但考虑到经济成本和应用实际,建议藤壶壳填充率为2∶9。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).