不同复垦时间的粉煤灰充填复垦土壤重金属污染与评价

为了解粉煤灰充填复垦土壤重金属污染情况，通过实地试验与现场采样化验相结合的方法，对复垦时间不同的粉煤灰复垦土壤里砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、铅(Pb)、铜(Cu)、硒(Se)、锌(Zn)、、镍(Ni)和氟(F)等重金属和微量元素含量的时空变异性进行了研究。结果发现：以土壤本底值作为评价标准时，粉煤灰充填复垦土壤整体处于受污染状态。其中，表层复垦土壤受到Cd、Se、Zn、F 4种元素污染较重；粉煤灰充填复垦土壤适合旱作，不适合用作水田；随着复垦时间的增加，表层复垦土壤的污染指数呈递增趋势。     

粉煤灰和钢渣处理多种金属污染的酸性土壤，金属有效性的衰减研究

The objectives of this work were to determine the potential mineralization of various organic pollutants that are likely found in compostable materials during composting, and to evaluate the participation of the microflora of the thermophilic and maturation composting phases in pollutant mineralization. Four composts were used: a biowaste compost (BioW), a municipal solid waste compost (MSW), a green waste compost (GW) and a co-compost of green waste and sludge (GW+S). In each composting plant, two samples were withdrawn: one in the thermophilic phase (fresh compost) and one in the maturation phase (mature compost) to have the microflora of thermophilic and maturation phases active, respectively. The mineralization of 5 organic pollutants, 3 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) (i.e., phenanthrene, fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene), 1 herbicide (dicamba) and 1 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB, congener 52), was measured in a laboratory setting during incubations at 60 ℃ in fresh composts and at 28 ℃ in mature composts. All molecules were 14 C-labeled, which allowed the mineralization of the molecules to be measured by trapping of produced 14CO2 in NaOH. Their volatilization was also measured by trapping molecules on glass wool impregnated with paraffin oil. Mineralization of the organic molecules was only observed when the maturation microflora was present in the mature composts or when it was inoculated into the fresh compost. Phenanthrene mineralization of up to 60% in the fresh GW+S compost was the only exception. Mineralization of PAH decreased when the complexity of the PAH molecules increased. Mineralization of phenanthrene and fluoranthene reached 50%-70% in all mature composts. Benzo(a)pyrene was mineralized (30%) only in the MSW mature compost. Dicamba was moderately mineralized (30%-40%). Finally, no PCB mineralization was detected, but 20% of the PCB had volatilized after 12 d at 60 ℃. No clear difference was observed in the degrading capacity of the different composts, and the major difference was the larger mineralizing capacity of the maturation microflora compared with the thermophilic microflora.     

粉煤灰改良重金属污染农田的修复效果植物甄别

为了评判粉煤灰作为重金属钝化剂在实际重金属污染土壤改良修复中的应用潜力,该试验以潼关县某村庄因散户冶炼黄金导致的重金属污染农田为研究对象,运用粉煤灰化学改良工程手段对污染土壤进行了原位修复,并通过种植植物甄别对修复效果进行了进一步分析评价。结果表明,试验区农田土壤中重金属Cd污染最为严重,其次为Hg和Pb,3种重金属的质量分数分别介于1.29~6.13,0.53~4.14和63.19~448.97 mg/kg之间,平均含量分别是《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)二级标准值的6.17、1.64、0.33倍,其中Cd全部超出国家土壤环境质量标准二级标准,Cd、Hg、Pb污染超标率分别为100%、64.28%、7.14%。土壤Pb和Cd的生物有效性与总量呈显著正相关关系。经粉煤灰改良后,土壤Hg、Cd和Pb有效态质量分数平均值分别降低28.57%、24.36%、31.83%,粉煤灰对重金属Hg和Pb有一定的钝化作用。但植物甄别试验中,所有植物均吸收了一定的Cd,但植株中Cd含量没有达到Cd超富集植物的标准,其中曼陀罗对Cd的单株吸收量最高,为0.1498 mg/株。单位面积中繁穗苋对Cd的吸收量最高,为68.04 g/hm2,说明经粉煤灰化学改良的重金属污染农田土壤中重金属仍具有较高的生物可利用性。研究表明,采用粉煤灰进行重金属污染农田改良的手段仍需进一步研究,使修复后的土壤种植模式改变或种植低累积植物物种以阻隔Cd向作物可食部位的迁移。     

污泥与秸秆掺烧过程及污泥灰中重金属含量分析

焚烧是处理污泥的一种有效方式,但处理过程中会产生重金属等污染物,若对焚烧后的污泥灰进行填埋等处理会污染土壤,因此降低污泥灰中重金属含量是亟待解决的问题.基于此,在一台实验室规模的管式炉中,研究了350～650℃下污泥与玉米秸秆的掺烧反应.主要目的是探究不同温度及秸秆掺混比对燃烧灰中8种重金属(Zn、Mn、Pb、Sb、A...     

Lead contents of coal,coal ash and fly ash

Flameless atomic absorption spectrometry is applied for the determination of Pb in coal, coal ash and fly ash. Lead concentrations in coal and coal ash ranging from respectively 7 to 110 µg g^?1 and 120 to 450 µg g^?1 are found. A mean concentration of 1520 µg g^?1 in fly ash corresponding to a concentration of 117 µg m^?3 in the effluent gas suggests the importance of coal combustion as an atmospheric source of Ph. The contribution of coal combustion to the total Pb emissions is conservatively estimated at 6%.     

Plant heavy metal concentrations and soil biological properties in agricultural serpentine soils

Abstract

Soils developed on serpentinitic rocks have serious limitations for agriculture. They have high levels of magnesium (Mg) and heavy metals [copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and chromium (Cr)] and are deficient in some macronutrients. In parts of Northwestern Spain, serpentine soils have been subjected to intensive management, based on the use of manure and harvesting residues. Although these practices have allowed the growth of crops, plants may have accumulated high amounts of metals. This study was carried out to assess the effect of the management practices on the uptake of heavy metals by crops, and to analyze the relationship between the concentrations of these metals in plants, and soil properties. Moderate levels of Ni and Mn and low levels of Cr and Cu were found in soil extractable fractions of these metals. In spite of this, analysis of plant tissues revealed high levels of Cr and Ni and moderate contents of Mn. Concentrations of Mn and Ni in foliage were correlated to soil extractable contents, whereas simple linear regression between concentration of Cr in plants and the soil‐extractable Cr showed a poor relationship, possibly because the availability of this metal, as Cr(VI), is determined by temporal environmental conditions. To assess the effects of the management on the uptake of heavy metals by plants, a complementary bioassay experiment was carried out in the laboratory in which Festuca rubra and Agrostis stolonifera were sown on serpentine soil with low organic matter content, and amended with peat and/or lime. This experiment confirmed that there is a reduction in heavy metal concentration in plants after organic amendment and suggested that the lower metal availability is partly due to the higher soil microbial activity, produced as a consequence of addition of organic matter.     

Influence of climate factors on soil heavy metal content in Slovenia

Purpose

In spite of equal lithology, the local climate can affect soils’ geochemical characteristics. We investigated the dependence of heavy metal content on climatic factors according to a hierarchical nested analysis of variance design (ANOVA).

Materials and methods

We examined the heavy metal content in soils developed on the Upper Triassic dolomite at six locations situated at increasing distances from the Adriatic Sea towards inland. We tested the influence of the locations’ position, i.e. climate, vegetation cover, small-scale variability and analytical error. Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn contents were determined by emission spectrometry.

Results and discussion

An initial increase in annual precipitation towards inland is followed by a steady decrease. Very high small-scale variability prevented statistically significant differences from being established at the location level due to the high variance components exhibited. However, the simpler one-way and non-parametric varieties of ANOVA confirmed significant differences in Co, Cr and Ni among locations. The differences are more pronounced in grassland soils where the Cu and Pb contents also differ between locations. There is a positive correlation among annual precipitation, Co, Cr and Ni, and it seems that the prevailing winds can also influence their content in soils.

Conclusions

The Co, Cr, Cu and Ni values are readily the highest in those locations with the greatest precipitation, possibly due to their resistance to leaching. The soils could be additionally enriched by an eolian contribution from the SW located outcropping flysch rocks. The established variability could be due to somewhat different dolomite composition. The reasons for the observed geochemical variability are complex and only partly due to climate.

     

粉煤灰堆场植被恢复过程的养分效应及重金属变化特征

对黑龙江省鸡西滴道矸石电厂粉煤灰堆场自然植被恢复方式与人工恢复方式中粉煤灰基质养分、重金属含量变化特征进行研究,分析不同恢复方式对基质养分、重金属污染物状况的影响规律。结果表明：1）粉煤灰基质中养分含量极不均衡,有机质、全氮、速效氮、速效磷等营养元素严重缺乏,速效钾含量较丰富;2）粉煤灰在自然堆放过程中存在养分流失现象,全效性养分的流失程度高于速效性养分的流失程度;3）人工植被恢复过程极显著地改善了表层基质的养分状况,有机质含量增加459.28%,全氮增加238.46%,全磷增加131.4%,速效性N、P、K含量分别提高30.17%、56.29%、22.58%;4）粉煤灰堆场主要超标重金属为Hg,客土沙棘恢复方式有效降低了粉煤灰基质重金属含量,Hg、Cu、Cr含量相对自然恢复草地分别降低了66.93%6、8.82%和16.09%。     

土壤重金属有效态含量检测与监测现状、问题及展望

随着经济和社会的发展,土壤重金属污染对粮食安全及人类的身体健康构成了巨大的威胁,而目前广泛采用的全量检测法并不能准确地反映土壤重金属的生物毒性。为了更好地了解土壤重金属的污染情况及其生物毒性,需快速有效检测土壤重金属的赋存形态及有效态含量。本文介绍了土壤有效态重金属的定义及其在土壤-有机体系统中的转移;并结合国内外相关研究领域的文献资料,按检测对象将土壤重金属有效态的检测方法分为直接检测方法(化学检测方法和物理检测方法)和间接检测方法(生物指示法),系统阐述了化学检测方法中的浸提法,物理检测方法中的梯度扩散薄膜技术和光谱分析法,及生物指示法中的指示植物检测法、微生物检测法和动物检测法的研究进展、适用范围及优缺点,概括了目前检测方法存在的主要问题是不能同时满足大面积监测和精确检测两个方面。并指出快速、大面积、原位测定污染物种类和含量,采取相应措施保障粮食安全及人类身体健康是目前迫切需要解决的问题。本文将土壤-植物-人作为一个整体,了解重金属有效态在该系统中的迁移富集机理,认为在此基础上选择合适的数据处理方法及建模参数,结合遥感、地理信息系统和全球定位系统对土壤重金属污染进行原位立体监测,是未来土壤重金属有效态含量检测与监测研究的主要发展方向。     

根际促生菌及其在污染土壤植物修复中的应用

植物对重金属吸收、转运和积累以及植物生物学特征使其成为修复重金属污染土壤的重要手段之一。然而,由于植物对重金属的耐受性有限而限制其广泛实际应用,因而探讨植物修复技术强化措施就显得尤为重要。随着自然资源的开发和技术的发展,微生物调控使植物修复技术变得更为可行和更有价值。回顾近年来新兴的微生物调控技术,植物根际促生菌资源因其对环境无污染,可利用自身的抗性系统减缓重金属对植物的毒性,促进植物的生长和影响重金属的迁移等优势,在修复过程中发挥着重要作用。目前,国内外就植物根际促生菌的筛选、鉴定和应用价值等方面已经做了大量的相关研究。本文综述了根际促生菌-植物相互作用的机制及其促进植物修复重金属污染土壤的作用原理。     

华北地区有机种植和常规种植模式下土壤重金属含量及污染评价

为探讨有机种植与常规种植两种不同种植方式对土壤重金属含量和污染特性的影响,本文在华北5个地区选取典型的有机蔬菜和有机小麦种植基地及附近相似条件的常规种植地块,比较了土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd、As共6种重金属含量的差异,并采用不同评价方法对不同种植方式下土壤中重金属的污染程度进行了评价。结果表明:与常规种植相比,有机种植减轻了土壤酸化和盐渍化,提高了土壤有机质含量和阳离子交换量,在一定程度上有利于降低土壤中重金属的生物有效性。与土壤背景值相比,所有调查地区的土壤重金属均有不同程度的增加和积累。与常规种植相比,有机种植模式能有效降低土壤中Cd、Cr含量,有机小麦种植地块因长期施用大量有机肥导致土壤中Cu、Zn、As大量富集;而常规温室菜田同时施用大量的有机肥、化肥及农药,土壤中Cu、Zn、As富集的风险比有机种植模式高;露天蔬菜有机种植地块土壤中Cu、Zn、As含量与常规地块差异不明显。综合污染指数评价结果显示,调查地区土壤均属于轻污染程度,主要贡献因子为Cd、Cu、Zn,有机种植降低了土壤中重金属的综合污染水平;地累积指数法评价结果表明,调查地区处于无污染到中等污染水平,最明显的污染元素是Cd,有机种植降低了土壤中重金属污染的程度和风险;潜在生态危害指数评价结果表明,所调查地块存在轻微潜在生态风险,其中产生较大生态危害的是Cd,表现出轻微生态危害程度。本研究表明,有机种植减轻了土壤中重金属综合污染水平和污染风险,并减轻了土壤重金属的潜在生态危害。     

不同修复方式下土壤-稻谷中重金属含量特征及其评价

为探究不同修复方式对重金属污染土壤理化性质、土壤-稻谷中总Pb、总Cd、无机As含量的影响,2016年3月—11月以水稻品种"株两优819"为材料,以长沙县黄花镇某合作社的承包田为试验对象,设计6组不同修复方式,T1不做任何处理,T2施用生石灰,T3施用生石灰并进行优化水分管理,T4施用生石灰和楚戈土壤重金属调理剂并进行优化水分管理,T5施用生石灰和喷施叶面阻控剂并进行优化水分管理,T6施用生石灰和楚戈土壤重金属调理剂及叶面阻控剂并进行优化水分管理。运用地累积指数、潜在生态风险指数和危险指数法对土壤及其上生长的稻谷进行重金属污染评价。结果表明,T1~T6修复后土壤中的阳离子交换量、有机质及pH值与修复前相比均有变化,其中土壤中pH值增幅为0.033~1.017;T1~T6修复后土壤中的无机As含量增幅为0.072~1.481 mg/kg,而总Pb和总Cd含量均下降,降幅分别为0.481~3.133、0.038~0.113 mg/kg,且T4修复后土壤中的总Pb、总Cd含量下降最明显,分别下降了0.120、3.133mg/kg;T6修复后稻谷中的总Cd含量略低于国家二级标准,T1~T5修复后稻谷中的总Cd含量均超出国家二级标准,其中T1修复后稻谷中的总Cd含量超出国家二级标准4.5倍;T1~T6修复下稻谷的危险指数(hazard index,HI)顺序为T1T2T3T5T4T6,其中T6修复危险指数最小,说明多种修复方式的联合使用比单独种植低镉水稻品种修复效果好,更有利于研究区的稻谷安全与人体健康。     

Plant mineral composition and tolerance to low pH in species of Tribe Triticeae

Abstract

Mineral composition of straw in a number of species from Genera Aegilops, Triticum, and Dazypyrum (Tribe Triticeae) has been established under conditions of different soil pH. Nitrogen (N) content has strongly been influenced by ploidy level and has been maximal in diploids. Wild (T. boeoticum) and early cultivated (T. dicoccum) species surpassed domesticated ones T. monococcum and T. durum, respectively. Maximal phosphorus (P) values were shown in Ae. squarrosa and bread wheat cultivars—Chinese spring and Pliska grown on strongly acid soil. T. aestivum cultivars confirmed partially, previously reported effects of low pH on mineral composition. Diploids and tetraploids showed specific changes in elemental content. Progenitors of common wheat with genomes A (T. boeoticum and T. monococcum) and B (Ae. speltoides), and D. villosum (V) accumulated more manganese (Mn), like the cultivars Chinese spring and Prostor. Ae. squarrosa (D genome) accumulated high aluminum (Al) concentrations in the straw. A iron (Fe): Mn ratio was used to characterize the effect of low pH on element content.     

Effect of waste water and fly ash application on physiological determinants,yield, and heavy metal contents of yellow mustard (B. campestris cv. P. Gold)

A pot experiment was conducted to study the comparative effect of waste water (WW) and ground water (GW) alone and along with different nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) combinations (N₀P₀K₀, N₄₀P₁₅K₁₅, N₆₀P₃₀K₃₀, N₈₀P₄₅K₄₅) together with different levels of fly ash (FA) (FA₀, FA₁₀, FA₂₀), to obtain a suitable combination of fertilizers, FA and water based on the growth, physiology, yield, and heavy metal contents of Brassica campestris cv. Pusa Gold. Results revealed that WW irrigation proved beneficial over GW. All the parameters increased in both levels of FA₁₀ and FA₂₀ along with three doses of NPK but FA at 20 t ha^?1 proved better. The effect was more efficacious with both wastes together which makes NPK optimum at N₆₀P₃₀K₃₀ instead of N₈₀P₄₅K₄₅ treatment combinations and thereby lowered input of fertilizers. Therefore, utilization of these wastes may be recommended for the purpose of irrigation, soil amendment, and as a source of nutrients in augmenting the mustard yield.     

Mycorrhiza and phosphate protection of tropical grass species against heavy metal toxicity in multi-contaminated soil

In this paper, the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and phosphate amendments on protection of the tropical grass Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. against metal toxicity caused by Zn, Cd, Cu, and Pb were studied in a sterilized soil. Plants inoculated with a mixture of AM fungi (Acaulospora morrowiae, Gigaspora albida, and Glomus clarum) isolated from a heavy-metal-contaminated site or amended with P (added as triple superphosphate) exhibited marked positive growth responses, indicating the ameliorating effects of these two factors. Soil metal concentrations needed to inhibit plant growth by 50% were around twofold higher for AM plants as compared to those for non-inoculated ones. Similarly, phosphate showed ameliorating effects for B. decumbens, but its effects were not related to mycorrhizal conditions. Although mycorrhiza and phosphate act independently, their protecting effects were additive. Metal bioaccumulation factor of B. decumbens is high, especially for Cd; but AM inoculation prevents metal transference from roots to shoots, retaining these metals in the roots. AM fungus and phosphate represent a promising tool for enhancing ground vegetation in heavy-metal-contaminated sites.     

高温快速发酵对鸡粪重金属形态分布及有机质含量影响

以鸡粪、玉米秸秆为主要原料,通过添加酵素进行好氧堆肥发酵试验,研究了不同温度和时间下堆肥 pH值、EC值、重金属含量与形态、腐殖质含量变化以及红外光谱特征。结果表明,与堆肥前相比,pH值随温度升高和时间的延长而增大,最大可增加 0.53个单位,而 EC值随堆肥时间延长表现为先增加后降低的趋势,在 85℃处理下最低。由于浓缩效应,重金属含量均不同程度增加,Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd和 As含量较堆肥前相比最大增幅分别达到35.6%、11.5%、35.0%、35.3%和23.8%。然而,重金属可交换态分配率则有所降低,残渣态比例相应增加,与堆肥前相比,鸡粪有机肥中Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd和 As钝化率分别为24.8%、26.0%、27.6%、26.9%和13.9%。高温处理下,胡敏酸和富里酸含量较低,胡敏酸 /富里酸(HA/FA)比值随着堆肥时间和温度增加而增大,且随着堆肥进程脂肪族、芳香族、羧酸类分子以及多糖类物质均有所减少。结果显示高温下(85℃)不仅加快堆肥发酵进程,而且可以有效钝化重金属,可达到无害化效果。     

Nitrogen mineralization in soil amended with sewage sludge and fly ash

Summary The effect of fly ash on N mineralization in sewage sludge was studied during a 5-week aerobic incubation of soil-waste mixtures at different loading rates under controlled conditions. Periodically, the mixtures were leached with distilled water and the inorganic N released was determined in the percolates. The data were tested by an analysis of variance with repeated measures. Significant differences were found among different incubation periods and also between different treatments. The net N mineralization, expressed as a percentage of organic N added in the sludge, was drastically reduced when higher rates (500 Mg ha^-1) of fly ash were added.     

施用河道污泥对水稻和土壤重金属含量及 水稻氮素利用的影响

2013—2014年以苏州市相城区望亭镇某河道污泥为研究对象,以农田施用污泥20 kg?m~(-2)和不施用污泥为主处理,以施氮肥120 kg(N)?hm~(-2)(LN)和240 kg(N)?hm~(-2)(NN)为副处理,连续两季种植粳稻品种‘武运粳24’,研究河道污泥农田施用对水稻和土壤重金属含量及水稻氮素利用的影响。结果表明:1)河道污泥农田施用,显著提高了稻田土壤有机质含量、速效氮含量和重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量,水稻产量平均增加7.05%,水稻籽粒中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量分别增加53.66%、18.71%和802.29%,水稻吸氮量显著增加,氮素利用效率显著降低。2)河道污泥施用后,较高施氮量(NN)增加了稻田土壤有机质含量和速效氮含量,对稻田土壤重金属含量和水稻籽粒中重金属含量影响不大,水稻产量、水稻吸氮量显著增加,但氮素利用效率显著降低。3)污泥处理条件下,与第1季相比较,第2季稻田土壤重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量平均下降5.0%左右、籽粒中重金属Cu、Zn、Pb含量下降7.27%~12.65%,但均显著大于不施河道污泥的对照处理。4)污泥×氮肥、污泥×年度、氮肥×年度和污泥×氮肥×年度的互作效应对稻田土壤养分含量、重金属含量,水稻产量、籽粒重金属含量和水稻氮素吸收利用的影响均未达显著水平。     

On the determination of total heavy metal content in saline soils and soils rich in organic matter

Abstract

Methods of soil decomposition for determination of heavy metal total content were considered. Two saline soils (chloride and sulphate solonchak solonetz) and one rich in organic matter were uzed for investigation. It has been established that decomposition by using HF‐HCl with a preliminary ignition at 500°C is a very suitable method. The type of the studied soils and the results obtained allow for this method to be recommended for decomposition of various soils.

On the basis of experiments with modelled soils it has been proved that possibilities for heavy metal losses on ignition are created when NaCl content and the percentage of weakly bound heavy metals (water‐soluble, exchangeable, etc.) are high. Under the conditions of the experiment (acid soils ‐ pH 4.3 and 5.0) losses of Zn and Pb but not of Cu have been incurred. Although these cases are not typical, this requires the applicability of the method for such particular occasions to be checked.